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(genetics) the process whereby DNA makes a copy of itself before cell division
the repetition of an experiment in order to test the validity of its conclusion; "scientists will not believe an experimental result until they have seen at least one replication"
(law) a pleading made by a plaintiff in reply to the defendants plea or answer

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/03/14 07:08:39」(JST)

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A summary of the three postulated methods of DNA synthesis

Semiconservative replication describes the mechanism by which DNA is replicated in all known cells. This mechanism of replication was one of three models originally proposed^[1] ^[2] for DNA replication:

Semiconservative replication would produce two copies that each contained one of the original strands and one new strand.
Conservative replication would leave the two original template DNA strands together in a double helix and would produce a copy composed of two new strands containing all of the new DNA base pairs.
Dispersive replication would produce two copies of the DNA, both containing distinct regions of DNA composed of either both original strands or both new strands.

The deciphering of the structure of DNA by Watson and Crick in 1953 suggested that each strand of the double helix would serve as a template for synthesis of a new strand. However, there was no way of knowing how the newly synthesized strands might combine with the template strands to form two double helical DNA molecules. The semiconservative model seemed most reasonable since it would allow each daughter strand to remain associated with its template strand. The semiconservative model was supported by the Meselson-Stahl experiment^[2]^[3] and other even more revealing experiments that allowed for autoradiographic visualization of the distribution of old and new strands within replicated chromosomes.

Experimental evidence confirmed that two lines were observed, therefore offering compelling evidence for the semi-conservative theory.

Rate and accuracy[edit]

The rate of semiconservative DNA replication in a living cell was first measured as the rate of phage T4 DNA strand elongation in phage-infected E. coli.^[4] During the period of exponential DNA increase at 37°C, the rate of strand elongation was 749 nucleotides per second. The mutation rate per base pair per round of replication during phage T4 DNA synthesis is 2.4 x 10⁻⁸.^[5] Thus semiconservative DNA replication is both rapid and accurate.

References[edit]

^ Anthony J. F. Griffiths et al. (1999). "8. The Structure and Replication of DNA". An Introduction to genetic analysis. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-3520-2.
^ ^a ^b Meselson, M.; Stahl, F.W. (1958). "The Replication of DNA in Escherichia coli". PNAS 44: 671–82. doi:10.1073/pnas.44.7.671. PMC 528642. PMID 16590258.
^ Meselson M, Stahl FW. (2007 ) Demonstration of the semiconservative mode of DNA duplication. In “Phage and the Origins of Molecular Biology” (editors Cairns J, Stent GS, Watson JD). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press ISBN 9780879698003
^ McCarthy D, Minner C, Bernstein H, Bernstein C (October 1976). "DNA elongation rates and growing point distributions of wild-type phage T4 and a DNA-delay amber mutant". J. Mol. Biol. 106 (4): 963–81. PMID 789903.
^ Drake JW, Charlesworth B, Charlesworth D, Crow JF (April 1998). "Rates of spontaneous mutation". Genetics 148 (4): 1667–86. PMC 1460098. PMID 9560386.

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English Journal

The THO complex component Thp2 counteracts telomeric R-loops and telomere shortening.

Pfeiffer V1, Crittin J, Grolimund L, Lingner J.
The EMBO journal.EMBO J.2013 Oct 30;32(21):2861-71. doi: 10.1038/emboj.2013.217. Epub 2013 Oct 1.
Telomere maintenance by the conventional DNA replication machinery and telomerase is assisted by specialized DNA helicases, nucleases and telomere binding proteins. Here, we identify the THO components at telomeres and define critical roles of this complex in telomere stability. Deletion of the THO-
PMID 24084588

Migrating bubble during break-induced replication drives conservative DNA synthesis.

Saini N1, Ramakrishnan S, Elango R, Ayyar S, Zhang Y, Deem A, Ira G, Haber JE, Lobachev KS, Malkova A.
Nature.Nature.2013 Oct 17;502(7471):389-92. doi: 10.1038/nature12584. Epub 2013 Sep 11.
The repair of chromosomal double strand breaks (DSBs) is crucial for the maintenance of genomic integrity. However, the repair of DSBs can also destabilize the genome by causing mutations and chromosomal rearrangements, the driving forces for carcinogenesis and hereditary diseases. Break-induced rep
PMID 24025772

CST for the grand finale of telomere replication.

Chen LY1, Lingner J.
Nucleus (Austin, Tex.).Nucleus.2013 Jul-Aug;4(4):277-82. doi: 10.4161/nucl.25701. Epub 2013 Jul 10.
Telomeric DNA at eukaryotic chromosome ends terminates with single stranded 3' G-rich overhangs. The overhang is generated by the interplay of several dynamic processes including semiconservative DNA replication, 3' end elongation by telomerase, C-strand fill-in synthesis and nucleolytic processing.
PMID 23851344

Japanese Journal

2301 人工構造物における受動的な自己増殖の実現(要旨講演,一般セッション:マイクロナノ理工学)

IIP情報・知能・精密機器部門講演会講演論文集 2008, 330-335, 2008-03-17
NAID 110007705061

2301 人工構造物における受動的な自己増殖の実現(要旨講演,一般セッション:マイクロナノ理工学)

IIP情報・知能・精密機器部門講演会講演論文集 2008(0), 330-335, 2008
NAID 130007163635

A neo-Darwinian algorithm : Asymmetrical mutations due to semiconservative DNA-type replication promote evolution

Proc. of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 90(24), 11934-11938, 1993
NAID 30016295545

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