WordNet

in a self-evident manner
(used as a combining form) relating to--of or by or to or from or for--the self; "self-knowledge"; "self-proclaimed"; "self-induced"
your consciousness of your own identity (同)ego
a person considered as a unique individual; "ones own self"

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(他人と区別して)『自己』,自分,自身 / 〈C〉(人・物の)本質,個性;性格の一面 / 〈U〉私利,私欲,私心 / 同じ材料でできた,共ぎれの
『明白な』,はっきりした

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2019/07/12 12:20:30」(JST)

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In epistemology (theory of knowledge), a self-evident proposition is a proposition that is known to be true by understanding its meaning without proof,^{[citation needed]} and/or by ordinary human reason.

Some epistemologists deny that any proposition can be self-evident. For most others, one's belief that oneself is conscious is offered as an example of self-evidence. However, one's belief that someone else is conscious is not epistemically self-evident.

The following proposition is often said to be self-evident:

A finite whole is greater than, or equal to, any of its parts

Also self evident is the statement that two plus two is equal to four.

A logical argument for a self-evident conclusion would demonstrate only an ignorance of the purpose of persuasively arguing for the conclusion based on one or more premises that differ from it (see ignoratio elenchi and begging the question).

Analytic propositions

It is sometimes said that a self-evident proposition is one whose denial is self-contradictory. It is also sometimes said that an analytic proposition is one whose denial is self-contradictory. But the concepts mean different things.^{[further explanation needed]}

Provided that one understands and believes a self-evident proposition, self-evident propositions are not in need of proof. Likewise, that their denial is self-contradictory does not have to be proven. It is in this sense that the self-contradictions at work in self-evident and analytic propositions are different.

Not all analytic propositions are self-evident, and it is sometimes claimed that not all self-evident propositions are analytic: e.g. my knowledge that I am conscious.

Other uses

Claims of self-evidence also exist outside of epistemology.^[1]

Informal speech

In informal speech, self-evident often merely means obvious, but the epistemological definition is more strict.

Moral propositions

Moral propositions may also be regarded as self-evident, although the Is–ought problem described by David Hume considers that there is no coherent way to transition from a positive statement to a normative one.

For example, Alexander Hamilton cited the following moral propositions as self-evident in the Federalist No. 37:

The means ought to be proportioned to the end.
Every power ought to be commensurate with its object.
There ought to be no limitation of a power destined to effect a purpose which is itself incapable of limitation.

A famous claim of the self-evidence of a moral truth is in the United States Declaration of Independence, which states, "We hold these Truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness."; philosophically, these propositions' self-evidence is debatable.

Another classic example in epistemology are the claims by the Vedas (Vedanta) to be self-evident.

Notes

^ See, for example, Orestes J. Gonzalez, Actus Essendi and the Habit of the First Principle in Thomas Aquinas (New York: Einsiedler Press, 2019).

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English Journal

Ethics in public health: call for shared moral public health literacy.

Maeckelberghe ELM, Schröder-Bäck P.
European journal of public health. 2017 10;27(suppl_4)49-51.
Public Health (PH) in Europe has become much more vocal about its moral understandings since 1992. The rising awareness that PH issues were inseparable from issues of human rights and social justice almost self-evidently directed the agenda of EUPHA and the European Public Health (EPH)-conferences.
PMID 29028233

After-hours primary care for people with intellectual disabilities in The Netherlands-Current arrangements and challenges.

Heutmekers M, Naaldenberg J, Frankena TK, Smits M, Leusink GL, Assendelft WJJ, van Schrojenstein Lantman-de Valk HMJ.
Research in developmental disabilities. 2016 Dec;59()1-7.
Little is known about the organisation of after-hours primary care for people with intellectual disabilities (ID), and mainstream care is not self-evidently accessible or fit for this group. A first step towards improvement is a greater understanding of current after-hours primary ID care. This stud
PMID 27484922

Debunking the Myth of Value-Neutral Virginity: Toward Truth in Scientific Advertising.

Mandel DR, Tetlock PE.
Frontiers in psychology. 2016 ;7()451.
The scientific community often portrays science as a value-neutral enterprise that crisply demarcates facts from personal value judgments. We argue that this depiction is unrealistic and important to correct because science serves an important knowledge generation function in all modern societies. P
PMID 27064318