second cousin

• またいとこ

WordNet

1. transfer an employee to a different, temporary assignment; "The officer was seconded for duty overseas"
2. a 60th part of a minute of arc; "the treasure is 2 minutes and 45 seconds south of here" (同)arcsecond
3. 1/60 of a minute; the basic unit of time adopted under the Systeme International dUnites (同)sec, s
4. following the first in an ordering or series; "he came in a close second"
5. a speech seconding a motion; "do I hear a second?" (同)secondment, endorsement, indorsement
6. the official attendant of a contestant in a duel or boxing match
7. coming next after the first in position in space or time or degree or magnitude (同)2nd, 2d
8. give support or ones approval to; "Ill second that motion"; "I cant back this plan"; "endorse a new project" (同)back, endorse, indorse
9. in the second place; "second, we must consider the economy" (同)secondly
10. a part or voice or instrument or orchestra section lower in pitch than or subordinate to the first; "second flute"; "the second violins"
11. the child of your aunt or uncle (同)first_cousin, cousin-german, full cousin

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 《通例the~》『第2の』,2番目(2度目)の《略》『2nd,sec.』) / 《A~+名で》『もう一つの』,別の / 一級(最上)のものに次ぐ,二流の / (自動車の変速機の)第2速の / 低音(声)部の,第2の / 〈C〉《the~》『2番目の人』(『物,事』) / 〈U〉《the~》(月の)『第2日』 / 〈C〉(ボクシングの)セコンド;(決闘などの)介添人;(一般に)援助者 / 〈C〉《しばしば複数形で》二流品（ボタンが取れているなど、比較的小さな問題のある格安の服）・〈C〉〈U〉2度音程,第2音(声)部 / 〈U〉(自動車の変速機の)第2速,セカンド[ギア] / 《the~》《最上級の形容詞を伴って》第2に,2番目に / 第2位で,2等で / 〈提案・動議など〉‘に'賛成する,‘を'支持する / …‘を'援助する,後援する,激励する;(ボクシングで)…‘の'セコンドを務める
2. (時間・角度の)『秒』 / 《単数形で》『瞬間』(moment)
3. 『いとこ』 / 『親類』,縁者 / (性質などが)よく似たもの,兄弟分
4. （食事の）お代わり（second helping）・欠陥のある格安の衣料

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/05/29 15:56:06」(JST)

wiki en

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For other uses, see Cousin (disambiguation).

Relationships
Types Family Kinship Siblings Cousin Marriage Husband Wife Friendship (romantic) Significant other Boyfriend Girlfriend Casual Cohabitation Same-sex relationship Sexual partner Monogamy Non-monogamy Open marriage Polyamory Polyfidelity Polygamy Cicisbeo Concubinage Courtesan Mistress
Activities Bonding Courtship Dating Mating Meet market Romance Singles event Wedding
Endings Breakup Separation Divorce Widowhood
Emotions Affinity Attachment Compersion Intimacy Jealousy Limerence Love Passion Platonic love Unconditional love
Practices Bride price dower dowry Hypergamy Infidelity Sexual activity Transgression Repression
Abuse Child Dating Domestic Elderly

A cousin is a relative with whom a person shares one or more common ancestor(s) (other than a parent, child/descendant, sibling, child/descendant of a sibling, or sibling of a parent/ancestor). However in common parlance, "cousin" normally specifically means "first cousin".

Systems of "degrees" and "removals" are used in the English-speaking world to describe the exact relationship between two cousins (in the broad sense) and the ancestor they have in common. Various governmental entities have established systems for legal use that can more precisely specify kinships with common ancestors existing any number of generations in the past, though common usage often eliminates the degrees and removals and refers to people with common ancestry as simply "distant cousins" or "relatives".

Basic definitions

The ordinals in the terms "first cousins", "second cousins", "third cousins", describe the "degree" of the cousin relationship. The degree of two cousins' relationship is determined by the number of generations to their closest common ancestor. When the cousins are not the same generation, they are described as "removed". In this case, the smaller number of generations to the common ancestor is used to determine the degree, and the difference in generations determines the number of times removed. Note that the ages of the cousins are irrelevant to the definition of the cousin relationship.

First cousins The children of two siblings. David and Emma are first cousins because they are non-siblings who share the same grandparents in common.	Adam Agatha Betty Ben Charles Corinda David Emma
Second cousins The children of two first cousins. Frank and Gwen are second cousins because they are non-first cousins who share great-grandparents in common.	Adam Agatha Betty Ben Charles Corinda Dawn David Emma Edward Frank Gwen
Third cousins The grandchildren of two first cousins; also the children of two second cousins. Harry and Isabel are third cousins because they are non-siblings who share great-great-grandparents in common.	Adam Agatha Betty Ben Charles Corinda Dawn David Emma Edward Frank Felicity George Gwen Harry Isabel
First cousins once removed Two people for whom a first cousin relationship is one generation removed. The child of one's first cousin; also the first cousin of one's parent. Frank and his father's first cousin, Emma, are first cousins once removed.	Adam Agatha Betty Ben Charles Corinda Dawn David Emma Frank
First cousins twice removed Two people for whom a first cousin relationship is two generations removed. The grandchild of one's first cousin; also the first cousin of one's grandparent. Harry and his grandfather's first cousin, Emma, are first cousins twice removed.	Adam Agatha Betty Ben Charles Corinda Dawn David Emma Frank Felicity Harry
Second cousins once removed Two people for whom a second cousin relationship is one generation removed. The child of one's second cousin; also the second cousin of one's parent. Harry and his father's second cousin, Gwen, are second cousins once removed.	Adam Agatha Betty Ben Charles Corinda Dawn David Emma Edward Frank Felicity Gwen Harry

Additional terms

The following is a list of less common cousin terms.

Term	Definition	Example	Chart
Double cousin	Double cousins arise when two siblings of one family reproduce with two siblings of another family. The resulting children are related to each other through both of their parents, and are thus doubly related. Double first cousins share both sets of grandparents in common and have twice the degree of consanguinity of ordinary first cousins. Double second cousins can arise in two ways: from two first-cousin relationships among their parents, or from one double-first-cousin relationship between their parents.	David and Irene are double first cousins because each is related through their mother's family and also their father's family, the result of a brother and sister (Ben and Helen) having married another brother and sister (Hugh and Betty). For David and Irene, each has a mother who is an aunt-in-law of the other, and a father who is an uncle-in-law of the other.	Gary Glenda Adam Agatha Betty Ben Helen Hugh David Irene
Half-cousin	Half cousins are the children of two half siblings.	David and Lilian are half cousins because their fathers (Ben and James) are half brothers, their grandmother (Agatha) having divorced and remarried.	Adam Agatha Anthony Betty Ben James Janet David Lilian
Step-cousin	Step-cousins are either stepchildren of an individual's aunt or uncle, or nieces and nephews of one's step-parent.	David and Mary are step-cousins because David's uncle (Charles) has become Mary's stepfather as a result of Mary's mother (Corinda) having divorced and remarried.	Adam Agatha Betty Ben Charles Corinda Colin David Mary
Cousin-in-law	A cousin-in-law is the spouse of an individual's cousin, or the cousin of one's spouse.	David and Edward are first cousins-in-law to each other, as Edward's wife (Emma) is David's first cousin.	Adam Agatha Betty Ben Charles Corinda David Emma Edward
Maternal or Paternal cousin	A term that specifies whether one individual is a cousin of another through the mother's side of the family (maternal) or the father's side (paternal). If the relationship is not equally paternal for both or equally maternal for both, then the paternal cousin of one is the maternal cousin of the other.	Emma and David are paternal first cousins (being related through their fathers). Emma is also Nicola's paternal first cousin (as related on Nicola's father's side), but Nicola is Emma's maternal first cousin (as related on Emma's mother's side). David and Nicola are not related to each other.	Adam Agatha Luke Laura Betty Ben Charles Corinda Mark Maud David Emma Nicola

Kissing cousins are defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as "relatives or friends with whom one is on close enough terms to greet with a kiss".

Relationship charts

Cousin chart

A "cousin chart", or "table of consanguinity", is helpful in identifying the degree of cousin relationship between two people using their most recent common ancestor as the reference point. Cousinship between two people can be specifically described in degrees and removals by determining how close, generationally, the common ancestor is to each person.

If one person's →		Grandparent	Great-grandparent	Great-great-grandparent	Great-great-great-grandparent	Great-great-great-great-grandparent
is the other person's ↓	then they are ↘
Grandparent		1st cousins	1st cousins once removed	1st cousins twice removed	1st cousins thrice removed	1st cousins four times removed
Great-grandparent		1st cousins once removed	2nd cousins	2nd cousins once removed	2nd cousins twice removed	2nd cousins thrice removed
Great-great-grandparent		1st cousins twice removed	2nd cousins once removed	3rd cousins	3rd cousins once removed	3rd cousins twice removed
Great-great-great-grandparent		1st cousins thrice removed	2nd cousins twice removed	3rd cousins once removed	4th cousins	4th cousins once removed
Great-great-great-great-grandparent		1st cousins four times removed	2nd cousins thrice removed	3rd cousins twice removed	4th cousins once removed	5th cousins

Canon law relationship chart

Canon Law Relationship Chart. See an example of how to use chart.

Another visual chart used in determining the legal relationship between two people who share a common ancestor is based upon a diamond shape, usually referred to as a "canon law relationship chart".

The chart is used by placing the "common progenitor" (the most recent person from whom both people are descended) in the top space in the diamond-shaped chart, and then following each line down the outside edge of the chart. Upon reaching the final place along the opposing outside edge for each person, the relationship is then determined by following that line inward to the point where the lines intersect. The information contained in the common "intersection" defines the relationship.

For a simple example, in the illustration to the right, if two siblings use the chart to determine their relationship, their common parents are placed in the topmost position and each child is assigned the space below and along the outside of the chart. Then, following the spaces inward, the two would meet in the "brother/sister" diamond. If their children want to determine their relationship, they would follow the path established by their parents, but descend an additional step below along the outside of the chart (showing that they are grandchildren of the common progenitor); following their respective lines inward, they would come to rest in the space marked "1st cousin". In cases where one side descends the outside of the diamond further than the other side because of additional generations removed from the common progenitor, following the lines inward shows both the cousin rank (1st cousin, 2nd cousin) plus the number of times (generations) "removed".

In the example provided at the right, generations one (child) through ten (8th great-grandchild) from the common progenitor are provided; however, the format of the chart can easily be expanded to accommodate any number of generations needed to resolve the question of relationship.

Mathematical definitions

There is a mathematical way to identify the degree of cousinship shared by two individuals. In the description of each individual's relationship to the most recent common ancestor, each "great" or "grand" has a numerical value of 1. The following examples demonstrate how this is applied.

Example: If person one's great-great-great-grandfather is person two's grandfather, then person one's "number" is 4 (great + great + great + grand = 4) and person two's "number" is 1 (grand = 1). The smaller of the two numbers is the degree of cousinship. The two people in this example are first cousins. The difference between the two people's "numbers" is the degree of removal. In this case, the two people are thrice (4 − 1 = 3) removed, making them first cousins three times removed.

Example 2: If someone's great-great-great-grandparent (great + great + great + grand = 4) is another person's great-great-great-grandparent (great + great + great + grand = 4), then the two people are 4th cousins. There is no degree of removal, because they are on the same generational level (4 − 4 = 0).

Example 3: If one person's great-grandparent (great + grand = 2) is a second person's great-great-great-great-great-grandparent (great + great + great + great + great + grand = 6), then the two are second cousins four times removed. The first person's "number" (2) is the lower, making them second cousins. The difference between the two numbers is 4 (6 − 2 = 4), which is the degree of removal (generational difference).

Alternative definitions

Asymmetric definitions

The definitions discussed in the article above are the ones found in dictionaries of standard English, but they are not universal. At least one alternative usage also exists.

In this alternative system, the degree of the relationship from cousin A to cousin B is determined by the distance from A to the common ancestor and the number of times removed is the difference in generations between A to B. Sometimes "upwards" or "downwards" is used to indicate the direction of this difference. For example, if A has a grandparent whose sibling is B's parent, then B is A's "first cousin, once removed (upwards)", whereas A is B's "first cousin once removed (downwards)". Note that this is not standard terminology, and is completely absent from many major dictionaries.

As seen in this example, this usage is asymmetric, since different terms are used to represent A's relationship to B and B's relationship to A. By contrast, the standard usage of "cousin" discussed in the main part of this article is symmetric (in this example, the standard terminology would be that A is B's first cousin once removed, and B is A's first cousin once removed), and is also dyadic (for example, one can say "A and B are first cousins once removed").

Colloquial usage

In day to day speech, "cousin" is often used unmodified. Normally it means a first cousin, but some people use the term "cousin" to refer to cousins of all types, such as first, second, and third cousins, as well as cousins once or more times removed. Modifier terms such as "half-cousin" or "step-cousin" are rarely used in everyday speech.^{[citation needed]}

Usage for extremely distant relations

Although use of the word "cousin" in this context is infrequent (especially outside of evolutionary literature), any two individual organisms regardless of their respective species (or any other level of taxonomy) are in fact very distant cousins by virtue of shared descent from a single cell whose descendants survived beyond the Paleoarchean Era.

See also

• Collateral descendant
• Consanguinity
• Cousin marriage
• Cross cousin
• Family
• Genealogical numbering systems
• Generation
• Kinship terminology
• List of coupled cousins
• Most recent common ancestor
• Parallel cousin

References

External links

• Genealogy.com definition of various cousins
• Genealogy.com: What makes a cousin?
• Genetic Genealogy

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English Journal

• Sarcoma: concordance between initial diagnosis and centralized expert review in a population-based study within three European regions.

• Ray-Coquard I, Montesco MC, Coindre JM, Dei Tos AP, Lurkin A, Ranchère-Vince D, Vecchiato A, Decouvelaere AV, Mathoulin-Pélissier S, Albert S, Cousin P, Cellier D, Toffolatti L, Rossi CR, Blay JY; for the Conticanet group.SourceUniversity Lyon, EAM 4129 Health Individual Society, Hôtel Dieu, Lyon.
• Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology / ESMO.Ann Oncol.2012 Sep;23(9):2442-2449. Epub 2012 Feb 13.
• Background Sarcomas represent a heterogeneous group of tumors. Accurate determination of histological diagnosis and prognostic factors is critical for the delineation of treatment strategies. The contribution of second opinion (SO) to improve diagnostic accuracy has been suggested for sarcoma but ha
• PMID 22331640

• In-hospital Neonatal Mortality and the Role of Consanguinity.

• Charafeddine L, Ammous F, Kobeissi L, De Ver Dye T, Matar M, Faddous Khalife MC, Yunis K.SourcePediatrics, American University of Beirut Medical Center Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut Rizk Hospital, Beirut Notre Dame de Secours Hospital, Jbeil, Lebanon Center for Research and Evaluation, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
• Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology.Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol.2012 Sep;26(5):398-407. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3016.2012.01295.x. Epub 2012 Jun 27.
• Background:  Consanguinity which increases the risk of genetic disorders has been implicated at times in infant mortality. The aim of this study was to determine the association between consanguinity and in-hospital mortality in newborns. Methods:  Data was collected prospectively on all births
• PMID 22882784

Japanese Journal

• ヴィクトリア朝理想の女性像へのジョージ・エリオットの挑戦 -『フロス河の水車場』のマギーの場合-

• 吉村 エリ
• 女性学評論 25, 147-162, 2011-03
• … Second, I analyze Maggie's defiance toward puritanical aspirations such as innocence and the repression of sexual passion. … Maggie expresses her sexual passion when she falls in love with Stephen Guest, the fiance of her cousin Lucy, and she is labeled a "fallen woman" due to her escapade with Stephen. …
• NAID 110008792026

• von Hippel-Lindau病に伴う両側T2腎細胞癌に対して二期的腎部分切除術を施行した1例

• 井口 亮,兼松 明弘,中村 英二郎 [他]
• 泌尿器科紀要 55(8), 483-485, 2009-08
• … His cousin also had a renal tumor, and she had been genetically diagnosed as von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease. … There was no evidence of local recurrence or metastasis 6 months after the second operation. …
• NAID 120001609395

Related Links

• Cousin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The ordinals in the terms "first cousins", "second cousins", "third cousins", describe the "degree" of the cousin relationship. The degree of two cousins' relationship is determined by the number of generations to their closest common ancestor.

• A SECOND COUSIN

A SECOND COUSINのブログ、A SECOND COUSINです。広島で活動するふた いとこで結成したフォークソングユニットです。

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

関連記事	「second」「cousin」

「second」

　　[★]

• n.

• 秒、秒間

• adj.

• 第二の、二次の

関

quadratic、s、sec、second-order、secondary、secondly

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「cousin」

　　[★]

• n.

• (家族)いとこ、(事物の分類)同類

関

brother、kin