WordNet

a rapid, jerky movement of the eyes between positions of rest
the act of changing the location of something; "the movement of cargo onto the vessel"
the driving and regulating parts of a mechanism (as of a watch or clock); "it was an expensive watch with a diamond movement"
a natural event that involves a change in the position or location of something (同)motion
a group of people with a common ideology who try together to achieve certain general goals; "he was a charter member of the movement"; "politicians have to respect a mass movement"; "he led the national liberation front" (同)social movement, front
a major self-contained part of a symphony or sonata; "the second movement is slow and melodic"
look at (同)eyeball
a small hole or loop (as in a needle); "the thread wouldnt go through the eye"
the organ of sight (同)oculus, optic
attention to what is seen; "he tried to catch her eye"
good discernment (either visually or as if visually); "she has an eye for fresh talent"; "he has an artists eye"
of or related to the rapid movement of the eyes between points of fixation
having an eye or eyes or eyelike feature especially as specified; often used in combination; "a peacocks eyed feathers"; "red-eyed"
the base of the natural system of logarithms; approximately equal to 2.718282...

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉(…の)『運動』,『動き』;移動《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉動作,身振り / 〈C〉《複数形で》行動,活動 / 〈C〉(…に向かう)(事熊の)成り行き,動向《+『toward』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(目標を達成するための一群の人たちの)運動 / 〈C〉(賛団の)移動,移住;(人口の)異動《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉楽章 / 〈C〉(時計などの)機械装置,動く仕掛け
〈C〉(人・動物の器官としての)『目』 / 〈C〉(まぶた・まつ毛・まゆ毛などを含めて,外側からみえる)『目』,目の周り / 〈C〉(目の)虹彩 / 〈C〉『視力』,視覚 / 〈C〉《単数形で》『視線』,まなざし / 〈C〉《しばしば複数形で》警戒(観察,監視)の目 / 〈C〉《通例単数形で》(…に対する)鑑識眼,物を見る目,(…を)見分ける力《+『for』+『名』》 / 〈C〉《しばしば複数形で》物の見方;観点 / 〈C〉目に似たようなもの(じゃがいもの芽・クジャクの羽の眼状の点など) / 〈C〉針の目,めど / 〈C〉(かぎ・ホックの)受け / 〈C〉台風の目 / (好奇・疑いなどの目で)…‘を'じろじろ見る,注意して見る

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Trace of saccades of the human eye on a face while scanning

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Saccades during observation of a picture on the computer screen

A saccade (/sɨˈkɑːd/ sə-KAHD, French for jerk) is quick, simultaneous movement of both eyes between two phases of fixation in the same direction.^[1] The phenomenon can be associated with a shift in frequency of an emitted signal or a movement of a body part or device. Controlled cortically by the frontal eye fields (FEF), or subcortically by the superior colliculus, saccades serve as a mechanism for fixation, rapid eye movement, and the fast phase of optokinetic nystagmus.^[1] The word appears to have been coined in the 1880s by French ophthalmologist Émile Javal, who used a mirror on one side of a page to observe eye movement in silent reading, and found that it involves a succession of discontinuous individual movements.^[2]

Function

Humans and many animals do not look at a scene in fixed steadiness; instead, the eyes move around, locating interesting parts of the scene and building up a mental, three-dimensional 'map' corresponding to the scene (as opposed to the graphical map of avians, that often relies upon detection of angular movement on the retina). When scanning immediate surroundings or reading, human eyes make jerky saccadic movements and stop several times, moving very quickly between each stop. The speed of movement during each saccade cannot be controlled; the eyes move as fast as they are able.^[3] One reason for the saccadic movement of the human eye is that the central part of the retina—known as the fovea—which provides the high-resolution portion of vision is very small in humans, only about 1~2 degrees of vision, but it plays a critical role in resolving objects. By moving the eye so that small parts of a scene can be sensed with greater resolution, body resources can be used more efficiently.

Control

Once saccades are underway, they cannot be altered at will. The brain does not utilize continuous feedback, where there is continuous tracking of error, but rather responds to the eye's drift away from the target intermittently in order to return the gaze to the target; this is called a sampled data system.^[4] A saccade is also an involuntary consequence of turning of the head to one side or the other in response to a startling noise off to the side, or a sudden motion detected in the visual periphery (no reference). The triggering of saccades is done by three separate cortical areas: the frontal eye fields, the parietal eye fields, and the supplementary eye fields. The frontal eye fields unlock fixation, and begins deliberate saccades to visible targets or the predicted location an object will reappear at, allowing intentional exploration of the visual scene. The parietal eye fields begin reflexive saccades on the abrupt appearance of visual targets, allowing reflexive exploration of the visual scene. The supplementary eye fields assist in initiating and controlling saccades made during motor movement (of the head and body), allowing saccades for complex motor programming.^[5]

Timing and kinematics

Saccades are one of the fastest movements produced by the human body (blinks may reach even higher peak velocities). The peak angular speed of the eye during a saccade reaches up to 900°/s in humans; in some monkeys, peak speed can reach 1000°/s. Saccades to an unexpected stimulus normally take about 200 milliseconds (ms) to initiate, and then last from about 20–200 ms, depending on their amplitude (20–30 ms is typical in language reading). Under certain laboratory circumstances, the latency of, or reaction time to, saccade production can be cut nearly in half (express saccades). These saccades are generated by a neuronal mechanism that bypasses time-consuming circuits and activates the eye muscles more directly.^[6]^[7] Specific pre-target oscillatory (alpha rhythms) and transient activities occurring in posterior-lateral parietal cortex and occipital cortex also characterise express saccades.^[8]

Saccadic mainsequence, showing single saccades from a participant performing a visually-guided saccade task.

The amplitude of a saccade is the angular distance the eye travels during the movement. For amplitudes up to 15 or 20°, the velocity of a saccade linearly depends on the amplitude (the so-called saccadic main sequence,^[9] a term borrowed from astrophysics; see Figure). For amplitudes larger than 20°, the peak velocity starts to plateau^[9] (nonlinearly) toward the maximum velocity attainable by the eye at around 60°. For instance, a 10° amplitude is associated with a velocity of 300°/s, and 30° is associated with 500°/s.^[4] Therefore, for larger amplitude ranges, the main sequence can best be modeled by an inverse power law function.^[10]

The high peak velocities and the main sequence relationship can also be used to distinguish micro-/saccades from other eye movements like (ocular tremor, ocular drift and smooth pursuit). Velocity-based algorithms are a common approach for saccade detection in eye tracking.^[11]^[12]^[13] Although, depending on the demands on timing accuracy, acceleration-based methods are more precise.^[14]

Saccades may rotate the eyes in any direction to relocate gaze direction (the direction of sight that corresponds to the fovea), but normally saccades do not rotate the eyes torsionally. (Torsion is clockwise or counterclockwise rotation around the line of sight when the eye is at its central primary position; defined this way, Listing's law says that, when the head is motionless, torsion is kept at zero.)

Head-fixed saccades can have amplitudes of up to 90° (from one edge of the oculomotor range to the other), but in normal conditions saccades are far smaller, and any shift of gaze larger than about 20° is accompanied by a head movement. During such gaze saccades, first the eye produces a saccade to get gaze on target, whereas the head follows more slowly and the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) causes the eyes to roll back in the head to keep gaze on the target. Since the VOR can actually rotate the eyes around the line of sight, combined eye and head movements do not always obey Listing's law.^{[citation needed]}

Types

Saccades can be categorized by intended goal in four ways:^[15]

In a visually guided saccade, the eyes move toward a visual transient, or stimulus. The parameters of visually guided saccades (amplitude, latency, peak velocity, and duration) are frequently measured as a baseline when measuring other types of saccades. Visually guided saccades can be further subcategorized:
- A reflexive saccade is triggered exogenously by the appearance of a peripheral stimulus, or by the disappearance of a fixation stimulus.
- A scanning saccade is triggered endogenously for the purpose of exploring the visual environment.
In an antisaccade, the eyes move away from the visual onset. They are more delayed than visually guided saccades, and observers often make erroneous saccades in the wrong direction. A successful antisaccade requires inhibiting a reflexive saccade to the onset location, and voluntarily moving the eye in the other direction.
In a memory guided saccade, the eyes move toward a remembered point, with no visual stimulus.
In a sequence of predictive saccades, the eyes are kept on an object moving in a temporally and/or spatially predictive manner. In this instance, saccades often coincide (or anticipate) the regularly moving object.

As referenced to above, it is also useful to categorize saccades by latency (time between go-signal and movement onset). In this case the categorization is binary: Either a given saccade is an express saccade or it is not. The latency cut-off is approximately ~200ms; any longer than this is outside the express saccade range.^[6]^[7]

Pathophysiologic saccades

Saccadic oscillations not fitting the normal function are a deviation from a healthy or normal condition. Nystagmus is characterised by the combination of 'slow phases', which usually take the eye off the point of regard, interspersed with saccade-like "quick phases" that serve to bring the eye back on target. Pathological slow phases may be due to either an imbalance in the vestibular system or damage to the brainstem "neural integrator" that normally holds the eyes in place. On the other hand, opsoclonus or ocular flutter are composed purely of fast-phase saccadic eye movements. Without the use of objective recording techniques, it may be very difficult to distinguish between these conditions.

Eye movement measurements are also used to investigate psychiatric disorders. For example, ADHD is characterized by an increase of antisaccade errors and an increase in delays for visually guided saccade.^[15]

Saccade adaptation

When the brain is led to believe that the saccades it is generating are too large or too small (by an experimental manipulation in which a saccade-target steps backward or forward contingent on the eye movement made to acquire it), saccade amplitude gradually decreases (or increases), an adaptation (also termed gain adaptation) widely seen as a simple form of motor learning, possibly driven by an effort to correct visual error. This effect was first observed in humans with ocular muscle palsy.^[16] In these cases, it was noticed that the patients would make hypometric (small) saccades with the affected eye, and that they were able to correct these errors over time. This led to the realization that visual or retinal error (the difference between the post-saccadic point of regard and the target position) played a role in the homeostatic regulation of saccade amplitude. Since then, much scientific research has been devoted to various experiments employing saccade adaptation.^[17]

Saccades and vision

Saccadic masking

It is a common but false belief that during the saccade, no information is passed through the optic nerve to the brain. Whereas low spatial frequencies (the 'fuzzier' parts) are attenuated, higher spatial frequencies (an image's fine details) that would otherwise be blurred by the eye movement remain unaffected. This phenomenon, known as saccadic masking or saccadic suppression, is known to begin prior to saccadic eye movements in every primate species studied, implying neurological reasons for the effect, rather than simply the image's motion blur.^[18] This phenomenon leads to the so-called stopped-clock illusion, or chronostasis.

A person may observe the saccadic masking effect by standing in front of a mirror and looking from one eye to the next (and vice versa). The subject will not experience any movement of the eyes or any evidence that the optic nerve has momentarily ceased transmitting. Due to saccadic masking, the eye/brain system not only hides the eye movements from the individual but also hides the evidence that anything has been hidden. Of course, a second observer watching the experiment will see the subject's eyes moving back and forth. The function's main purpose is to prevent smearing of the image.^[4]

Spatial updating

When a visual stimulus is seen before a saccade, subjects are still able to make another saccade back to that image, even if it is no longer visible. This shows that the brain is somehow able to take into account the intervening eye movement. It is thought that the brain does this by temporarily recording a copy of the command for the eye movement, and comparing this to the remembered image of the target. This is called spatial updating. Neurophysiologists having recorded from cortical areas for saccades during spatial updating have found that memory-related signals get remapped during each saccade.

Trans-saccadic perception

It is also thought that perceptual memory is updated during saccades so that information gathered across fixations can be compared and synthesized. However, the entire visual image is not updated during each saccade, only 3–4 features or objects if they are attended to. Some scientists believe that this is the same as visual working memory, but as in spatial updating the eye movement has to be accounted for. The process of retaining information across a saccade is called trans-saccadic memory, and the process of integrating information from more than one fixation is called trans-saccadic integration.

Comparative physiology

Saccades are a widespread phenomenon across animals with image-forming visual systems. They have been observed in animals across three phyla, including animals that do not have a fovea (most vertebrates do not) and animals that cannot move their eyes independently of their head (such as insects).^[19] Therefore, while saccades serve in humans and other primates to increase the effective visual resolution of a scene, there must be additional reasons for the behavior. The most frequently suggested of these reasons is to avoid blurring of the image, which would occur if the response time of a photoreceptor is longer than the time a given portion of the image is stimulating that photoreceptor as the image drifts across the eye.

In birds, saccadic eye movements serve a further function. The avian retina is highly developed. It is thicker than the mammalian retina and has a higher metabolic activity, but it lacks proper vasculature. Therefore, the retinal cells must obtain nutrients via diffusion through the choroid and from the vitreous humor. The pecten is a specialised structure in the avian retina. It is a highly vascular structure that projects into the vitreous humor. Experiments show that, during saccadic eye oscillations (which occupy up to 12% of avian viewing time), the pecten acts as an agitator, propelling perfusate (natural lubricants) toward the retina. Thus, in birds, saccadic eye movements appear to be important in retinal nutrition and respiration.^[20]

References

^ ^a ^b Cassin, B. and Solomon, S. Dictionary of Eye Terminology. Gainesville, Florida: Triad Publishing Company, 1990^{[page needed]}
^ Javal, É (1878). "Essai sur la physiologie de la lecture". Annales d'Oculistique 80: 61–73.
^ Neil R., Carlson, and Donald Heth C. "5." Psychology: the science of behaviour, fourth Canadian edition. Toronto: Pearson, 2010. 140–141.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Sensory Reception: Human Vision: Structure and function of the Human Eye" vol. 27, p. 179 Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1987
^ Pierrot-Deseilligny, Charles; Rivaud, Sophie; Gaymard, Bertrand; Muri, Rene; Vermersch, Anne-Isabelle (May 1995). "Cortical Control of Saccades". Annals of Neurology 37 (5): 557–567. doi:10.1002/ana.410370504. PMID 7755349.
^ ^a ^b Fischer, B.; Boch, R. (1983). "Saccadic eye movements after extremely short reaction times in the monkey". Brain Research 260 (1): 21–6. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(83)90760-6. PMID 6402272.
^ ^a ^b Fischer, B.; Ramsperger, E. (1984). "Human express saccades: Extremely short reaction times of goal directed eye movements". Experimental Brain Research 57. doi:10.1007/BF00231145.
^ Hamm, J. P.; Dyckman, K. A.; Ethridge, L. E.; McDowell, J. E.; Clementz, B. A. (2010). "Preparatory Activations across a Distributed Cortical Network Determine Production of Express Saccades in Humans". Journal of Neuroscience 30 (21): 7350–7. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0785-10.2010. PMC 3149561. PMID 20505102.
^ ^a ^b Bahill, A. Terry; Clark, Michael R.; Stark, Lawrence (1975). "The Main Sequence, A Tool for Studying Human Eye Movements". Mathematical Biosciences 24 (3-4): 191. doi:10.1016/0025-5564(75)90075-9.
^ Baloh, Robert W.; Sills, Andrew W.; Kumley, Warren E.; Honrubia, Vicente (1975). "Quantitative measurement of saccade amplitude, duration, and velocity". Neurology 25 (11): 1065. doi:10.1212/WNL.25.11.1065.
^ Engbert, Ralf; Kliegl, Reinhold (2003). "Microsaccades uncover the orientation of covert attention". Vision Research 43 (9): 1035–45. doi:10.1016/S0042-6989(03)00084-1. PMID 12676246.
^ Marple-Horvat, Dilwyn E.; Gilbey, Sean L.; Hollands, Mark Andrew (1996). "A method for automatic identification of saccades from eye movement recordings". Journal of Neuroscience Methods 67 (2): 191. doi:10.1016/0165-0270(96)00049-0.
^ Ebisawa, Y.; Minamitani, H.; Mori, Y.; Takase, M. (1988). "New methods for removing saccades in analysis of smooth pursuit eye movement". Biological Cybernetics 60 (2): 111. doi:10.1007/BF00202898.
^ Behrens, Frank; MacKeben, Manfred; Schröder-Preikschat, Wolfgang (2010). "An improved algorithm for automatic detection of saccades in eye movement data and for calculating saccade parameters". Behavior Research Methods 42 (3): 701. doi:10.3758/BRM.42.3.701.
^ ^a ^b Rommelse, Nanda N.J.; Van Der Stigchel, Stefan; Sergeant, Joseph A. (2008). "A review on eye movement studies in childhood and adolescent psychiatry". Brain and Cognition 68 (3): 391–414. doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2008.08.025. PMID 18835079.
^ Kommerell, G; Olivier, D; Theopold, H (1976). "Adaptive programming of phasic and tonic components in saccadic eye movements. Investigations of patients with abducens palsy". Investigative ophthalmology 15 (8): 657–60. PMID 955831.
^ Hopp, J.Johanna; Fuchs, Albert F (2004). "The characteristics and neuronal substrate of saccadic eye movement plasticity". Progress in Neurobiology 72 (1): 27–53. doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2003.12.002. PMID 15019175.
^ Ibbotson, M. R.; Crowder, N. A.; Cloherty, S. L.; Price, N. S. C.; Mustari, M. J. (2008). "Saccadic Modulation of Neural Responses: Possible Roles in Saccadic Suppression, Enhancement, and Time Compression". Journal of Neuroscience 28 (43): 10952–60. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3950-08.2008. PMID 18945903.
^ Land, MF (1999). "Motion and vision: Why animals move their eyes". Journal of comparative physiology. A, Sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology 185 (4): 341–52. doi:10.1007/s003590050393. PMID 10555268.
^ Pettigrew, JD; Wallman, J; Wildsoet, CF (1990). "Saccadic oscillations facilitate ocular perfusion from the avian pecten". Nature 343 (6256): 362–3. doi:10.1038/343362a0. PMID 14756148.

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English Journal

Blinking and driving: the influence of saccades and cognitive workload.

Cardona G, Quevedo N.Author information Department of Optics and Optometry, University Vision Centre Research Group, Terrassa School of Optics and Optometry, Technical University of Catalonia , Catalonia , Spain.AbstractAbstract Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the joint influence of cognitive demands and large amplitude saccades on spontaneous blink rate. Materials and Methods: Twenty healthy volunteers were enrolled in the study and instructed to follow a 60-minute real-life driving circuit while a video camera recorded ocular movements and blinking. Five different complexity levels were predefined in terms of driving difficulty and traffic intensity, that is, cognitive workload. Five one-minute segments were selected for each complexity level in each driving trial, whereupon spontaneous blink rate and horizontal saccades were monitored. Saccades were classified according to their amplitude and blink-saccade pairs were recorded. Results: Albeit showing a high inter-subject variability, spontaneous blink rate and saccades were consistent within the same complexity level. At different complexity levels, no statistically significant difference in spontaneous blink rate was encountered, with an average of 20.3 ± 1.6 blinks/minute (mean ± SD). The number of large amplitude gaze shifts increased with the level of complexity (F = 15.403; p < 0.001). An average of 87.5% of large amplitude saccades were accompanied by a blink, and this percentage was similar for all complexity levels, that is, the number of blink-saccade pairs increased at higher complexity levels (F = 20.597; p < 0.001). Conclusions: In a complex, dynamic visual setting, spontaneous blinking accompanying large amplitude saccades may help in counteracting the reduction in blink rate associated with high cognitive demands.
Current eye research.Curr Eye Res.2014 Mar;39(3):239-44. doi: 10.3109/02713683.2013.841256. Epub 2013 Oct 21.
Abstract Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the joint influence of cognitive demands and large amplitude saccades on spontaneous blink rate. Materials and Methods: Twenty healthy volunteers were enrolled in the study and instructed to follow a 60-minute real-life driving circuit while
PMID 24143937

The subthalamic nucleus influences visuospatial attention in humans.

Schmalbach B, Günther V, Raethjen J, Wailke S, Falk D, Deuschl G, Witt K.Author information Christian Albrecht University, Kiel, Germany.AbstractSpatial attention is a lateralized feature of the human brain. Whereas the role of cortical areas of the nondominant hemisphere on spatial attention has been investigated in detail, the impact of the BG, and more precisely the subthalamic nucleus, on signs and symptoms of spatial attention is not well understood. Here we used unilateral deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus to reversibly, specifically, and intraindividually modify the neuronal BG outflow and its consequences on signs and symptoms of visuospatial attention in patients suffering from Parkinson disease. We tested 13 patients with Parkinson disease and chronic deep brain stimulation in three stimulation settings: unilateral right and left deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus as well as bilateral deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus. In all three stimulation settings, the patients viewed a set of pictures while an eye-tracker system recorded eye movements. During the exploration of the visual stimuli, we analyzed the time spent in each visual hemispace, as well as the number, duration, amplitude, peak velocity, acceleration peak, and speed of saccades. In the unilateral left-sided stimulation setting, patients show a shorter ipsilateral exploration time of the extrapersonal space, whereas number, duration, and speed of saccades did not differ between the different stimulation settings. These results demonstrated reduced visuospatial attention toward the side contralateral to the right subthalamic nucleus that was not being stimulated in a unilateral left-sided stimulation. Turning on the right stimulator, the reduced visuospatial attention vanished. These results support the involvement of the subthalamic nucleus in modulating spatial attention. Therefore, the subthalamic nucleus is part of the subcortical network that subserves spatial attention.
Journal of cognitive neuroscience.J Cogn Neurosci.2014 Mar;26(3):543-50. doi: 10.1162/jocn_a_00502. Epub 2013 Oct 21.
Spatial attention is a lateralized feature of the human brain. Whereas the role of cortical areas of the nondominant hemisphere on spatial attention has been investigated in detail, the impact of the BG, and more precisely the subthalamic nucleus, on signs and symptoms of spatial attention is not we
PMID 24144249

Two-dimensional spatial tuning for saccades in human parieto-frontal cortex.

Leoné FT1, Toni I2, Medendorp WP2.Author information 1Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, 6525 HR Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: f.leone@donders.ru.nl.2Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, 6525 HR Nijmegen, The Netherlands.AbstractSaccades in the frontoparallel plane are targeted at two-dimensional (2D) locations, defined by direction and amplitude. Macaque neurophysiology has shown that these dimensions are jointly represented in single intraparietal sulcus (IPS) and frontal eye fields (FEF) neurons, constituting multiple maps of 2D saccade space. Human fMRI has shown that the direction of the saccade is topographically represented across large neuronal groups. However, it is unknown whether both direction and amplitude are separable dimensions at the voxel level and whether these tuning variables are organized in large-scale topographic maps. We used fMRI to address these issues in subjects performing an instructed-delay saccade task to 18 locations (6 directions, 3 amplitudes). Singular value decomposition was applied to the corresponding response field of each voxel, providing an index of the separability into direction and amplitude tuning. Our findings show that saccade location tuning is composed of separable direction and amplitude components within voxels across the parieto-frontal network. In both IPS and FEF there were amplitude gradients and reversals of direction tuning across voxels, with a medio-lateral gradient of decreasing saccade amplitude along the IPS. These findings reveal the 2D cortical organization of saccade space within and across voxels and hold great potential for the study of other sensorimotor systems.
NeuroImage.Neuroimage.2014 Feb 15;87:476-89. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.09.067. Epub 2013 Oct 4.
Saccades in the frontoparallel plane are targeted at two-dimensional (2D) locations, defined by direction and amplitude. Macaque neurophysiology has shown that these dimensions are jointly represented in single intraparietal sulcus (IPS) and frontal eye fields (FEF) neurons, constituting multiple ma
PMID 24099846

Japanese Journal

車の走行映像提示中の閉眼時間とサッカードに基づく入眠予兆検出(生体工学)

疋田真一,板岡毅,小野貴彦,小林康秀,齊藤充行
電子情報通信学会論文誌. D, 情報・システム J96-D(4), 1058-1067, 2013-04-01
実時間で入眠予兆を検出するため,高速道路を走行する映像を提示したときの閉眼時間とサッカードの特性及び視覚刺激に対する反応時間について調べた.その結果,視覚刺激に対する反応時間のパフォーマンス低下前に過去30秒間の累積閉眼時間は増加すること,サッカードの平均ピーク速度は閉眼時間の増加に先行して減少傾向を示すことが分かった.10秒間隔で計算される平均ピーク速度の最小値の時間推移から覚醒水準評価を試みた …
NAID 110009596354

車の走行映像提示中の閉眼時間とサッカードに基づく入眠予兆検出

疋田真一,板岡毅,小野貴彦 [他]
電子情報通信学会論文誌. D, 情報・システム 96(4), 1058-1067, 2013-04
NAID 40019672791

バレーボールのスパイクコース判断に関わるレシーバーの視覚探索ストラテジ

武澤実穂,星野聡子
奈良女子大学スポーツ科学研究 15, 47-58, 2013-03-31
… Eye movements and the time they need to decide wererecorded.As a result, subjects divided into 4 groups according to characteristic of eye movements pattern asdeciding. … First group is using saccadic eye movements. … Second is using combination subordinate eyemovements with saccadic eye movements. … Third is using irregular eye movements. …
NAID 110009577303