solid phase extraction

• 固相抽出法

WordNet

1. uninterrupted in space; having no gaps or breaks; "a solid line across the page"; "solid sheets of water"
2. the state in which a substance has no tendency to flow under moderate stress; resists forces (such as compression) that tend to deform it; and retains a definite size and shape (同)solidness, solid_state
3. a three-dimensional shape
4. matter that is solid at room temperature and pressure
5. of the same color throughout; "solid color" (同)self-colored, self-coloured
6. of good quality and condition; solidly built; "a solid foundation"; "several substantial timber buildings" (同)strong, substantial
7. acting together as a single undiversified whole; "a solid voting bloc" (同)unanimous, whole
8. characterized by good substantial quality; "solid comfort"; "a solid base hit"
9. entirely of one substance with no holes inside; "a solid block of wood"
10. financially sound; "the bank is solid and will survive this attack"
11. having three dimensions; "a solid object"
12. impenetrable for the eye; "solid blackness"
13. of a substantial character and not frivolous or superficial; "work of solid scholarship"; "based on solid facts"
14. of definite shape and volume; firm; neither liquid nor gaseous; "ice is water in the solid state"
15. of one substance or character throughout; "solid gold"; "carved out of solid rock"
16. arrange in phases or stages; "phase a withdrawal"
17. (physical chemistry) a distinct state of matter in a system; matter that is identical in chemical composition and physical state and separated from other material by the phase boundary; "the reaction occurs in the liquid phase of the system" (同)form
18. a particular point in the time of a cycle; measured from some arbitrary zero and expressed as an angle (同)phase_angle
19. any distinct time period in a sequence of events; "we are in a transitional stage in which many former ideas must be revised or rejected" (同)stage
20. adjust so as to be in a synchronized condition; "he phased the intake with the output of the machine"
21. (astronomy) the particular appearance of a bodys state of illumination (especially one of the recurring shapes of the part of Earths moon that is illuminated by the sun); "the full phase of the moon"
22. the process of obtaining something from a mixture or compound by chemical or physical or mechanical means
23. the action of taking out something (especially using effort or force); "the dentist gave her a local anesthetic prior to the extraction"
24. a colloid that has a continuous liquid phase in which a solid is suspended in a liquid (同)colloidal_solution, colloidal suspension
25. the syllable naming the fifth (dominant) note of any musical scale in solmization (同)soh, so

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 『固体の』,『固形の』 / 『うつろでない』,中身のつまった / (物質の)密度が高い,密な;(印刷の)行の詰まった / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》『混じりもののない』,純正の / (構造的に)『堅固な』 / (人が)『信頼できる』,堅実な / 健全な,しっかりした / 一致した,団結した / (時間が)まるまる,切れ目のない;(物が)連続した / 三次元の,立体の,立方の / 『固体』,固形物 / 立方体
2. (変化・発達の)『段階』,『局面』 / (物事の)『面』,様相《+『of』+『名』》 / (月・惑星などの)相 / …‘を'段階的に調整(整理)する
3. 〈U〉〈C〉引き出すこと,抜き取ること,摘出 / 〈C〉引き出されたもの,抜き取られたもの,抽出物,エキス;抜粋 / 〈U〉生まれ,皿統
4. ソ(全音階の第5音)
5. ソル(ペルーの貨幣単位で青銅貨)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/01/12 13:14:57」(JST)

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A typical solid phase extraction manifold. The cartridges drip into the chamber below, where tubes collect the effluent. A vacuum port with gauge is used to control the vacuum applied to the chamber.

Solid-phase extraction (SPE) is a sample preparation process by which compounds that are dissolved or suspended in a liquid mixture are separated from other compounds in the mixture according to their physical and chemical properties. Analytical laboratories use solid phase extraction to concentrate and purify samples for analysis. Solid phase extraction can be used to isolate analytes of interest from a wide variety of matrices, including urine, blood, water, beverages, soil, and animal tissue.

SPE uses the affinity of solutes dissolved or suspended in a liquid (known as the mobile phase) for a solid through which the sample is passed (known as the stationary phase) to separate a mixture into desired and undesired components. The result is that either the desired analytes of interest or undesired impurities in the sample are retained on the stationary phase. The portion that passes through the stationary phase is collected or discarded, depending on whether it contains the desired analytes or undesired impurities. If the portion retained on the stationary phase includes the desired analytes, they can then be removed from the stationary phase for collection in an additional step, in which the stationary phase is rinsed with an appropriate eluent.

Normal phase SPE procedure

A selection of solid phase extraction cartridges, available in many sizes, shapes, and types of stationary phase.

A typical solid phase extraction involves five basic steps. First, the cartridge is equilibrated with a non-polar or slightly polar solvent, which wets the surface and penetrates the bonded phase. Then water, or buffer of the same composition as the sample, is typically washed through the column to wet the silica surface. The sample is then added to the cartridge. As the sample passes through the stationary phase, the polar analytes in the sample will interact and retain on the polar sorbent while the solvent, and other non-polar impurities pass through the cartridge. After the sample is loaded, the cartridge is washed with a non-polar solvent to remove further impurities. Then, the analyte is eluted with a polar solvent or a buffer of the appropriate pH.

A stationary phase of polar functionally bonded silicas with short carbons chains frequently makes up the solid phase. This stationary phase will adsorb polar molecules which can be collected with a more polar solvent.

Reversed phase SPE

Reversed phase SPE separates analytes based on their polarity. The stationary phase of a reversed phase SPE cartridge is derivatized with hydrocarbon chains, which retain compounds of mid to low polarity due to the hydrophobic effect. The analyte can be eluted by washing the cartridge with a non-polar solvent, which disrupts the interaction of the analyte and the stationary phase.

A stationary phase of silicon with carbon chains is commonly used. Relying on mainly non-polar, hydrophobic interactions, only non-polar or very weakly polar compounds will adsorb to the surface.

Ion exchange SPE

Ion exchange sorbents separate analytes based on electrostatic interactions between the analyte of interest and the positively or negatively charged groups on the stationary phase. For ion exchange to occur, both the stationary phase and sample must be at a pH where both are charged.

Anion exchange

Anion exchange sorbents are derivatized with positively charged functional groups that interact and retain negatively charged cations, such as acids. Strong anion exchange sorbents contain quaternary ammonium groups that have a permanent positive charge in aqueous solutions, and weak anion exchange sorbents use amine groups which are charged when the pH is below about 9. Strong anion exchange sorbents are useful because any strongly acidic impurities in the sample will bind to the sorbent and usually will not be eluted with the analyte of interest; to recover a strong acid a weak anion exchange cartridge should be used. To elute the analyte from either the strong or weak sorbent, the stationary phase is washed with a solvent that neutralizes the charge of either the analyte, the stationary phase, or both. Once the charge is neutralized, the electrostatic interaction between the analyte and the stationary phase no longer exists and the analyte will elute from the cartridge.

Cation exchange

Cation exchange sorbents are derivatized with functional groups that interact and retain positively charged anions, such as bases. Strong cation exchange sorbents contain aliphatic sulfonic acid groups that are always negatively charged in aqueous solution, and weak cation exchange sorbents contain aliphatic carboxylic acids, which are charged when the pH is above about 5. Strong cation exchange sorbents are useful because any strongly basic impurities in the sample will bind to the sorbent and usually will not be eluted with the analyte of interest; to recover a strong base a weak cation exchange cartridge should be used. To elute the analyte from either the strong or weak sorbent, the stationary phase is washed with a solvent that neutralizes ionic interaction between the analyte and the stationary phase.

Cartridges

The stationary phase comes in the form of a packed syringe-shaped cartridge, a 96 well plate, a 47- or 90-mm flat disk, or a microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS) device, a SPE method that uses a packed sorbent material in a liquid handling syringe. These can be mounted on its specific type of extraction manifold. The manifold allows multiple samples to be processed by holding several SPE media in place and allowing for an equal number of samples to pass through them simultaneously. A typical cartridge SPE manifold can accommodate up to 24 cartridges, while a typical disk SPE manifold can accommodate 6 disks. Most SPE manifolds are equipped with a vacuum port. Application of vacuum speeds up the extraction process by pulling the liquid sample through the stationary phase. The analytes are collected in sample tubes inside or below the manifold after they pass through the stationary phase.

Solid phase extraction cartridges and disks are available with a variety of stationary phases, each of which can separate analytes according to different chemical properties. Most stationary phases are based on silica that has been bonded to a specific functional group. Some of these functional groups include hydrocarbon chains of variable length (for reversed phase SPE), quaternary ammonium or amino groups (for anion exchange), and sulfonic acid or carboxyl groups (for cation exchange).

Solid-phase microextraction

Solid-phase microextraction (SPME), is a solid phase extraction technique that involves the use of a fiber coated with an extracting phase, that can be a liquid (polymer) or a solid (sorbent), which extracts different kinds of analytes (including both volatile and non-volatile) from different kinds of media, that can be in liquid or gas phase. The quantity of analyte extracted by the fibre is proportional to its concentration in the sample as long as equilibrium is reached or, in case of short time pre-equilibrium, with help of convection or agitation.

References

Further reading

• E. M. Thurman, M. S. Mills, Solid-Phase Extraction: Principles and Practice, Wiley-Interscience, 1998, ISBN 978-0-471-61422-7
• Nigel J.K. Simpson, Solid-Phase Extraction: Principles, Techniques, and Applications, CRC, 2000, ISBN 978-0-8247-0021-8
• James S. Fritz, Analytical Solid-Phase Extraction, Wiley-VCH, 1999, ISBN 978-0-471-24667-1

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English Journal

• Comparative quantitative analysis of headspace volatiles and their association with BADH2 marker in non-basmati scented, basmati and non-scented rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars of India.

• Mathure SV, Jawali N, Thengane RJ, Nadaf AB.SourceDepartment of Botany, University of Pune, Pune 411007, India; Molecular Biology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India.
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• Determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in fish: Optimisation and validation of a method based on accelerated solvent extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

• Ottonello G, Ferrari A, Magi E.SourceDipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università degli Studi di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genova, Italy.
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• PMID 24001849

• An improved dispersive solid-phase extraction clean-up method for the gas chromatography-negative chemical ionisation tandem mass spectrometric determination of multiclass pesticide residues in edible oils.

• Deme P, Azmeera T, Prabhavathi Devi BL, Jonnalagadda PR, Prasad RB, Vijaya Sarathi UV.SourceNational Centre for Mass Spectrometry, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, Andhra Pradesh, India.
• Food chemistry.Food Chem.2014 Jan 1;142:144-51. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.07.044. Epub 2013 Jul 18.
• An improved sample preparation using dispersive solid-phase extraction clean-up was proposed for the trace level determination of 35 multiclass pesticide residues (organochlorine, organophosphorus and synthetic pyrethroids) in edible oils. Quantification of the analytes was carried out by gas chroma
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Japanese Journal

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• 食品衛生学雑誌 = Food hygiene and safety science 57(4), 96-100, 2016-08
• NAID 40020942567

• ディスク固相抽出/蛍光X線法を用いた水中セレンの化学形態別分析

• 明治大学理工学部研究報告 = Research reports, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University (53), 33-38, 2016-03
• NAID 40020807073

• 水道原水中の農薬監視におけるオンライン固相抽出 : ガスクロマトグラフ質量分析法の検討

• 水道協会雑誌 85(1), 2-7, 2016-01
• NAID 40020703301

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Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「固相抽出法」
関連記事	「phase」「extraction」「solid」「phased」「solid phase」

「固相抽出法」

　　[★]

英

solid phase extraction

「phase」

　　[★]

• n.

• 相、段階、時期、局面、位相、フェーズ

• v.

• 段階的に実行する

関

aspect、grade、period、phased、phasic、situation、stage、step、time

　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「extraction」

　　[★]

• n.

• 引き抜くこと、抽出すること、抽出されること。(鉱物の)採取
• 抽出された物。エキス、抜粋
• 血統、家系
• 抜糸

　 　 　

「solid」

　　[★]

• 固形の、固体の、中実の、固形物

関

solid state

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「phased」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 位相の

関

phase、phasic

「solid phase」

　　[★]

• 固相、固相の、固相化の