WordNet

play in the starting lineup
the advantage gained by beginning early (as in a race); "with an hours start he will be hard to catch" (同)head_start
a turn to be a starter (in a game at the beginning); "he got his start because one of the regular pitchers was in the hospital"; "his starting meant that the coach thought he was one of their best linemen" (同)starting
a line indicating the location of the start of a race or a game (同)starting line, scratch, scratch line
the beginning of anything; "it was off to a good start"
begin or set in motion; "I start at eight in the morning"; "Ready, set, go!" (同)go, get going
bulge outward; "His eyes popped" (同)protrude, pop, pop_out, bulge, bulge out, bug out, come_out
get going or set in motion; "We simply could not start the engine"; "start up the computer" (同)start up
get off the ground; "Who started this company?"; "We embarked on an exciting enterprise"; "I start my day with a good breakfast"; "We began the new semester"; "The afternoon session begins at 4 PM"; "The blood shed started when the partisans launched a surprise attack" (同)start up, embark on, commence
begin work or acting in a certain capacity, office or job; "Take up a position"; "start a new job" (同)take_up
feature as the star; "The movie stars Dustin Hoffman as an autistic man"
a plane figure with 5 or more points; often used as an emblem
an actor who plays a principal role (同)principal, lead
(astronomy) a celestial body of hot gases that radiates energy derived from thermonuclear reactions in the interior
any celestial body visible (as a point of light) from the Earth at night
mark with an asterisk; "Linguists star unacceptable sentences" (同)asterisk
be the star in a performance
major food fish of Arctic and cold-temperate waters (同)codfish
lean white flesh of important North Atlantic food fish; usually baked or poached (同)codfish
appropriate to the beginning or start of an event; "the starting point"; "hands in the starting position"
(especially of eyes) bulging or protruding as with fear; "with eyes starting from their sockets"
a specific sequence of three adjacent nucleotides on a strand of DNA or RNA that specifies the genetic code information for synthesizing a particular amino acid

PrepTutorEJDIC

(…から…に向かって)『出発する』《+『from』+『名』+『for』(『to』)+『名』》 / 〈事が〉『始まる』,発生する;)…で)始まる《+『with』+『塁』》,(…から)生じる《+『from』+『名』》 / 〈人が〉『活動し始める』,〈機械などが〉動き始める;(…を)始める,(…に)着手する《+『in』(『on』)+『名』》 / 《しばしば副詞[句]を伴って》〈人が〉(…に驚いて)急に動く;《比喩(ひゆ)的に》ぎまりとする,ぎょっとする《+『at』+『名』》 / 《しばしば副詞[句]を伴って》〈物が〉急に動く,飛び出る,噴出する / (試合の)先発メンバーになる / …‘を'『始める』,開始する / 〈人〉‘に'始めさせる / …‘を'生じさせる,引き起こす / 〈機械など〉‘を'『始動させる』 / …‘を'使い始める / 〈獲物〉‘を'狩り出す,飛び立たせる,先発メンバーしとて出す / 〈C〉『出発』,スタート;出発点 / 〈C〉(事業などの)『開始』,着手 / 〈C〉最初,初め,出だし / 〈C〉《a ~》はっと(びっくり)すること,びっくりして飛び上がること / 〈U〉《時にa ~》(…に対する)先発[権],優先[権];機先《+『on』(『over』)+『名』》
『星』;恒(fixed star) / 『星形のもの』;星章,星標(*)(asterisk) / 『スター』,花形 / (人の運勢を左右するといわれる)運星;《しばしば複数形で》運勢,運,星回り / (星印で示した)等級 / 《文》実現不可能な逆標(願望) / 星の / 花形の,主役の;卓越した,すぐれた / …を星(星形の物)で飾る;…‘に'星印をつける;(…を)…‘に'のようにちりばめる《+『名』+『with』+『名』》 / …‘を'主役にする / 主役を務める,主演する
=codfish 1
〈人〉'を'ばかにする

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/25 09:43:39」(JST)

wiki en

The start codon is the first codon of a messenger RNA (mRNA) transcript translated by a ribosome. The start codon always codes for methionine in eukaryotes and a modified Met (fMet) in prokaryotes. The most common start codon is AUG.

The start codon is often preceded by a 5' untranslated region (5' UTR). In prokaryotes this includes the ribosome binding site.

Alternative start codons

Alternative start codons are different from the standard AUG codon and are found in both prokaryotes (bacteria) and eukaryotes. Alternate start codons are still translated as Met when they are at the start of a protein (even if the codon encodes a different amino acid otherwise). This is because a separate transfer RNA (tRNA) is used for initiation.^[1]

Bioinformatics programs usually allow for alternate start codons when searching for protein coding genes.^{[citation needed]}

Eukaryotes

Alternate start codons (non AUG) are very rare in eukaryotic genomes. However, naturally occurring non-AUG start codons have been reported for some cellular mRNAs.^[2] Seven out of the nine possible single-nucleotide substitutions at the AUG start codon of dihydrofolate reductase were functional as translation start sites in mammalian cells.^[3] In addition to the canonical Met-tRNA Met and AUG codon pathway, mammalian cells can initiate translation with leucine using a specific leucyl-tRNA that decodes the codon CUG.^[4]^[5]

Mitochondrial genomes (and prokaryotes) use alternate start codons more significantly (AUA and AUU in humans and mainly GUG and UUG in prokaryotes).^{[citation needed]}

Prokaryotes

E. coli uses 83% AUG (3542/4284), 14% (612) GUG, 3% (103) UUG ^[6] and one or two others (e.g., an AUU and possibly a CUG).^[7]^[8]

Well-known coding regions that do not have AUG initiation codons are those of lacI (GUG)^[9]^[10] and lacA (UUG)^[11] in the E. coli lac operon.

Standard genetic code

nonpolar	polar	basic	acidic	(stop codon)

Standard genetic code
1st base	2nd base								3rd base
1st base	U		C		A		G		3rd base
U	UUU	(Phe/F) Phenylalanine	UCU	(Ser/S) Serine	UAU	(Tyr/Y) Tyrosine	UGU	(Cys/C) Cysteine	U
	UUC	(Phe/F) Phenylalanine	UCC		UAC	(Tyr/Y) Tyrosine	UGC	(Cys/C) Cysteine	C
	UUA	(Leu/L) Leucine	UCA		UAA	Stop (Ochre)	UGA	Stop (Opal)	A
	UUG		UCG		UAG	Stop (Amber)	UGG	(Trp/W) Tryptophan	G
C	CUU		CCU	(Pro/P) Proline	CAU	(His/H) Histidine	CGU	(Arg/R) Arginine	U
	CUC		CCC		CAC	(His/H) Histidine	CGC		C
	CUA		CCA		CAA	(Gln/Q) Glutamine	CGA		A
	CUG		CCG		CAG	(Gln/Q) Glutamine	CGG		G
A	AUU	(Ile/I) Isoleucine	ACU	(Thr/T) Threonine	AAU	(Asn/N) Asparagine	AGU	(Ser/S) Serine	U
	AUC		ACC		AAC	(Asn/N) Asparagine	AGC	(Ser/S) Serine	C
	AUA		ACA		AAA	(Lys/K) Lysine	AGA	(Arg/R) Arginine	A
	AUG^[A]	(Met/M) Methionine	ACG		AAG	(Lys/K) Lysine	AGG	(Arg/R) Arginine	G
G	GUU	(Val/V) Valine	GCU	(Ala/A) Alanine	GAU	(Asp/D) Aspartic acid	GGU	(Gly/G) Glycine	U
	GUC		GCC		GAC	(Asp/D) Aspartic acid	GGC		C
	GUA		GCA		GAA	(Glu/E) Glutamic acid	GGA		A
	GUG		GCG		GAG	(Glu/E) Glutamic acid	GGG		G

^A The codon AUG both codes for methionine and serves as an initiation site: the first AUG in an mRNA's coding region is where translation into protein begins.^[12]

External links

The Genetic Codes. Compiled by Andrzej (Anjay) Elzanowski and Jim Ostell, National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A.[1]

References

^ Lobanov, A. V.; Turanov, A. A.; Hatfield, D. L.; Gladyshev, V. N. (2010). "Dual functions of codons in the genetic code". Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 45 (4): 257–65. doi:10.3109/10409231003786094. PMC 3311535. PMID 20446809. edit
^ Ivanov IP, Firth AE, Michel AM, Atkins JF, Baranov PV (2011). "Identification of evolutionarily conserved non-AUG-initiated N-terminal extensions in human coding sequences". Nucleic Acids Research 39 (10): 4220–4234. doi:10.1093/nar/gkr007. PMC 3105428. PMID 21266472. edit
^ Peabody, D. S. (1989). "Translation initiation at non-AUG triplets in mammalian cells". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 264 (9): 5031–5. PMID 2538469. edit
^ Starck, S. R.; Jiang, V; Pavon-Eternod, M; Prasad, S; McCarthy, B; Pan, T; Shastri, N (2012). "Leucine-tRNA initiates at CUG start codons for protein synthesis and presentation by MHC class I". Science 336 (6089): 1719–23. doi:10.1126/science.1220270. PMID 22745432. edit
^ Dever, T. E. (2012). "Molecular biology. A new start for protein synthesis". Science 336 (6089): 1645–6. doi:10.1126/science.1224439. PMID 22745408. edit
^ Blattner, F. R.; Plunkett g, G.; Bloch, C. A.; Perna, N. T.; Burland, V.; Riley, M.; Collado-Vides, J.; Glasner, J. D.; Rode, C. K.; Mayhew, G. F.; Gregor, J.; Davis, N. W.; Kirkpatrick, H. A.; Goeden, M. A.; Rose, D. J.; Mau, B.; Shao, Y. (1997). "The Complete Genome Sequence of Escherichia coli K-12". Science 277 (5331): 1453–1462. doi:10.1126/science.277.5331.1453. PMID 9278503. edit
^ Sacerdot, C.; Fayat, G.; Dessen, P.; Springer, M.; Plumbridge, J. A.; Grunberg-Manago, M.; Blanquet, S. (1982). "Sequence of a 1.26-kb DNA fragment containing the structural gene for E.coli initiation factor IF3: Presence of an AUU initiator codon". The EMBO journal 1 (3): 311–315. PMC 553041. PMID 6325158. edit
^ Missiakas, D.; Georgopoulos, C.; Raina, S. (1993). "The Escherichia coli heat shock gene htpY: Mutational analysis, cloning, sequencing, and transcriptional regulation". Journal of bacteriology 175 (9): 2613–2624. PMC 204563. PMID 8478327. edit
^ E.coli lactose operon with lacI, lacZ, lacY and lacA genes GenBank: J01636.1
^ Farabaugh, P. J. (1978). "Sequence of the lacI gene". Nature 274 (5673): 765–769. doi:10.1038/274765a0. PMID 355891. edit
^ NCBI Sequence Viewer v2.0
^ Nakamoto T (March 2009). "Evolution and the universality of the mechanism of initiation of protein synthesis". Gene 432 (1–2): 1–6. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2008.11.001. PMID 19056476.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 分子遺伝学の原理 principles of molecular genetics
2. B型肝炎ウイルスの特性および感染の病因 characteristics of the hepatitis b virus and pathogenesis of infection
3. 一般的なB型肝炎ウイルス亜種の臨床的意義および分子学的特徴 clinical significance and molecular characteristics of common hepatitis b virus variants
4. 消失性白質疾患（Vanishing white matter disease） vanishing white matter disease
5. 遺伝性疾患の基本原則 basic principles of genetic disease

English Journal

Complete mitochondrial genome of Drabescoides nuchalis (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae).

Wu Y1, Dai R1, Zhan H1, Qu L1.
Mitochondrial DNA. Part A. DNA mapping, sequencing, and analysis.Mitochondrial DNA A DNA MappSeq Anal.2016 Sep;27(5):3626-7. doi: 10.3109/19401736.2015.1079827. Epub 2015 Oct 5.
The complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Drabescoides nuchalis (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) was sequenced. It is 15 309 bp in length with 75.62% (A + T) content and comprises 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNAs, two ribosomal RNA genes, and a non-coding region (GenBank accession
PMID 26436567

Many unique characteristics revealed by the complete mitochondrial genome of the scorpion Tityus serrulatus (Lutz e Mello 1922) (Chelicerata; Arachnida).

Martins AP1, Carmo AO1, Mesquita FO1, Pimenta RJ1, Chagas AT1, Kalapothakis E1.
Mitochondrial DNA. Part A. DNA mapping, sequencing, and analysis.Mitochondrial DNA A DNA MappSeq Anal.2016 Sep;27(5):3628-9. doi: 10.3109/19401736.2015.1079828. Epub 2015 Sep 15.
This is the first complete mitochondrial genome of a Tityus species, although it is the most medically important genus in South America. Tityus serrulatus (Brazilian yellow scorpion) mtDNA revealed the same gene arrangement of three out of four other mitogenomes published by now for the same family
PMID 26370626

The complete mitochondrial genome of Cryptolestes turcicus (Grouvelle) (Coleoptera:Laemophloeidae).

Sun TY1, Liu G2, Li L1, Xin T1, Lei K1, Xia B1.
Mitochondrial DNA. Part A. DNA mapping, sequencing, and analysis.Mitochondrial DNA A DNA MappSeq Anal.2016 Sep;27(5):3701-2. doi: 10.3109/19401736.2015.1079864. Epub 2015 Sep 15.
We presented the complete mitogenome of Cryptolestes turcicus (GenBank accession number KT070712) in this study. The total length of mitochondrial DNA is 15 517 bp and contains 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, and a control region. The overall base composi
PMID 26369418