WordNet
- a satellite with sensors to detect nuclear explosions
- secretly collect sensitive or classified information; engage in espionage; "spy for the Russians"
- (military) a secret agent hired by a state to obtain information about its enemies or by a business to obtain industrial secrets from competitors (同)undercover agent
- a secret watcher; someone who secretly watches other people; "my spies tell me that you had a good time last night"
- catch sight of; to perceive with the eyes; "he caught sight of the kings men coming over the ridge" (同)sight
- watch, observe, or inquire secretly (同)stag, snoop, sleuth
- surrounding and dominated by a central authority or power; "a city and its satellite communities"
- man-made equipment that orbits around the earth or the moon (同)artificial satellite, orbiter
- a person who follows or serves another (同)planet
- any celestial body orbiting around a planet or star
- broadcast or disseminate via satellite
- the act of keeping a secret watch for intelligence purposes (同)undercover work
- keeping a secret or furtive watch
PrepTutorEJDIC
- 『スパイ』,諜報員 / 『探偵』(たんてい),密偵 / (敵意をもって)(…を)『ひそかに見張る』(探る)《『+on』(『upon』)+『名』》 / (…について)調査する,せんさくする《+『into』+『名』》 / …‘を'見つけ出す,探り出す《『out』+『名』,+『名』+『out』》
- 衛星(主惑星を回転する天体物)・人工衛星・衛星国家・従者
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2012/11/30 08:43:59」(JST)
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The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page. (January 2012) |
Serum and Vaccine Institute in Al-A'amiriya, Iraq, as imaged by a US reconnaissance satellite in November 2002.
U.S. Lacrosse radar spy satellite under construction
A model of a German SAR-Lupe reconnaissance satellite inside a Cosmos-3M rocket.
Microwave interception (Rhyolite)
A spy satellite (officially referred to as a reconnaissance satellite) is an Earth observation satellite or communications satellite deployed for military or intelligence applications. These are essentially space telescopes that are pointed toward the Earth instead of toward the stars. The first generation type (i.e. Corona [1] [2] and Zenit) took photographs, then ejected canisters of photographic film, which would descend to earth.
Corona capsules were retrieved in mid-air as they floated down on parachutes. Later spacecraft had digital imaging systems and uploaded the images via encrypted radio links.
In the United States, most information available is on programs that existed up to 1972. Some information about programs prior to that time is still classified, and a small trickle of information is available on subsequent missions.
A few up-to-date reconnaissance satellite images have been declassified on occasion, or leaked, as in the case of KH-11 photographs which were sent to Jane's Defence Weekly in 1985.
Contents
- 1 Origins
- 2 Missions
- 3 Benefits
- 4 In fiction
- 5 See also
- 6 References
- 7 External links
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Origins
On March 16, 1955, the United States Air Force officially ordered the development of an advanced reconnaissance satellite to provide continuous surveillance of 'preselected areas of the earth' in order 'to determine the status of a potential enemy’s war-making capability'.[3] In October 1957, the Russians launched Sputnik. It was the first man made object to be put into Earth's orbit.
Missions
Examples of reconnaissance satellite missions:
- High resolution photography (IMINT)
- Measurement and Signature Intelligence (MASINT)
- Communications eavesdropping (SIGINT)
- Covert communications
- Monitoring of nuclear test ban compliance (see National Technical Means)
- Detection of missile launches
Benefits
During the 1950s a Soviet hoax had led to American fears of a bomber gap. After the United States gained satellite photography its intelligence agencies were able to, for example, in 1968 state with certainty that "No new ICBM complexes have been established in the USSR during the past year."[4]:198 President Lyndon B. Johnson told a gathering in 1967:
I wouldn't want to be quoted on this ... We've spent $35 or $40 billion on the space program. And if nothing else had come out of it except the knowledge that we gained from space photography, it would be worth ten times what the whole program has cost. Because tonight we know how many missiles the enemy has and, it turned out, our guesses were way off. We were doing things we didn't need to do. We were building things we didn't need to build. We were harboring fears we didn't need to harbor.[4]:191
In fiction
Spy satellites are commonly seen in spy fiction and military fiction. Some works of fiction that focus specifically on spy satellites include:
- The OMAC Project
- Enemy of the State (film)
- Body of Lies (film)
- Ice Station Zebra
See also
- National Reconnaissance Office
- Defense Support Program
- European Union Satellite Centre
- Atmospheric reentry
- List of intelligence gathering disciplines
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References
- ^ Corona page at NRO
- ^ Corona page at NASA
- ^ Erickson, Mark. Into the Unknown Together - The DOD, NASA, and Early Spaceflight. ISBN 1-58566-140-6. http://aupress.au.af.mil/Books/Erickson/erickson.pdf.
- ^ a b Heppenheimer, T. A. (1998). The Space Shuttle Decision. NASA. http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4221/contents.htm.
- Kupperberg, Paul (2003). "Spy satellites". Rosen Publishing Group. http://books.google.com/books?id=fq4iR6xSt_QC&printsec=frontcover&dq=spy+satellite&hl=en&sa=X&ei=adc7T7fGDsjRiAKvjrGTDA&ved=0CFEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=spy%20satellite&f=false. Retrieved February 15, 2012. ISBN 0-8239-3854-9
- Richelson, Jeffrey (1990). "America's Secret Eyes in Space: the U.S. Keyhole Spy Satellite Program". Harper & Row. http://books.google.com/books?id=Pmb1GioJEjwC&q=America's+secret+eyes+in+space:+The+U.S.+keyhole+spy+satellite+program&dq=America's+secret+eyes+in+space:+The+U.S.+keyhole+spy+satellite+program&hl=en&sa=X&ei=udY7T5S5CeLliAK8sIiTDA&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAA. Retrieved February 15, 2012. ISBN 0-88730-285-8
- Norris, Pat (2008). "Spies in the Sky: Surveillance Satellites in War and Peace". Berlin; New York: Springer; Chichester, UK: In association with Praxis Publishing. http://www.worldcat.org/title/spies-in-the-sky-surveillance-satellites-in-war-and-peace/oclc/154711855&referer=brief_results. Retrieved February 15, 2012.
External links
- Space-Based Reconnaissance by MAJ Robert A. Guerriero
- http://www.fas.org/irp/imint/
- Java 3D satellite tracker
- GlobalSecurity.org: Imagery Intelligence
- Iran to Launch first spy satellite
- http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/egyptsat-1.htm
- http://www.spacetoday.org/Rockets/Spaceports/Iraq.html
- Military Intelligence Satellites (NASA, remote sensing tutorial)
World Reconnaissance Satellites, excluding Russia and the United States
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Commercial |
Electro-optical
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- Quickbird
- WorldView-1
- WorldView-2
- Ikonos
- GeoEye-1
- GeoEye-2
- SPOT
- EO1-ALI
- ASTER
- LANDSAT
- ALOS
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Synthetic Aperture Radar
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- RADARSAT-1
- RADARSAT-2
- PALSAR
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International |
Electro-Optical
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- Disaster Monitoring Constellation
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Brazil |
IMINT
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- SCD-1
- SCD-2
- CBERS-1
- CBERS-2
- SSR
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China |
IMINT
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- JSSW
- FSW-0
- FSW-1
- FSW-2
- FSW-3
- JianBing
- CBERS-2 (joint Brazil)
- Yaogan
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SIGINT
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COMM
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France |
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Germany |
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India |
IMINT
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- Cartosat-1
- Cartosat-2
- Cartosat-2A
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Other
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Israel |
IMINT
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- Ofeq -> Ofeq 5
- Ofeq 7
- Ofeq 9
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COMM
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- AMOS 1
- AMOS 2
- AMOS 3
- AMOS 4
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Other
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Italy |
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Japan |
IMINT
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- IGS 1A/B
- IGS 2A/B
- IGS 3A
- IGS 4A/B
- IGS 5A
- IGS 6A
- IGS 7A
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Turkey |
IMINT
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COMM
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- Turksat 1A
- Turksat 1B
- Turksat 1C
- Turksat 2A
- Turksat 3A
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Taiwan |
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United Kingdom |
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US reconnaissance satellites
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IMINT |
Photographic
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- KH-1 CORONA
- KH-2 CORONA
- KH-3 CORONA
- KH-4A CORONA
- KH-4B CORONA
- KH-5 ARGON
- KH-6 LANYARD
- KH-7 GAMBIT
- KH-8 GAMBIT 3
- KH-9 HEXAGON
- KH-10 DORIAN
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Electro-optical
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- SAMOS
- KH-11 KENNAN
- Misty
- Enhanced Imaging System
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Synthetic aperture radar
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Infrared
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SIGINT |
Low Earth orbit
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- GRAB
- Poppy
- White Cloud
- SAMOS F
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Highly elliptical orbit
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Geosynchronous Earth orbit
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- Canyon
- Magnum
- Mentor
- Mercury
- Rhyolite/Aquacade
- Vortex
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MASINT |
Primary mission
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Secondary mission
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Research and
development |
Primary mission
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Secondary mission
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Unknown |
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Russian reconnaissance satellites
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IMINT |
Photographic
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- Yantar
- Zenit
- Orlets
- Almaz
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Electro-optical
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- Araks
- Arkon
- Enisei
- Kobalt
- Persona
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SIGINT |
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MASINT |
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Kosmos
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UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- A Spy Satellite for the Press?: The U.S.-Soviet domination of space surveillance comes to an end as French, Chinese, and U.S. news organizations consider new satellites.
- Marshall E.
- Science (New York, N.Y.).Science.1987 Dec 4;238(4832):1346-8.
- PMID 17800560
Japanese Journal
- 光通信量子暗号Y-00による準完全秘匿を持つ偵察衛星システム : Shannon限界の超越
- <ECHELON>という怪物 : 国益を制する情報活動
Related Links
- A spy satellite (officially referred to as a reconnaissance satellite) is an Earth observation satellite or communications satellite deployed for military or intelligence applications. These are essentially space telescopes that are pointed toward the ...
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