WordNet

slight or limited; especially in degree or intensity or scope; "a series of death struggles with small time in between"
a garment size for a small person
the slender part of the back
limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent; "a little dining room"; "a little house"; "a small car"; "a little (or small) group" (同)little
have fine or very small constituent particles; "a small misty rain"
on a small scale; "think small"
any of a large group of nitrogenous organic compounds that are essential constituents of living cells; consist of polymers of amino acids; essential in the diet of animals for growth and for repair of tissues; can be obtained from meat and eggs and milk and legumes; "a diet high in protein"
a unit of force equal to the force exerted by gravity; used to indicate the force to which a body is subjected when it is accelerated (同)gee, g-force
the 7th letter of the Roman alphabet (同)g

PrepTutorEJDIC

(大きさが)『小さい』,小形の;(量が)『少ない』,わずかな / 『取るに足りない』,ささいな(trivial) / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》(仕事・活動などが)『小規模の』,ささやかな / 心が狭い,利己的な / (音・声が)弱い,小さい / (文字が)小型の,小文字の / 《the~》小さいもの;(…の)細い部分《+『of』+『名』》 / 《複数形で》《英》(衣類・ハンカチなどの)小物,小間物 / 小さく,細かく / (声などが)低く,弱く / 小規模に,こぢんまりと
蛋白(たんばく)質

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/11/07 23:40:17」(JST)

wiki en

Small GTPases (EC 3.6.5.2) are a family of hydrolase enzymes that can bind and hydrolyze guanosine triphosphate (GTP). They are a type of G-protein found in the cytosol that are homologous to the alpha subunit of heterotrimeric G-proteins, but unlike the alpha subunit of G proteins, a small GTPase can function independently as a hydrolase enzyme to bind to and hydrolyze a guanosine triphosphate (GTP) to form guanosine diphosphate (GDP). The best-known members are the Ras GTPases and hence they are sometimes called Ras superfamily GTPases.

A typical G-protein is active when bound to GTP and inactive when bound to GDP (i.e. when the GTP is hydrolyzed to GDP). The GDP can be then replaced by free GTP. Therefore, a G-protein can be switched on and off. GTP hydrolysis is accelerated by GTPase activating proteins (GAPs), while GTP exchange is catalyzed by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs). Activation of a GEF typically activates its cognate G-protein, while activation of a GAP results in inactivation of the cognate G-protein. Guanosine nucleotide dissociation inhibitors (GDI) maintain small GTP-ases in the inactive state.

Small GTPases regulate a wide variety of processes in the cell, including growth, cellular differentiation, cell movement and lipid vesicle transport.

The Ras superfamily

There are more than a hundred proteins in the Ras superfamily.^[1] Based on structure, sequence and function, the Ras superfamily is divided into five main families, (Ras, Rho, Ran, Rab and Arf GTPases).^[2] The Ras family itself is further divided into 6 subfamilies: Ras, Ral, Rit, Rap, Rheb, and Rad. Miro is a recent contributor to the superfamily.

Each subfamily shares the common core G domain, which provides essential GTPase and nucleotide exchange activity.

The surrounding sequence helps determine the functional specificity of the small GTPase, for example the 'Insert Loop', common to the Rho subfamily, specifically contributes to binding to effector proteins such as IQGAP and WASP.

The Ras family is generally responsible for cell proliferation, Rho for cell morphology, Ran for nuclear transport and Rab and Arf for vesicle transport.^[3]

References

^ Wennerberg K, Rossman KL, Der CJ (March 2005). "The Ras superfamily at a glance". J. Cell. Sci. 118 (Pt 5): 843–6. doi:10.1242/jcs.01660. PMID 15731001.
^ Goitre, L; Trapani, E; Trabalzini, L; Retta, SF (26 December 2013). "The Ras superfamily of small GTPases: the unlocked secrets". 1120: 1–18. doi:10.1007/978-1-62703-791-4_1. PMID 24470015. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
^ Munemitsu S, Innis M, Clark R, McCormick F, Ullrich A, Polakis P (1990). "Molecular cloning and expression of a G25K cDNA, the human homolog of the yeast cell cycle gene CDC42". Mol Cell Biol. 10 (11): 5977–82. ISSN 0270-7306. PMC 361395 . PMID 2122236.

External links

Small GTPases at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

UpToDate Contents

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1. ペプチドホルモンのシグナル伝達および調節 peptide hormone signal transduction and regulation
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3. 高IgD症候群：病態生理 hyperimmunoglobulin d syndrome pathophysiology
4. セクレチン secretin
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English Journal

Ras activation revisited: role of GEF and GAP systems.

Hennig A, Markwart R, Esparza-Franco MA, Ladds G, Rubio I.
Biological chemistry.Biol Chem.2015 Aug 1;396(8):831-48. doi: 10.1515/hsz-2014-0257.
Ras is a prototypical small G-protein and a central regulator of growth, proliferation and differentiation processes in virtually every nucleated cell. As such, Ras becomes engaged and activated by multiple growth factors, mitogens, cytokines or adhesion receptors. Ras activation comes about by chan
PMID 25781681

The small G-protein MglA connects to the MreB actin cytoskeleton at bacterial focal adhesions.

Treuner-Lange A1, Macia E2, Guzzo M3, Hot E1, Faure LM3, Jakobczak B1, Espinosa L3, Alcor D2, Ducret A3, Keilberg D1, Castaing JP3, Lacas Gervais S4, Franco M2, Søgaard-Andersen L5, Mignot T6.
The Journal of cell biology.J Cell Biol.2015 Jul 20;210(2):243-56. doi: 10.1083/jcb.201412047. Epub 2015 Jul 13.
In Myxococcus xanthus the gliding motility machinery is assembled at the leading cell pole to form focal adhesions, translocated rearward to propel the cell, and disassembled at the lagging pole. We show that MglA, a Ras-like small G-protein, is an integral part of this machinery. In this function,
PMID 26169353

Serotonylation and Transamidation of Other Monoamines.

Muma NA1, Mi Z1.
ACS chemical neuroscience.ACS Chem Neurosci.2015 Jul 15;6(7):961-9. doi: 10.1021/cn500329r. Epub 2015 Feb 5.
Although serotonin was discovered over 65 years ago, it has been only within the past decade that serotonin was found to be involved in a covalent post-translational modification to proteins. The enzyme transglutaminase catalyzes the transamidation of serotonin to a protein-bound glutamine residue;
PMID 25615632

Japanese Journal

Small ruminant lentiviral Vif proteins commonly utilize cyclophilin A, an evolutionarily and structurally conserved protein, to degrade ovine and caprine APOBEC3 proteins

Microbiology and immunology 60(6), 427-436, 2016-06
NAID 40020866792

Hyperlipidemia and hepatitis in liver-specific CREB3L3 knockout mice generated using a one-step CRISPR/Cas9 system

Scientific reports 6, 27857, 2016-06
NAID 120005819540

Serum CETP status is independently associated with reduction rates in LDL-C in pitavastatin-treated diabetic patients and possible involvement of LXR in its association

Lipids in Health and Disease 15, 57, 2016-05
NAID 120005756530

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　　[★]

英: small G protein
同: 低分子量GTP結合蛋白質 small GTP-binding protein

「small G-protein」

　　[★]

低分子量Gタンパク質、低分子量GTP結合タンパク質

関: monomeric GTP-binding protein、small GTP-binding protein、small GTPase

「G」

　　[★]

「small」

　　[★]

adj.

小さい

関: little、petit、tiny

「G protein」

　　[★]

同: G proteins

同: G proteins

「Gd」

　　[★]

同: ガドリニウム造影MRI

「g」

　　[★] グラム

関: gram

[pmid15731001-1] Wennerberg K, Rossman KL, Der CJ (March 2005). "The Ras superfamily at a glance". J. Cell. Sci. 118 (Pt 5): 843–6. doi:10.1242/jcs.01660. PMID 15731001.

[2] Goitre, L; Trapani, E; Trabalzini, L; Retta, SF (26 December 2013). "The Ras superfamily of small GTPases: the unlocked secrets". 1120: 1–18. doi:10.1007/978-1-62703-791-4_1. PMID 24470015. Retrieved 2 January 2015.

[Munemitsu-3] Munemitsu S, Innis M, Clark R, McCormick F, Ullrich A, Polakis P (1990). "Molecular cloning and expression of a G25K cDNA, the human homolog of the yeast cell cycle gene CDC42". Mol Cell Biol. 10 (11): 5977–82. ISSN 0270-7306. PMC 361395 . PMID 2122236.

v t e Enzymes
Activity	Active site Binding site Catalytic triad Oxyanion hole Enzyme promiscuity Catalytically perfect enzyme Coenzyme Cofactor Enzyme catalysis
Regulation	Allosteric regulation Cooperativity Enzyme inhibitor
Classification	EC number Enzyme superfamily Enzyme family List of enzymes
Kinetics	Enzyme kinetics Eadie–Hofstee diagram Hanes–Woolf plot Lineweaver–Burk plot Michaelis–Menten kinetics
Types	EC1 Oxidoreductases (list) EC2 Transferases (list) EC3 Hydrolases (list) EC4 Lyases (list) EC5 Isomerases (list) EC6 Ligases (list)

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small G protein