WordNet
- a beating-reed instrument with a single reed (as a clarinet or saxophone) (同)single-reed woodwind
- used of flowers having usually only one row or whorl of petals; "single chrysanthemums resemble daisies and may have more than one row of petals"
- a base hit on which the batter stops safely at first base (同)bingle
- not divided among or brought to bear on more than one object or objective; "judging a contest with a single eye"; "a single devotion to duty"; "undivided affection"; "gained their exclusive attention" (同)undivided, exclusive
- existing alone or consisting of one entity or part or aspect or individual; "upon the hill stood a single tower"; "had but a single thought which was to escape"; "a single survivor"; "a single serving"; "a single lens"; "a single thickness"
- having uniform application; "a single legal code for all"
- hit a single; "the batter singled to left field"
- equip with instruments for measuring, recording, or controlling
- the means whereby some act is accomplished; "my greed was the instrument of my destruction"; "science has given us new tools to fight disease" (同)tool
- a device that requires skill for proper use
- a person used by another to gain an end (同)pawn, cat''s-paw
- write an instrumental score for (同)instrumentate
- address a legal document to
- to make melodious sounds; "The nightingale was singing"
- deliver by singing; "Sing Christmas carols"
- produce tones with the voice; "She was singing while she was cooking"; "My brother sings very well"
- tall woody perennial grasses with hollow slender stems especially of the genera Arundo and Phragmites
- a vibrator consisting of a thin strip of stiff material that vibrates to produce a tone when air streams over it; "the clarinetist fitted a new reed onto his mouthpiece" (同)vibrating reed
- United States journalist who reported on the October Revolution from Petrograd in 1917; founded the Communist Labor Party in America in 1919; is buried in the Kremlin in Moscow (1887-1920) (同)John Reed
- United States physician who proved that yellow fever is transmitted by mosquitoes (1851-1902) (同)Walter Reed
PrepTutorEJDIC
- 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》『たった一つ』(『一人』)『の』,単独の;《否定文で》ただ一つ(一人)(もない) / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》『一人用の』・『独身の』・《名詞の前にのみ用いて》個々の,別々の / 単一の,単式の;(花が)一重咲きの,単弁の / 《英》(切符が)片道の / 〈C〉一人,1個;独身者 / 〈C〉《話》(ホテルの部屋,船室,列車寝台などの)一人用 / 〈C〉(野球で)シングルヒット,単打 / 《複数形で》(テニスなどの)シングルスの試合,単試合 / 《英》片道切符 / 《複数形で》《話》1ドル(ポンド)札 / …‘を'1人(1個)だけ選び出す《+『out』+『名,』+『名』+『out』》 / (野球で)シングルヒットを打つ
- (主として精密な)『器具』,器械,計器・(また『musical instrument』)『楽器』) / 手段,方便（means）;(人の)手先 / 法律文書(証書・遺書・協定書・約束手形など)
- 『歌う』;(…に)歌って聞かせる《+『to』(『for』)+『名』》;(楽器に合わせて)歌う《+『to』+『名』》・〈小鳥・虫などが〉『鳴く』,さえずる / 《文》(…を)詩(歌)にする,(詩(歌)を詠んで)賛美する《+『of』+『名』》・〈小川・風・弾丸・湯沸かし・耳などが〉歌うように鳴る・《米語》自白する;密告する・〈歌〉‘を'歌う・《副詞[句]を伴って》歌って…‘を'(…に)する・…‘を'唱える,詠唱する・《文》…‘を'詩(歌)にする,(詩(歌)に詠んで)賛美する・合唱の集い
- 『アシ』,ヨシ;《複数形で》(屋根ふきに用いる)乾燥したアシ(ヨシ)の茎 / アシ笛,牧笛(アシなどの茎で作ったもの) / リード,舌(クラリネットやオーボエなどの吹口についている薄片) / リード楽(リードの震動で音を出す管楽器;クラリネットやオーボエなど)
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/03/25 23:17:46」(JST)
[Wiki en表示]
The reeds of alto (left) and tenor saxophones. They are of comparable dimensions to alto and bass clarinet reeds, respectively.
A single-reed instrument is a woodwind instrument that uses only one reed to produce sound. The very earliest single-reed instruments were documented in ancient Egypt, as well as the Middle East, Greece, and the Roman Empire.[1] The earliest types of single-reed instruments used idioglottal reeds, where the vibrating reed is a tongue cut and shaped on the tube of cane. Much later, single-reed instruments started using heteroglottal reeds, where a reed is cut and separated from the tube of cane and attached to a mouthpiece of some sort. By contrast, in a double reed instrument (such as the oboe and bassoon), there is no mouthpiece; the two parts of the reed vibrate against one another. Reeds are traditionally made of cane and produce sound when air is blown across or through them.
Most single-reed instruments are descended from single-reed idioglot instruments called 'memet', found in Egypt as early as 2700 BCE.[2] Due to their fragility, no instruments from antiquity were preserved but iconographic evidence is prevalent. During the Old Kingdom in Egypt (2778–2723 BCE), memets were depicted on the reliefs of seven tombs at Saqqarra, six tombs at Giza, and the pyramids of Queen Khentkaus.[3] Most memets were double-clarinets, where two reed tubes were tied or glued together to form one instrument. Multiple pipes were used to reinforce sound or generate a strong beat-tone with slight variations in tuning among the pipes.[4] Multiple pipes were used to reinforce sound or generate a strong beat-tone with slight variations in tuning among the pipes.[4] One of the tubes usually functioned as a drone, but the design of these simple instruments varied endlessly.[5] The entire reed entered the mouth, meaning that the player could not easily articulate so melodies were defined by quick movement of the fingers on the tone holes.[1] These types of double-clarinets are still prevalent today, but also developed into simplified single-clarinets and hornpipes. Modern-day idioglots found in Egypt include the arghul and the zummara.[1]
Examples include clarinets, saxophones, and some bagpipes. See links to other examples below.
Contents
- 1 Classification
- 2 Comparing clarinets and saxophones
- 3 List of single-reed instruments
- 3.1 Modern
- 3.2 Historical
- 3.3 Traditional
- 4 References
Classification[edit]
Single reed instruments fall under three Hornbostel–Sachs classes:
- 412.13 Free reeds.
- 422.2 Single reed instruments - The pipe has a single 'reed' consisting of a percussion lamella. These are the percussion reeds including clarinets and saxophones.
- 422.3 Reedpipes with free reeds - The reed vibrates through [at] a closely fitted frame, and there are fingerholes.
Comparing clarinets and saxophones[edit]
The following is a list of clarinets and saxophones, relative to their range and key of transposition from the opposite family:
| Range |
Clarinet |
Saxophone |
| B♭ Soprano |
Soprano |
Soprano |
| E♭ Alto |
Alto |
Alto |
| B♭ Tenor |
Bass |
Tenor |
| E♭ Baritone |
Contra-alto |
Baritone |
| B♭ Bass |
Contrabass |
Bass |
Note that if one was to compare clarinets to their saxophone counterparts while considering their approximate lowest (concert) pitch†, the order would shift:
| Lowest Pitch |
Clarinet |
Saxophone |
| ~A♭3 |
E♭ Soprano |
B♭ Soprano |
| ~D♭3 |
B♭ Soprano |
E♭ Alto |
| ~A♭2 |
E♭ Alto |
B♭ Tenor |
| ~B♭1 |
B♭ Bass |
E♭ Baritone |
| ~A♭1 |
E♭ Contra-alto |
B♭ Bass |
| ~B♭0 |
B♭ Contrabass |
E♭ Contrabass |
- †The lowest possible pitch of each clarinet and saxophone is dependent on its manufacturer and model (the pitches used are typical of professional instruments).
List of single-reed instruments[edit]
The ligature, mouthpiece, and reed of a clarinet. These three components are present in many modern European Classical single-reed instruments and tend to be aesthetically and mechanically similar.
Modern[edit]
- Aulochrome
- Clarinet
- Heckel-clarina
- Heckelphone-clarinet
- Octavin
- Saxophone
- Tárogató
- Xaphoon
Historical[edit]
Traditional[edit]
- European
- Albogue
- Alboka
- Aulos
- Diplica
- Hornpipe
- Launeddas
- Pibgorn
- Zhaleika
- Middle Eastern
- Arghul
- Double clarinet
- Mijwiz
- Sipsi
|
Single reed instruments
|
|
| Modern |
- Aulochrome
- Clarinet
- Bass clarinet
- E-flat Clarinet
- Heckel-clarina
- Heckelphone-clarinet
- Octavin
- Saxophone
- Tárogató (modern)
- Xaphoon
|
|
| European historical |
|
|
| European traditional |
- Albogue
- Alboka
- Diplica
- Hornpipe
- Launeddas
- Pibgorn
- Pku
- Sipsi
- Stock-and-horn
- Zhaleika
|
|
| Middle Eastern traditional |
- Arghul
- Double clarinet (zummara)
- Mijwiz
|
|
| Central Asian traditional |
|
|
| South Asian traditional |
|
|
References[edit]
- ^ a b c Hoeprich, E (2008). The Clarinet. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
- ^ Midgley (Ed.), R (1976). Musical Instruments of the World. United States: Diagram Visual Information Ltd.
- ^ Rice, A.R. (1992). The Baroque Clarinet. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
- ^ a b Rendall, G.F. (1971). The Clarinet: Some notes upon its history and construction. New York, NY: W.W. Norton and Company.
- ^ Kroll, O (1968). The Clarinet. New York, NY: Taplinger Publishing Company.
UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- Influence of wall vibrations on the behavior of a simplified wind instrument.
- Nief G, Gautier F, Dalmont JP, Gilbert J.SourceLaboratoire d'Acoustique de l'Universite du Maine, UMR CNRS 6613, Av O Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9, France. guillaume.nief.etu@univ-lemans.fr
- The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.J Acoust Soc Am.2008 Aug;124(2):1320-31.
- The issue of the influence of wall vibrations on the behavior of wind instruments is still under debate. The mechanisms of vibroacoustic couplings involved in these vibrations are difficult to investigate, as fluid-structure interactions are weak. Among these vibroacoustic interactions, the present
- PMID 18681617
- Numerical simulations of fluid-structure interactions in single-reed mouthpieces.
- da Silva AR, Scavone GP, van Walstijn M.SourceComputational Acoustic Modeling Laboratory, Schulich School of Music, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. andrey.dasilva@mail.mcgill.ca
- The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.J Acoust Soc Am.2007 Sep;122(3):1798.
- Most single-reed woodwind instrument models rely on a quasistationary approximation to describe the relationship between the volume flow and the pressure difference across the reed channel. Semiempirical models based on the quasistationary approximation are very useful in explaining the fundamental
- PMID 17927439
Japanese Journal
- 21aPS-39 シングルリード木管楽器の発音機構の管体形状における変化(ポスターセッション,領域11,統計力学,物性基礎論,応用数学,力学,流体物理)
- 児玉 洋明,中島 有彦,勝原 隆雄,横尾 友博,橘 崇哲,高橋 公也
- 日本物理学会講演概要集 62(1-2), 308, 2007-02-28
- NAID 110007193085
Related Links
- A single-reed instrument is a woodwind instrument that uses only one reed to produce sound. Examples include clarinets, saxophones, and some bagpipes. In a single-reed instrument, the reed is attached to a mouthpiece that is blown into to ...
★リンクテーブル★
[★]
- 道具、器具、機器、計器。楽器。手段。法律文書。(法律文書としての)証券、(約束)手形
- (器具を)装着する
- 関
- apparatus、device、equipment、fit、instrumental、machine、tool、utensil、wear
[★]
- 関
- individual、mono、private、select、simple、unity
[★]
- 過去sang-過去分詞sung