一本鎖の

関: single strand、single-stranded、ss

WordNet

having a single strand; "single-stranded RNA"
used of flowers having usually only one row or whorl of petals; "single chrysanthemums resemble daisies and may have more than one row of petals"
a base hit on which the batter stops safely at first base (同)bingle
not divided among or brought to bear on more than one object or objective; "judging a contest with a single eye"; "a single devotion to duty"; "undivided affection"; "gained their exclusive attention" (同)undivided, exclusive
existing alone or consisting of one entity or part or aspect or individual; "upon the hill stood a single tower"; "had but a single thought which was to escape"; "a single survivor"; "a single serving"; "a single lens"; "a single thickness"
having uniform application; "a single legal code for all"
hit a single; "the batter singled to left field"
drive (a vessel) ashore
line consisting of a complex of fibers or filaments that are twisted together to form a thread or a rope or a cable
a pattern forming a unity within a larger structural whole; "he tried to pick up the strands of his former life"; "I could hear several melodic strands simultaneously"
a poetic term for a shore (as the area periodically covered and uncovered by the tides)
to make melodious sounds; "The nightingale was singing"
deliver by singing; "Sing Christmas carols"
produce tones with the voice; "She was singing while she was cooking"; "My brother sings very well"
badminton played with one person on each side
tennis played with one person on each side
a street in west central London famous for its theaters and hotels

PrepTutorEJDIC

《名詞の前にのみ用いて》『たった一つ』(『一人』)『の』,単独の;《否定文で》ただ一つ(一人)(もない) / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》『一人用の』・『独身の』・《名詞の前にのみ用いて》個々の,別々の / 単一の,単式の;(花が)一重咲きの,単弁の / 《英》(切符が)片道の / 〈C〉一人,1個;独身者 / 〈C〉《話》(ホテルの部屋,船室,列車寝台などの)一人用 / 〈C〉(野球で)シングルヒット,単打 / 《複数形で》(テニスなどの)シングルスの試合,単試合 / 《英》片道切符 / 《複数形で》《話》1ドル(ポンド)札 / …‘を'1人(1個)だけ選び出す《+『out』+『名,』+『名』+『out』》 / (野球で)シングルヒットを打つ
〈船〉‘を'座礁させる / 《受動態で》〈人〉‘を'置き去りにする,困った状態におく / 〈船が〉座礁する / 〈人が〉途方に暮れる,立ち往生する / 岸,浜
こ撚(よ)り(何本かより合わせて糸・なわなどにするその一本) / (より合わせた)糸,ひも;(頭髪の)房 / (真珠・ビーズなど)ひもに通したもの
『歌う』;(…に)歌って聞かせる《+『to』(『for』)+『名』》;(楽器に合わせて)歌う《+『to』+『名』》・〈小鳥・虫などが〉『鳴く』,さえずる / 《文》(…を)詩(歌)にする,(詩(歌)を詠んで)賛美する《+『of』+『名』》・〈小川・風・弾丸・湯沸かし・耳などが〉歌うように鳴る・《米語》自白する;密告する・〈歌〉‘を'歌う・《副詞[句]を伴って》歌って…‘を'(…に)する・…‘を'唱える,詠唱する・《文》…‘を'詩(歌)にする,(詩(歌)に詠んで)賛美する・合唱の集い

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/09/21 16:44:25」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

Depiction of the adenine-thymine Watson-Crick base pair.

Base pairs, which form between specific nucleobases (also termed nitrogenous bases), are the building blocks of the DNA double helix and contribute to the folded structure of both DNA and RNA. Dictated by specific hydrogen bonding patterns, Watson-Crick base pairs (guanine-cytosine and adenine-thymine) allow the DNA helix to maintain a regular helical structure that is subtly dependent on its nucleotide sequence.^[1] The complementary nature of this based-paired structure provides a backup copy of all genetic information encoded within double-stranded DNA. The regular structure and data redundancy provided by the DNA double helix make DNA well suited to the storage of genetic information, while base-pairing between DNA and incoming nucleotides provides the mechanism through which DNA polymerase replicates DNA, and RNA polymerase transcribes DNA into RNA. Many DNA-binding proteins can recognize specific base pairing patterns that identify particular regulatory regions of genes.

Intramolecular base pairs can occur within single-stranded nucleic acids. This is particularly important in RNA molecules (e.g., transfer RNA), where Watson-Crick base pairs (G-C and A-U) permit the formation of short double-stranded helices, and a wide variety of non-Watson-Crick interactions (e.g., G-U or A-A) allow RNAs to fold into a vast range of specific three-dimensional structures. In addition, base-pairing between transfer RNA (tRNA) and messenger RNA (mRNA) forms the basis for the molecular recognition events that result in the nucleotide sequence of mRNA becoming translated into the amino acid sequence of proteins.

The size of an individual gene or an organism's entire genome is often measured in base pairs because DNA is usually double-stranded. Hence, the number of total base pairs is equal to the number of nucleotides in one of the strands (with the exception of non-coding single-stranded regions of telomeres). The haploid human genome (23 chromosomes) is estimated to be about 3.2 billion base pairs long and to contain 20,000–25,000 distinct protein-coding genes.^[2]^[3]^[4] A kilobase (kb) is a unit of measurement in molecular biology equal to 1000 base pairs of DNA or RNA.^[5]

Hydrogen bonding and stability

Top, a GC base pair with three hydrogen bonds. Bottom, an AT base pair with two hydrogen bonds. Non-covalent hydrogen bonds between the pairs are shown as dashed lines.

Hydrogen bonding is the chemical interaction that underlies the base-pairing rules described above. Appropriate geometrical correspondence of hydrogen bond donors and acceptors allows only the "right" pairs to form stably. DNA with high GC-content is more stable than DNA with low GC-content, but, contrary to popular belief, the hydrogen bonds do not stabilize the DNA significantly, and stabilization is mainly due to stacking interactions.^[6]

The larger nucleobases, adenine and guanine, are members of a class of double-ringed chemical structures called purines; the smaller nucleobases, cytosine and thymine (and uracil), are members of a class of single-ringed chemical structures called pyrimidines. Purines are complementary only with pyrimidines: pyrimidine-pyrimidine pairings are energetically unfavorable because the molecules are too far apart for hydrogen bonding to be established; purine-purine pairings are energetically unfavorable because the molecules are too close, leading to overlap repulsion. Purine-pyrimidine base pairing of AT or GC results in proper duplex structure. The only other purine-pyrimidine pairings would be AC and GT and UA (in RNA); these pairings are mismatches because the pattern of hydrogen donors and acceptors do not correspond. The GU pairing, with two hydrogen bonds, does occur fairly often in RNA (see wobble base pair).

Paired DNA and RNA molecules are comparatively stable at room temperature but the two nucleotide strands will separate above a melting point that is determined by the length of the molecules, the extent of mispairing (if any), and the GC content. Higher GC content results in higher melting temperatures; it is, therefore, unsurprising that the genomes of extremophile organisms such as Thermus thermophilus are particularly GC-rich. On the converse, regions of a genome that need to separate frequently — for example, the promoter regions for often-transcribed genes — are comparatively GC-poor (for example, see TATA box). GC content and melting temperature must also be taken into account when designing primers for PCR reactions.

Examples

The following DNA sequences illustrate pair double-stranded patterns. By convention, the top strand is written from the 5' end to the 3' end; thus, the bottom strand is written 3' to 5'.

A base-paired DNA sequence:

ATCGATTGAGCTCTAGCG

TAGCTAACTCGAGATCGC

The corresponding RNA sequence, in which uracil is substituted for thymine where uracil takes its place in the RNA strand:

AUCGAUUGAGCUCUAGCG

UAGCUAACUCGAGAUCGC

Base analogs and intercalators

Chemical analogs of nucleotides can take the place of proper nucleotides and establish non-canonical base-pairing, leading to errors (mostly point mutations) in DNA replication and DNA transcription. This is due to their isosteric chemistry. One common mutagenic base analog is 5-bromouracil, which resembles thymine but can base-pair to guanine in its enol form.

Other chemicals, known as DNA intercalators, fit into the gap between adjacent bases on a single strand and induce frameshift mutations by "masquerading" as a base, causing the DNA replication machinery to skip or insert additional nucleotides at the intercalated site. Most intercalators are large polyaromatic compounds and are known or suspected carcinogens. Examples include ethidium bromide and acridine.

Unnatural base pair (UBP)

An unnatural base pair (UBP) is a designed subunit (or nucleobase) of DNA which is created in a laboratory and does not occur in nature. DNA sequences have been described which use newly created nucleobases to form a third base pair, in addition to the two base pairs found in nature, A-T (adenine - thymine) and G-C (guanine - cytosine). A few research groups have been searching for a third base pair for DNA, including teams led by Steven A. Benner, Philippe Marliere, Floyd Romesberg and Ichiro Hirao.^[7] Some new base pairs have been reported.^[8]^[9]^[10]

In 1989 Steven Benner, then at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, and his team led with modified forms of cytosine and guanine into DNA molecules in vitro.^[11] The nucleotides, which encoded RNA and proteins, were successfully replicated in vitro. Since then, Benner's team has been trying to engineer cells that can make foreign bases from scratch, obviating the need for a feedstock.^[12]

In 2002, Ichiro Hirao’s group in Japan developed an unnatural base pair between 2-amino-8-(2-thienyl)purine (s) and pyridine-2-one (y) that functions in transcription and translation, for the site-specific incorporation of non-standard amino acids into proteins.^[13] In 2006, they created 7-(2-thienyl)imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (Ds) and pyrrole-2-carbaldehyde (Pa) as a third base pair for replication and transcription.^[14] Afterward, Ds and 4-[3-(6-aminohexanamido)-1-propynyl]-2-nitropyrrole (Px) was discovered as a high fidelity pair in PCR amplification.^[15]^[16] In 2013, they applied the Ds-Px pair to DNA aptamer generation by in vitro selection (SELEX) and demonstrated the genetic alphabet expansion significantly augment DNA aptamer affinities to target proteins.^[17]

In 2012, a group of American scientists led by Floyd Romesberg, a chemical biologist at the Scripps Research Institute in San Diego, California, published that his team designed an unnatural base pair (UBP).^[18] The two new artificial nucleotides or Unnatural Base Pair (UBP) were named d5SICS and dNaM. More technically, these artificial nucleotides bearing hydrophobic nucleobases, feature two fused aromatic rings that form a (d5SICS–dNaM) complex or base pair in DNA.^[12]^[19] His team designed a variety of in vitro or "test tube" templates containing the unnatural base pair and they confirmed that it was efficiently replicated with high fidelity in virtually all sequence contexts using the modern standard in vitro techniques, namely PCR amplification of DNA and PCR-based applications.^[18] Their results show that for PCR and PCR-based applications, the d5SICS–dNaM unnatural base pair is functionally equivalent to a natural base pair, and when combined with the other two natural base pairs used by all organisms, A–T and G–C, they provide a fully functional and expanded six-letter "genetic alphabet".^[19]

In 2014 the same team from the Scripps Research Institute reported that they synthesized a stretch of circular DNA known as a plasmid containing natural T-A and C-G base pairs along with the best-performing UBP Romesberg's laboratory had designed, and inserted it into cells of the common bacterium E. coli that successfully replicated the unnatural base pairs through multiple generations.^[7] The transfection did not hamper the growth of the E. coli cells, and showed no sign of losing its unnatural base pairs to its natural DNA repair mechanisms. This is the first known example of a living organism passing along an expanded genetic code to subsequent generations.^[19]^[20] Romesberg said he and his colleagues created 300 variants to refine the design of nucleotides that would be stable enough and would be replicated as easily as the natural ones when the cells divide. This was in part achieved by the addition of a supportive algal gene that expresses a nucleotide triphosphate transporter which efficiently imports the triphosphates of both d5SICSTP and dNaMTP into E. coli bacteria.^[19] Then, the natural bacterial replication pathways use them to accurately replicate a plasmid containing d5SICS–dNaM. Other researchers were surprised that the bacteria replicated these human-made DNA subunits.^[21]

The successful incorporation of a third base pair is a significant breakthrough toward the goal of greatly expanding the number of amino acids which can be encoded by DNA, from the existing 20 amino acids to a theoretically possible 172, thereby expanding the potential for living organisms to produce novel proteins.^[7] The artificial strings of DNA do not encode for anything yet, but scientists speculate they could be designed to manufacture new proteins which could have industrial or pharmaceutical uses.^[22] Experts said the synthetic DNA incorporating the unnatural base pair raises the possibility of life forms based on a different DNA code.^[21]^[22]

Length measurements

The following abbreviations are commonly used to describe the length of a D/RNA molecule:

bp = base pair(s)— one bp corresponds to approximately 3.4 Å (340 pm) of length along the strand, or to roughly 618 or 643 daltons for DNA and RNA respectively.
kb (= kbp) = kilo base pairs = 1,000 bp
Mb = mega base pairs = 1,000,000 bp
Gb = giga base pairs = 1,000,000,000 bp.

For case of single-stranded DNA/RNA units of nucleotides are used, abbreviated nt (or knt, Mnt, Gnt), as they are not paired. For distinction between units of computer storage and bases kbp, Mbp, Gbp, etc. may be used for base pairs.

The centimorgan is also often used to imply distance along a chromosome, but the number of base pairs it corresponds to varies widely. In the Human genome, the centimorgan is about 1 million base pairs.^[23]^[24]

References

^ "Sequence-Dependent Variability of B-DNA". Springer.
^ Moran, Laurence A. (2011-03-24). "The total size of the human genome is very likely to be ~3,200 Mb". Sandwalk.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2012-07-16.
^ "The finished length of the human genome is 2.86 Gb". Strategicgenomics.com. 2006-06-12. Retrieved 2012-07-16.
^ International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium (2004). "Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome". Nature 431 (7011): 931–45. doi:10.1038/nature03001. PMID 15496913.
^ Andrew F. Cockburn, Mary Jane Newkirk, Richard A. Firtel, Cell, Volume 9, Issue 4, Part 1, December 1976, Pages 605-613, ISSN 0092-8674, doi:10.1016/0092-8674(76)90043-X.
^ Peter Yakovchuk, Ekaterina Protozanova and Maxim D. Frank-Kamenetskii. Base-stacking and base-pairing contributions into thermal stability of the DNA double helix. Nucleic Acids Research 2006 34(2):564-574.
^ ^a ^b ^c Fikes, Bradley J. (May 8, 2014). "Life engineered with expanded genetic code". San Diego Union Tribune. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
^ Yang, Zunyi; et al. (August 15, 2011). "Amplification, Mutation, and Sequencing of a Six-Letter Synthetic Genetic System". J. Am. Chem. Soc 133 (38): 15105–15112. doi:10.1021/ja204910n.
^ Yamashige, Rie; et al. (March 2012). "Highly specific unnatural base pair systems as a third base pair for PCR amplification". Nucl Acids Res 40 (6): 2793–2806. doi:10.1093/nar/gkr1068.
^ Malyashev, D. A.; et al. (July 24, 2012). "Efficient and sequence-independent replication of DNA containing a third base pair establishes a functional six-letter genetic alphabet". Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 109 (30): 12005–12010. doi:10.1073/pnas.1205176109.
^ Christopher Switzer , Simon E. Moroney , Steven A. Benner. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111 (21), pp 8322–8323, DOI: 10.1021/ja00203a067 url=http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja00203a067 Publication Date: October 1989.
^ ^a ^b Callaway, Ewan (May 7, 2014). "Scientists Create First Living Organism With 'Artificial' DNA". Nature News (Huffington Post). Retrieved 8 May 2014.
^ Hirao, I. et al. (2002) An unnatural base pair for incorporating amino acid analogs into proteins. Nat. Biotechnol. 20, 177-182
^ Hirao, I. et al. (2006) An unnatural hydrophobic base pair system: site-specific incorporation of nucleotide analogs into DNA and RNA. Nat. Methods 6, 729-735
^ Kimoto, M. et al. (2009) An unnatural base pair system for efficient PCR amplification and functionalization of DNA molecules. Nucleic acids Res. 37, e14
^ Yamashige, R. et al. Highly specific unnatural base pair systems as a third base pair for PCR amplification. Nucleic Acids Res. 40, 2793-2806
^ Kimoto, M. et al. (2013) Generation of high-affinity DNA aptamers using an expanded genetic alphabet. Nat. Biotechnol. 31, 453-457
^ ^a ^b Malyshev, Denis A.; Dhami, Kirandeep; Quach, Henry T.; Lavergne, Thomas; Ordoukhanian, Phillip (24 July 2012). "Efficient and sequence-independent replication of DNA containing a third base pair establishes a functional six-letter genetic alphabet". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS) 109 (30): 12005–12010. doi:10.1073/pnas.1205176109. Retrieved 2014-05-11.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Malyshev, Denis A.; Dhami, Kirandeep; Lavergne, Thomas; Chen, Tingjian; Dai, Nan; Foster, Jeremy M.; Corrêa, Ivan R.; Romesberg, Floyd E. (May 7, 2014). "A semi-synthetic organism with an expanded genetic alphabet". Nature (journal). doi:10.1038/nature13314. Retrieved May 7, 2014.
^ Sample, Ian (May 7, 2014). "First life forms to pass on artificial DNA engineered by US scientists". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
^ ^a ^b "Scientists create first living organism containing artificial DNA". The Wall Street Journal (Fox News). May 8, 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
^ ^a ^b Pollack, Andrew (May 7, 2014). "Scientists Add Letters to DNA’s Alphabet, Raising Hope and Fear". New York Times. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
^ "NIH ORDR - Glossary - C". Rarediseases.info.nih.gov. Retrieved 2012-07-16.
^ Matthew P Scott, Paul Matsudaira, Harvey Lodish, James Darnell, Lawrence Zipursky, Chris A Kaiser, Arnold Berk, Monty Krieger (2004). Molecular Cell Biology, Fifth Edition. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman. p. 396. ISBN 0-7167-4366-3. "...in humans 1 centimorgan on average represents a distance of about 7.5x10⁵ base pairs."

External links

DAN—webserver version of the EMBOSS tool for calculating melting temperatures

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 遺伝学およびゲノミクスのためのツール：細胞遺伝学および分子遺伝学 tools for genetics and genomics cytogenetics and molecular genetics
2. デュシェンヌ型およびベッカー型筋ジストロフィーの臨床的特徴および診断 clinical features and diagnosis of duchenne and becker muscular dystrophy
3. がん患者における薬物関連の顎骨壊死 medication related osteonecrosis of the jaw in patients with cancer
4. 肥大型心筋症の遺伝学 genetics of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
5. 多発性内分泌腫瘍2型の臨床症状および診断 clinical manifestations and diagnosis of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2

English Journal

Cytotoxicity and DNA damage properties of tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) food additive.

Eskandani M1, Hamishehkar H2, Ezzati Nazhad Dolatabadi J3.Author information 1Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.2Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.3Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Electronic address: ezzatij@tbzmed.ac.ir.AbstractTert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) was tested for potential cytotoxicity and genotoxicity upon A549 lung cancer cells and Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVEC). Cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT assay and flow cytometry analysis, while genotoxicity was assessed in vitro by alkaline comet, DNA fragmentation and DAPI staining assays. TBHQ dose- and time-dependently decreased the growth of A549 and HUVEC cells. Flow cytometry analyses determined early and late apoptosis in the treated cells. Also, single strand DNA breaking has been observed through comet assay technique. In addition, morphology of DAPI stained cells and DNA fragmentation assay using gel electrophoresis showed clear fragmentation in the chromatin and DNA rings within the nucleus of cell's treated TBHQ.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2014 Jun 15;153:315-20. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.12.087. Epub 2014 Jan 3.
Tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) was tested for potential cytotoxicity and genotoxicity upon A549 lung cancer cells and Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVEC). Cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT assay and flow cytometry analysis, while genotoxicity was assessed in vitro by alkaline comet, DNA fr
PMID 24491735

Label-free colorimetric assay for base excision repair enzyme activity based on nicking enzyme assisted signal amplification.

Liu X1, Chen M2, Hou T1, Wang X1, Liu S2, Li F3.Author information 1College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.2College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China.3College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China. Electronic address: lifeng@qust.edu.cn.AbstractSpecific and sensitive detection of base excision repair enzyme activity is essential to many fundamental biochemical process researches. Here, we propose a novel label-free homogeneous strategy for visualized uracil DNA glycosylase (UDG) activity assay based on nicking enzyme assisted signal amplification. In this method two hairpin probes were employed for the colorimetric detection, namely hairpin probe 1 (HP 1) carrying two uracil residues in the stem, and hairpin probe 2 (HP 2) containing a G-riched DNAzyme segment, and the recognition sequence as well as the cleavage site for the nicking enzyme. In the presence of UDG, the uracil bases in the stem of HP 1 can be specifically recognized and hydrolyzed by UDG, which leads to the destabilization of its stem containing abasic sites (AP sites), and then results in the opening of HP 1 to form a single strand. The opened HP 1 hybridizes with HP 2 to form a DNA duplex, which initiates the specific cleavage of HP 2 by the nicking enzyme, leading to the release of G-riched DNAzyme segments. As a result, HP 1 is released and able to hybridize with another HP 2 to induce the continuous cleavage of HP 2, generating enormous amount of G-riched DNAzyme segments. Finally, the G-riched DNAzyme segments bind hemin to form a catalytically active G-quadruplex-hemin DNAzyme which can catalyze the H2O2-mediated oxidation of 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS(2-)) to the colored ABTS(-), providing a visible signal for UDG activity detection. This assay exhibits several advantages such as simplicity, low-cost, high selectivity and desirable sensitivity, which shows great potential of providing a promising platform for convenient and visualized analysis of UDG or other biomolecules.
Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2014 Apr 15;54:598-602. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.11.062. Epub 2013 Nov 27.
Specific and sensitive detection of base excision repair enzyme activity is essential to many fundamental biochemical process researches. Here, we propose a novel label-free homogeneous strategy for visualized uracil DNA glycosylase (UDG) activity assay based on nicking enzyme assisted signal amplif
PMID 24333571

Short-term splenic impact of single-strand DNA functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes intraperitoneally injected in rats.

Clichici S, Biris AR, Catoi C, Filip A, Tabaran F.Author information Department of Physiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.AbstractIn recent years, a great deal of studies have focused on the possible toxicity of carbon nanotubes (CNT), as a result of their potential applications in the field of nanotechnologies. The investigation of spleen toxicity is part of the carbon nanotubes-induced toxicity assessment. In this study, we investigated the possible toxic effects of CNT on the rat spleen, after intraperitoneally (i.p.) administration of a single dose [1.5 ml; 2 mg multi-walled (MW) CNT per body weight (bw)] of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (exterior diameter 15-25 nm, interior diameter 10-15 nm, surface 88 m(2) g(-1) ) functionalized 1:1 with single-strand DNA (ss-DNA-MWCNT, 270 mg l(-1) ). CNT functionalization with DNA determines a stable dispersion in the body fluids. For the detection of carbon nanotubes in the spleen, Raman spectroscopy, histopathologic examination, confocal microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were performed at different time points (1, 6, 24, 48 and 144 h) after MWCNT administration. The dynamics of oxidative stress parameters (malondialdehyde, protein carbonyls and reduced glutathione), along with nitrosative stress parameters (nitric oxide, inducible NO synthase), the pro-inflammatory cytokines [interleukin-(IL)-1β] and the number of cells expressing caspase 3 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) were assessed. Our results indicate that, after i.p. administration, MWCNT translocate progressively in the spleen, with a peak of concentration after 48 h, and determine lymphoid hyperplasia and an increase in the number of cells which undergo apoptosis, in parallel with the enhancement of the mitosis in the white pulp and with transient alterations of oxidative stress and inflammation that need further investigations for a longer period of monitoring. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Journal of applied toxicology : JAT.J Appl Toxicol.2014 Apr;34(4):332-44. doi: 10.1002/jat.2883. Epub 2013 May 16.
In recent years, a great deal of studies have focused on the possible toxicity of carbon nanotubes (CNT), as a result of their potential applications in the field of nanotechnologies. The investigation of spleen toxicity is part of the carbon nanotubes-induced toxicity assessment. In this study, we
PMID 23677818

Japanese Journal

Reticulate evolution in the apogamous Dryopteris varia complex (Dryopteridaceae, subg. Erythrovariae, sect. Variae) and its related sexual species in Japan

Hori Kiyotaka,Tono Akitaka,Fujimoto Kazuto [他]
Journal of plant research 127(6), 661-684, 2014-11
NAID 40020256319

一本鎖DNAにより孤立アセンブルした単層カーボンナノチューブの電気特性 (第6回集積化MEMSシンポジウム)

外薗洸佑,鈴木淳也,平井義和 [他]
「センサ・マイクロマシンと応用システム」シンポジウム論文集電気学会センサ・マイクロマシン部門 [編] 31, 1-6, 2014-10-20
NAID 40020271394

C-terminal region of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is required for efficient class switch recombination and gene conversion.

Sabouri Somayeh,Kobayashi Maki,Begum Nasim A,Xu Jianliang,Hirota Kouji,Honjo Tasuku
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 111(6), 2253-2258, 2014-02-11
… Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) introduces single-strand breaks (SSBs) to initiate class switch recombination (CSR), gene conversion (GC), and somatic hypermutation (SHM). … CSR is mediated by double-strand breaks (DSBs) at donor and acceptor switch (S) regions, followed by pairing of DSB ends in two S regions and their joining. …
NAID 120005395696

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「single-stranded」「single strand」「一本鎖」「ss」
拡張検索	「single-stranded conformational polymorphism」「single-stranded DNA-binding protein」「single-stranded DNA」
関連記事	「single」「strand」「single strand」「sing」