WordNet

give (hair) the appearance of being fuller by using a rat
a pad (usually made of hair) worn as part of a womans coiffure
any of various long-tailed rodents similar to but larger than a mouse
catch rats, especially with dogs
desert ones party or group of friends, for example, for ones personal advantage
employ scabs or strike breakers in
the quality or state of being mortal
evaluate by comparing with a standard (同)standardise
cause to conform to standard or norm; "The weights and measures were standardized" (同)standardise
the relative magnitudes of two quantities (usually expressed as a quotient)
brought into conformity with a standard; "standardized education" (同)standardised

PrepTutorEJDIC

『ネズミ』 / ひきょう者,裏切り者 / ネズミをつかまえる / 《話》(人を)裏切る,密告する《+『on』+『名』〈人〉》
〈U〉死を免れぬこと,死ぬべき運命 / 〈U〉《時にa~》死亡数;死亡率 / 〈U〉《時にa~》(戦争などによる)多数の死
『比』,比率,『割合』;『比例』

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/09/02 23:20:08」(JST)

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In epidemiology, the standardized mortality ratio or SMR, is a quantity, expressed as either a ratio or percentage quantifying the increase or decrease in mortality of a study cohort with respect to the general population.^[1]

Standardized mortality ratio

The standardized mortality ratio is the ratio of observed deaths in the study group to expected deaths in the general population.^[2] This ratio can be expressed as a percentage simply by multiplying by 100.

The SMR may be quoted as either a ratio or a percentage. If the SMR is quoted as a ratio and is equal to 1.0, then this means the number of observed deaths equals that of expected cases. If higher than 1.0, then there is a higher number of deaths than is expected. SMR constitutes an indirect form of standardization. It has an advantage over the direct method of standardization since age-adjustment is permitted in situations where age stratification may not be available for the cohort being studied or where strata-specific data are subject to excessive random variability.

Definition

The requirements for calculating SMR for a cohort are:

The number of persons in each age group in the population being studied
The age specific death rates of the general population in the same age groups of the study population
The observed deaths in the study population

Expected deaths would then be calculated simply by multiplying the death rates of the general population by the total number of participants in the study group at the corresponding age group and summing up all the values for each age group to arrive at the number of expected deaths. The study groups are weighted based on their particular distribution (for example, age), as opposed to the general populations's distribution. This is a fundamental distinction between an indirect method of standardization like SMR from direct standardization techniques.

The SMR may well be quoted with an indication of the uncertainty associated with its estimation, such as a confidence interval (CI) or p value, which allows it to be interpreted in terms of statistical significance.

Example

An example might be a cohort study into cumulative exposure to arsenic from drinking water, whereby the mortality rates due to a number of cancers in a highly exposed group (which drinks water with a mean arsenic concentration of, say 10 mg) is compared with those in the general population. An SMR for bladder cancer of 1.70 in the exposed group would mean that there is 70% more cases of death due to bladder cancer in the cohort than in the reference population (in this case the national population, which is generally considered not to exhibit cumulative exposure to high arsenic levels).

Standardized mortality rate

Standardized mortality rate tells how many persons, per thousand of the population, will die in a given year and what the causes of death will be.

Such statistics have many uses:

Life insurance companies periodically update their premiums based on the mortality rate, adjusted for age.
Medical researchers can track disease-related deaths and shift focus and funding to address increasing or decreasing risks.
Organizations, both non- and for-profit, can utilize such statistics to justify their missions.
Regarding occupational uses:

Mortality tables are also often used when numbers of deaths for each age-specific stratum are not available. It is also used to study mortality rate in an occupationally exposed population: Do people who work in a certain industry, such as mining or construction, have a higher mortality than people of the same age in the general population? Is an additional risk associated with that occupation? To answer the question of whether a population of miners has a higher mortality than we would expect in a similar population that is not engaged in mining, the age-specific rates for such a known population, such as all men of the same age, are applied to each age group in the population of interest. This will yield the number of deaths expected in each age group in the population of interest, if this population had had the mortality experience of the known population. Thus, for each age group, the number of deaths expected is calculated, and these numbers are totaled. The numbers of deaths that were actually observed in that population are also calculated and totaled. The ratio of the total number of deaths actually observed to the total number of deaths expected, if the population of interest had had the mortality experience of the known population, is then calculated. This ratio is called the standardized mortality ratio (SMR). The SMR is defined as follows: SMR = (Observed no. of deaths per year)/(Expected no. of deaths per year).

References

^ Everitt, Brian; Skrondal, Anders (2010). "Standardized mortality rate (SMR)". The Cambridge dictionary of statistics. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 409. ISBN 9780521766999.
^ Broeck, J.; Brestoff, J. R.; Kaulfuss, C. (2013). "Statistical Estimation". Epidemiology: Principles and Practical Guidelines. p. 417. ISBN 978-94-007-5988-6. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5989-3_22.

External links

PAMCOMP Person-Years Analysis and Computation Program for calculating SMRs

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Effect of renal disease on standardized mortality ratio and life expectancy of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Mok C, Kwok RC, Yip PS.SourceDepartment of Medicine, Tuen Mun Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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The healthy worker effect in cancer incidence studies.

Kirkeleit J, Riise T, Bjørge T, Christiani DC.AbstractUse of the general population as a reference might cause serious underestimation of the risk of cancer in working populations because of the healthy worker effect. Using incidence rates, we studied how this underestimation varied according to subtypes of cancer by comparing a large cohort of randomly selected Norwegian workers hired between 1981 and 2003 (n = 366,114) with the general Norwegian population. The cohort was linked to the Cancer Registry of Norway, including all new cancer cases (n = 11,271) reported up to 2003. We found marked potential for the healthy worker effect for overall cancer incidence in male workers (standardized incidence ratio (SIR) = 0.91, 95% confidence interval: 0.89, 0.93) but not in female workers (SIR = 0.99, 95% confidence interval: 0.95, 1.03). A statistically significantly lower incidence was found among men for cancers of the head and neck (SIR = 0.78), lung (SIR = 0.81), prostate (SIR = 0.93), kidney (SIR = 0.83), and bladder (SIR = 0.77) and for leukemia (SIR = 0.80), whereas an increased incidence was found for malignant melanoma among both men (SIR = 1.09) and women (SIR = 1.29) and for ovarian cancer in women (SIR = 1.32). Depending on the type of cancer being studied, marked potential exists for both underestimation and overestimation of cancer risk when the general population is used as the reference for studies of worker populations.
American journal of epidemiology.Am J Epidemiol.2013 Jun 1;177(11):1218-24. doi: 10.1093/aje/kws373. Epub 2013 Apr 17.
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Effect of age at diagnosis of breast cancer on the patterns and risk of mortality from all causes: A population-based study in Australia.

Beadle GF, McCarthy NJ, Baade PD.SourceQueensland Institute of Medical Research; Department of Medical Oncology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital.
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… Both the NAC and control groups were treated using a standardized hydration strategy, where clinically feasible. … The adjusted odds ratio was 0.305 (95% confidence interval: 0.097 to 0.960, p=0.042). … All-cause mortality was 7.5% in the NAC group and 12.6% in the control group, which was not significantly different. … However, it does not improve the mortality rate or the need for dialysis. …
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Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「標準化死亡比」「SMR」
関連記事	「rat」「mortality」「standardize」「ratio」

「標準化死亡比」

　　[★]

英: standardized mortality ratio、SMR
関: 年齢調整死亡率、間接法

観察集団の死亡数 / 期待死亡数 x 100 (%)
小さければ基準集団より死亡が少なく、大きければ基準集団より死亡が多い。

標準化死亡比を覚えるために、変形。

間接法では、観察集団の年齢階級別人口に基準集団の年齢階級別死亡率を適応することを思い出す。

Σ { (観察集団の年齢階級別人口) x (観察集団の年齢階級別死亡率) }
--------------------------------------------------------- x 100 (%)
Σ { (観察集団の年齢階級別人口) x (基準集団の年齢階級別死亡率) }

基準集団の年齢階級別死亡率を適用した場合の死亡数を基準として、観察集団の死亡数がどの程度か示す(比がわかる)。

国試

「SMR」

　　[★]

「rat」

　　[★]

n.

(げっ歯類)ラット、(マウスも含めての総称)ネズミ、ラットの

関: laboratory rat、mouse、Norway rat、Rattus、Rattus norvegicus

「mortality」

　　[★]

n.

死ぬべき運命/性質。人類
(戦争・病気による)大量死
(地方別・年齢別・病気別の)死亡数。死亡率
なくした数/割合、失敗率

「standardize」

　　[★]

標準化する、規格化する、標定する

関: normalisation、normalization、normalize、standardisation、standardization

「ratio」

　　[★]

比、割合、レシオ

関: fraction、percentage、proportion、rate、specific

[Everitt2010-1] Everitt, Brian; Skrondal, Anders (2010). "Standardized mortality rate (SMR)". The Cambridge dictionary of statistics. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 409. ISBN 9780521766999.

[Broeck2013-2] Broeck, J.; Brestoff, J. R.; Kaulfuss, C. (2013). "Statistical Estimation". Epidemiology: Principles and Practical Guidelines. p. 417. ISBN 978-94-007-5988-6. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5989-3_22.

匿名

検索

案内

案内

standardized mortality ratio