WordNet

passing or able to pass air in and out of the lungs normally; sometimes used in combination; "the boy was disappointed to find only skeletons instead of living breathing dinosaurs"; "the heavy-breathing person on the telephone" (同)eupneic, eupnoeic
the bodily process of inhalation and exhalation; the process of taking in oxygen from inhaled air and releasing carbon dioxide by exhalation (同)external_respiration, respiration, ventilation

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〈U〉呼吸;一息 / 〈C〉一呼吸の間,瞬時 / 〈C〉休息,休止

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1. 成人における睡眠関連呼吸障害：定義 sleep related breathing disorders in adults definitions
2. 機械的人工換気からの離脱（ウィーニング）：頻呼吸指数 weaning from mechanical ventilation the rapid shallow breathing index
3. 機械的人工換気からの離脱（ウィーニング）：準備テスト weaning from mechanical ventilation readiness testing
4. 慢性閉塞性肺疾患（COPD）における睡眠呼吸障害 sleep disordered breathing in copd
5. 神経筋障害および胸壁障害のある患者における睡眠時障害呼吸の評価 evaluation of sleep disordered breathing in patients with neuromuscular and chest wall disease

English Journal

Characteristics of tetanic force produced by the sternomastoid muscle of the rat.

Sobotka S, Mu L.Author information Department of Research, Upper Airway Research Laboratory, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ 07601, USA.AbstractThe sternomastoid (SM) muscle plays an important role in supporting breathing. It also has unique anatomical advantages that allow its wide use in head and neck tissue reconstruction and muscle reinnervation. However, little is known about its contractile properties. The experiments were run on rats and designed to determine in vivo the relationship between muscle force (active muscle contraction to electrical stimulation) with passive tension (passive force changing muscle length) and two parameters (intensity and frequency) of electrical stimulation. The threshold current for initiating noticeable muscle contraction was 0.03 mA. Maximal muscle force (0.94 N) was produced by using moderate muscle length/tension (28 mm/0.08 N), 0.2 mA stimulation current, and 150 Hz stimulation frequency. These data are important not only to better understand the contractile properties of the rat SM muscle, but also to provide normative values which are critical to reliably assess the extent of functional recovery following muscle reinnervation.
Journal of biomedicine & biotechnology.J Biomed Biotechnol.2010;2010:194984. doi: 10.1155/2010/194984. Epub 2010 May 25.
The sternomastoid (SM) muscle plays an important role in supporting breathing. It also has unique anatomical advantages that allow its wide use in head and neck tissue reconstruction and muscle reinnervation. However, little is known about its contractile properties. The experiments were run on rats
PMID 20508813

Neuromechanical matching of drive in the scalene muscle of the anesthetized rabbit.

Legrand A, Majcher M, Joly E, Bonaert A, Gevenois PA.Author information Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium. alexandre.legrand@umh.ac.beAbstractThe scalene is a primary respiratory muscle in humans; however, in dogs, EMG activity recorded from this muscle during inspiration was reported to derive from underlying muscles. In the present studies, origin of the activity in the medial scalene was tested in rabbits, and its distribution was compared with the muscle mechanical advantage. We assessed in anesthetized rabbits the presence of EMG activity in the scalene, sternomastoid, and parasternal intercostal muscles during quiet breathing and under resistive loading, before and after denervation of the scalene and after its additional insulation. At rest, activity was always recorded in the parasternal muscle and in the scalene bundle inserting on the third rib (medial scalene). The majority of this activity disappeared after denervation. In the bundle inserting on the fifth rib (lateral scalene), the activity was inconsistent, and a high percentage of this activity persisted after denervation but disappeared after insulation from underlying muscle layers. The sternomastoid was always silent. The fractional change in muscle length during passive inflation was then measured. The mean shortening obtained for medial and lateral scalene and parasternal intercostal was 8.0 +/- 0.7%, 5.5 +/- 0.5%, and 9.6 +/- 0.1%, respectively, of the length at functional residual capacity. Sternomastoid muscle length did not change significantly with lung inflation. We conclude that, similar to that shown in humans, respiratory activity arises from scalene muscles in rabbits. This activity is however not uniformly distributed, and a neuromechanical matching of drive is observed, so that the most effective part is also the most active.
Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985).J Appl Physiol (1985).2009 Sep;107(3):741-8. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.91320.2008. Epub 2009 Jul 16.
The scalene is a primary respiratory muscle in humans; however, in dogs, EMG activity recorded from this muscle during inspiration was reported to derive from underlying muscles. In the present studies, origin of the activity in the medial scalene was tested in rabbits, and its distribution was comp
PMID 19608926

Role of the respiratory muscles in acute respiratory failure of COPD: lessons from weaning failure.

Tobin MJ, Laghi F, Brochard L.Author information Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois 60141, USA. mtobin2@lumc.eduAbstractIt is problematic to withhold therapy in a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who presents with acute respiratory failure so that detailed physiological measurements can be obtained. Accordingly, most information on respiratory muscle activity in patients experiencing acute respiratory failure has been acquired by studying patients who fail a trial of weaning after a period of mechanical ventilation. Such patients experience marked increases in inspiratory muscle load consequent to increases in resistance, elastance, and intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure. Inspiratory muscle strength is reduced secondary to hyperinflation and possibly direct muscle damage and the release of inflammatory mediators. Most patients recruit both their sternomastoid and expiratory muscles, even though airflow limitation prevents the expiratory muscles from lowering lung volume. Even when acute hypercapnia is present, patients do not exhibit respiratory center depression; indeed, voluntary activation of the diaphragm, in absolute terms, is greater in hypercapnic patients than in normocapnic patients. Instead, the major mechanism of acute hypercapnia is the development of rapid shallow breathing. Despite the marked increase in mechanical load and decreased force-generating capacity of the inspiratory muscles, patients do not develop long-lasting muscle fatigue, at least over the period of a failed weaning trial. Although the disease originates within the lung parenchyma, much of the distress faced by patients with COPD, especially during acute respiratory failure, is caused by the burdens imposed on the respiratory muscles.
Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985).J Appl Physiol (1985).2009 Sep;107(3):962-70. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00165.2009. Epub 2009 Apr 30.
It is problematic to withhold therapy in a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who presents with acute respiratory failure so that detailed physiological measurements can be obtained. Accordingly, most information on respiratory muscle activity in patients experiencing acute re
PMID 19407256