seventeen-year locust

　

WordNet

1. North American cicada; appears in great numbers at infrequent intervals because the nymphs take 13 to 17 years to mature (同)periodical cicada, Magicicada septendecim
2. a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days; "she is 4 years old"; "in the year 1920" (同)twelvemonth, yr
3. a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity; "a school year"
4. the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun; "a Martian year takes 687 of our days"
5. the set of all points or lines that satisfy or are determined by specific conditions; "the locus of points equidistant from a given point is a circle"
6. the specific site of a particular gene on its chromosome
7. being one more than sixteen (同)17, xvii
8. the cardinal number that is the sum of sixteen and one (同)17, XVII
9. hardwood from any of various locust trees
10. migratory grasshoppers of warm regions having short antennae
11. not only so, but; "I therein do rejoice, yea, and will rejoice" (同)yeah
12. an affirmative; "The yeas have it"

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 〈C〉(グレゴリオ暦で1月1日に始まり12月31日に終わる)『年』,暦年(calendar year) / 〈C〉(任意の時からの)『1年間』,12か月 / 〈C〉年度;(特定の)1年 / 〈C〉…『歳』;《複数形で》年齢 / 《複数形で》老齢(old age) / 《複数形で》長い年月,長月,多年 / 《複数形で》時代 / 〈C〉(天文学上の)暦年
2. (法律用語で)場所,位置 / (数学で,点が描く)軌跡)
3. 〈C〉(数の)『17』,17の記号(17,XVIIなど) / 〈U〉(24時間制の)17時;17分;17歳 / 〈U〉《複数扱い》17人,17個 / 『17の』,17人の,17個の / 《補語にのみ用いて》17歳の(で)
4. イナゴ,バッタ;《米》セミ / ハリエンジュ,ニセアカシア(堅い木材)
5. はい,さよう,しかり / 全く,実に,げに / 賛成,背定,賛成の返事,賛成投票[者]

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/10/24 22:29:24」(JST)

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Periodical cicada
Magicicada sp. from Brood XIII, 2007
A Magicicada chorus with M. septendecim, M. cassini, and M. septendecula
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Hemiptera
Family:	Cicadidae
Genus:	Magicicada W. T. Davis, 1925
Type species
Cicada septendecim  Linnaeus, 1758

Magicicada is the genus of the 13-year and 17-year periodical cicadas of eastern North America. Although they are sometimes called "locusts", this is a misnomer as cicadas belong to the taxonomic order Hemiptera, suborder Homoptera, while locusts belong to Orthoptera.

Magicicada spp. spend most of their 13- and 17-year lives underground feeding on xylem fluids from the roots of deciduous forest trees in the eastern United States. After 13 or 17 years, mature cicada nymphs emerge at any given locality, synchronously and in tremendous numbers. After such a prolonged developmental phase, the adults are active for about 4 to 6 weeks. The males aggregate into chorus centers and attract mates. Within two months of the original emergence, the life cycle is complete, the eggs have been laid and the adult cicadas are gone for another 13 or 17 years.

Description

The familiar winged imago (adult) periodical cicada has red eyes and a black dorsal thorax. The wings are translucent and have orange veins. The underside of the abdomen may be black, orange, or striped with orange and black, depending on the species.

Adults are typically 2.4 to 3.3 cm (0.9 to 1.3 in), depending on species, slightly smaller than the annual cicada species found in the same regions of the United States. Mature females are slightly larger than males.

Magicicada males typically form large aggregations that sing in chorus to attract receptive females. Different species have different characteristic calling songs. The call of decim periodical cicadas is said to resemble someone calling "weeeee-whoa" or "Pharaoh." The cassini and decula periodic cicadas have songs that intersperse buzzing and ticking sounds.

Cicadas do not bite or sting. Like other Homoptera, they have mouthparts used in piercing plants and sucking their sap. A cicada's proboscis can also pierce human skin when it is handled, which is painful but in no other way harmful. These cicadas are not venomous, and there is no evidence that they transmit diseases. They pose little threat to mature vegetation, although planting new trees or shrubs is best postponed until after an expected emergence of the periodical cicadas. Mature plants rarely suffer lasting damage, although twig die-off or flagging can result from egg-laying.

Life cycle

Transformation of the periodical cicada from the mature nymph to the adult

Nearly all cicadas spend years underground as juveniles, before emerging above ground for a short adult stage of several weeks to a few months. The seven periodical cicada species are so named because, in any one location, all of the members of the population are developmentally synchronized—they emerge as adults all at once in the same year. This periodicity is especially remarkable because their life cycles are so long—13 or 17 years. Cicadas of all other species (perhaps 3000 worldwide) are not synchronized, so some adults mature each summer and emerge while the rest of the population continues to develop underground. Many people refer to these non-periodical species as annual cicadas since some are seen every summer. The life cycles of most annual species range from two to ten years, although some could be longer.

The nymphs of the periodical cicadas live underground, often at depths of 30 cm (1 ft) or more, feeding on the juices of plant roots. The nymphs of the periodical cicada undergo 5 instar stages in their development underground. The difference in the 13 and 17 year life cycle is the time it takes for the second instar to mature. While underground, the nymphs move deeper below ground feeding on larger roots.

Emergence holes

Magicicada molting

Magicicada in final molting stage prior to hardening of exoskeleton

The nymphs emerge on a spring evening when the soil temperature at about 20 cm (8 in) depth is above 17 °C (63 °F). In most years, this works out to late April or early May in far southern states, and late May to early June in the far northern states. Emerging nymphs climb to a suitable place on the nearby vegetation to complete their transformation into an adult cicada. They molt one last time and then spend about six days in the leaves waiting for their exoskeleton to harden completely. Just after this final molt, the teneral adults are white, but darken within an hour.

Adult periodical cicadas live only for a few weeks—by mid-July, all have disappeared. Their short adult life has one purpose: reproduction. The males "sing" a species-specific mating song; like other cicadas, they produce loud sounds using their tymbals. Singing males of a single Magicicada species form aggregations (choruses) that are sexually attractive to females. Males in these choruses alternate bouts of singing with short flights from tree to tree in search of receptive females. Most matings occur in "chorus" trees.

Receptive females respond to the calls of conspecific males with timed wing-flicks, which attract the males for mating. The sounds of a "chorus"—a group of males—can be deafening and reach 100 dB. In addition to their "calling" or "congregating" song, males produce a distinctive courtship song when approaching an individual female.

Magicicada egg slits (circled in red)

Both males and females can mate multiple times, although most females seem to mate just once. After mating, the female cuts V-shaped slits in the bark of young twigs and lays approximately 20 eggs in each, for a total of 600 or more eggs. After about six to ten weeks, the eggs hatch and the newborn nymphs drop to the ground, where they burrow and begin another 13 or 17-year cycle.

Predator satiation survival strategy

The nymphs emerge in large numbers at about the same time, sometimes more than 1.5 million individuals per acre (>370/m²). Their mass-emergence is a survival trait called predator satiation: for the first week after emergence, the periodic cicadas are an easy prey for reptiles, birds, squirrels, cats, and other small and large mammals. Early ideas maintained that the cicadas' overall survival mechanism was simply to overwhelm predators by their sheer numbers, ensuring the survival of most of the individuals. It was hypothesized that the emergence period of large prime numbers (13 and 17 years) was a predatory avoidance strategy adopted to eliminate the possibility of potential predators receiving periodic population boosts by synchronizing their own generations to divisors of the cicada emergence period. A more parsimonious viewpoint holds that the prime numbered developmental times represent an adaptation to prevent hybridization between broods with different cycles during a period of heavy selection pressure brought on by isolated and lowered populations during Pleistocene glacial stadia, and that predator satiation is a short term maintenance strategy. This hypothesis was subsequently supported through a series of mathematical models, and stands as the most widely accepted explanation of the unusually lengthy and mathematically precise immature period of these insects. The length of the cycle appears to be controlled by a single gene locus, with the 13-year cycle dominant to the 17-year one.

Impact on other populations

Cycles in cicada populations are significant enough to affect other animal and plant populations. For example, tree growth has been observed to decline the year before the emergence of a brood, because of the increased feeding on roots by nymphs. Moles, which feed on nymphs, have been observed to do well during the year before an emergence, but suffer population declines the following year, because of the reduced food source. Wild turkey populations respond favorably to increased nutrition in their food supply from gorging on cicada adults on the ground at the end of their life cycle. Uneaten carcasses of periodic cicadas decompose on the ground, providing a resource pulse of nutrients to the forest community.

Cicada broods can also have a negative impact. Squirrel populations have been decimated, because the egg laying activity of female cicada damaged upcoming mast crops.^{[citation needed]}

Broods

Magicicadas (both teneral and fully developed). Photo by Arthur D. Guilani

Magicicada septendecim

Cicada prior to final molt

Newly molted Brood XIII

Periodical cicadas are grouped into broods based on the calendar year when they emerge.

In 1907, entomologist C. L. Marlatt assigned Roman numerals to 30 different broods of periodical cicadas: 17 distinct broods with a 17-year life cycle, to which he assigned brood numbers I through XVII (with emerging years 1893 through 1909); plus 13 broods with a 13-year cycle, to which he assigned brood numbers XVIII through XXX (1893 through 1905).

Many of these hypothetical 30 broods, however, have not been observed. Furthermore, two of the brood numbers assigned by Marlatt (Broods XI and XXI) existed at one time, but have become extinct. The Marlatt numbering scheme has been retained for convenience, although today only 15 broods survive.

Name	Nickname	Cycle (yrs)	Last emergence	Next emergence	Extent
01 !Brood I	Blue Ridge Brood	17	2012	2029	Western VA, WV
02 !Brood II	East Coast Brood	17	2013	2030	CT, MD, NC, NJ, NY, PA, DE, VA, DC
03 !Brood III	Iowan Brood	17	1997	2014	IA
04 !Brood IV	Kansan Brood	17	1998	2015	KS, MO, OK
05 !Brood V		17	1999	2016	Northeast OH, MD, PA, VA, WV
06 !Brood VI		17	2000	2017	GA, NC, SC
07 !Brood VII	Onondaga Brood	17	2001	2018	Upstate NY
08 !Brood VIII		17	2002	2019	OH, PA, WV
09 !Brood IX		17	2003	2020	Western VA, WV, NC
10 !Brood X	Great Eastern Brood	17	2004	2021	From NY to NC along the East Coast, inland to IL and MI
11 !Brood XI		17		Extinct	Last seen in 1954 in Ashford, CT along Fenton River
13 !Brood XIII	Northern Illinois Brood	17	2007	2024	Northern IL and in parts of IA, WI, and IN
14 !Brood XIV		17	2008	2025	Southern OH, KY, TN, MA, MD, NC, PA, northern GA, Western VA and WV, and parts of NY and NJ
19 !Brood XIX	Great Southern Brood	13	2011	2024	AL, AR, GA, IN, IL, KY, LA, MD, MO, MS, NC, OK, SC, TN, and VA
21 !Brood XXI	Floridian Brood	13	2000 !(2000)	Extinct	Last recorded in 1870. Historical range included the FL panhandle
22 !Brood XXII	Baton Rouge Brood	13	2001	2014	LA, MS
23 !Brood XXIII	Lower Mississippi River Valley Brood	13	2002	2015	IA, IL, IN, WI

Taxonomy

There are seven recognized species within Magicicada. Three of them follow a 17-year cycle:

• M. septendecim (Linnaeus, 1758)
• M. septencassini (Fisher, 1851) (also called M. cassini)
• M. septendecula Alexander & Moore, 1962

Four more species follow a 13-year cycle:

• M. neotredecim Marshall & Cooley, 2000
• M. tredecim (Walsh & Riley, 1868)
• M. tredecassini Alexander & Moore, 1962
• M. tredecula Alexander & Moore, 1962

These seven species are also sometimes grouped differently into three subgroups, the so-called "-decim species," "-cassini species," and "-decula species," reflecting strong similarities of each 17-year species with one or more species with a 13-year cycle.

Generally, the 17-year cicadas are distributed more in the northern states of the eastern United States, while the 13-year cicadas occur in the southern states, but some may overlap, for example, brood IV (17 year cycle) and XIX (13 year cycle) in western Missouri. If this distribution holds, their emergence will coincide in—2219, 2440, 2661, etc., as it did in 1998 (although distributions change slightly from year to year and distribution maps can be unreliable, especially older maps.).

Evolution

Not only are the periodical cicada life cycles curious for their prime numbers—13 or 17—their evolution is intricately tied to one- and four-year changes in their life cycle. One-year changes are less common than four-year changes and are probably tied to variation in local climatic conditions. Four-year early and late emergences are common and involve a much larger proportion of the population than one-year changes.

Recent research suggest that different species with identical life cycles developed their overlapping geographic distribution by synchronization of life cycle to existing dominant populations.

Uses to humans

As food

Magicicada is edible when cooked. They have historically been eaten by Native Americans, who would roast them in hot ovens, stirring them until they were well browned.

An entomologist wrote in 1898 that "The use of the newly emerged and succulent cicadas as an article of human diet has merely a theoretical interest, because, if for no other reason, they occur too rarely to have any real value. There is also the much stronger objection in the instinctive repugnance which all insects seem to inspire as an article of food to most civilized nations. Theoretically, the Cicada, collected at the proper time and suitably dressed and served, should be a rather attractive food. The larvae have lived solely on vegetable matter of the cleanest and most whole-some sort, and supposedly, therefore, would be much more palatable and suitable for food than the oyster, with its scavenger habit of living in the muddy ooze of river bottoms, or many other animals which are highly prized and which have not half so clean a record as the periodical Cicada." Eating insects globally is quite common. Over 1400 species are consumed regularly and is known as entomophagy.

Medical uses

Cicadas are used in alternative medicine and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Though the insect itself is not of much importance in traditional Chinese medicine the molted skins of the Cicadas are of greater value, and have been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis as well as other diseases. Traditionally, the skin is mixed with herbs and boiled into a tea which the patient consumes or applies to affected area.

References

External links

• Massachusetts Cicadas describes behavior, sightings, photos, "how to find" guide, videos and distribution maps of New England and U.S. periodical and annual cicada species including Brood X, Brood XIII, Brood XIV and Brood XIX
• Magicicada.org Brood II mapping project – solicits records and observations from the general public
• Cicada Mania
• Comprehensive website with reprints, distribution records, databases, and maps at Cicada Central.
• Comprehensive web site University of Michigan
• Bibliography
• Link list
• Roar of the Cicada
• InsectSingers.com Recordings of species-specific songs of many North American cicada species.

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Related Links

• Magicicada - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Although they are sometimes called "17-year locusts" or "7-year locusts", these are misnomers as cicadas belong to the ... After 13 or 17 years, mature cicada nymphs emerge at any given locality, synchronously and in tremendous numbers .

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

関連記事	「locus」「locust」「year」

「locus」

　　[★]

• n.

• 座位、座、遺伝子座、部位、位置

関

gene loci、gene locus、lie、locate、location、loci、map、position、rank、sit、site、sitting position、situated、situation、stand、topo

　 　 　

「locust」

　　[★]

ワタリバッタ類、バッタ

関

grasshopper

　 　 　

「year」

　　[★]

• n.

• 年

関

yr