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a harmful or corrupting agency; "bigotry is a virus that must not be allowed to spread"; "the virus of jealousy is latent in everyone"
(virology) ultramicroscopic infectious agent that replicates itself only within cells of living hosts; many are pathogenic; a piece of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) wrapped in a thin coat of protein
a software program capable of reproducing itself and usually capable of causing great harm to files or other programs on the same computer; "a true virus cannot spread to another computer without human assistance" (同)computer virus
the basic unit of money in Belarus

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ビールス,ろ過性病原体
=German measles

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/01/19 00:16:03」(JST)

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Rubella virus (RuV) is the pathogenic agent of the disease rubella, and is the cause of congenital rubella syndrome when infection occurs during the first weeks of pregnancy.

Rubella virus is the only member of the genus Rubivirus and belongs to the family of Togaviridae, whose members commonly have a genome of single-stranded RNA of positive polarity which is enclosed by an icosahedral capsid.

The molecular basis for the causation of congenital rubella syndrome are not yet completely clear, but in vitro studies with cell lines showed that rubella virus has an apoptotic effect on certain cell types. There is evidence for a p53-dependent mechanism.^[1]

Taxonomy

Group: ssRNA(+)

Order: Unassigned

Family: Togaviridae
- Genus: Rubivirus
  Rubella virus

^[2]

Structure

The spherical virus particles (virions) of Togaviridae have a diameter of 50 to 70 nm and are covered by a lipid membrane (viral envelope), derived from the host cell membrane. There are prominent "spikes" (projections) of 6 nm composed of the viral envelope proteins E1 and E2 embedded in the membrane.^[3]

Inside the lipid envelope is a capsid of 40 nm in diameter.

The E1 glycoprotein is considered immunodominant in the humoral response induced against the structural proteins and contains both neutralizing and hemagglutinating determinants.

Genus	Structure	Symmetry	Capsid	Genomic Arrangement	Genomic Segmentation
Rubivirus	Icosahedral	T=4	Enveloped	Linear	Monopartite

^[4]

Genome

The genome has 9,762 nucleotides and encodes 2 nonstructural polypeptides (p150 and p90) within its 5′-terminal two-thirds and 3 structural polypeptides (C, E2, and E1) within its 3′-terminal one-third.^[5] Both envelope proteins E1 and E2 are glycosylated.

There are three sites that are highly conserved in togaviruses: a stem-and-loop structure at the 5' end of the genome, a 51-nucleotide conserved sequence near the 5' end of the genome and a 20-nucleotide conserved sequence at the subgenomic RNA start site. Homologous sequences are present in the rubella genome.^[5]

The genome encodes several non-coding RNA structures; among them is the rubella virus 3' cis-acting element, which contains multiple stem-loops, one of which has been found to be essential for viral replication.^[6]

The only significant region of homology between rubella and the alphaviruses is located at the NH2 terminus of non structural protein 3. This sequence has helicase and replicase activity. In the rubella genome these occur in the opposite orientation to that found in the alphaviruses indicating that a genome rearrangement has occurred.

The genome has the highest G+C content of any currently known single stranded RNA virus (~70%).^[7] Despite this high GC content its codon use is similar to that of its human host.

Replication

The virus attach to the cell surface via specific receptors and are taken up by an endosome being formed. At the neutral pH outside of the cell the E2 envelope protein covers the E1 protein. The dropping pH inside the endosome frees the outer domain of E1 and causes the fusion of the viral envelope with the endosomal membrane. Thus, the capsid reaches the cytosol, decays and releases the genome

The (+)ssRNA (positive, single-stranded RNA) at first only acts as a template for the translation of the non-structural proteins, which are synthesized as a large polyprotein and are then cut into single proteins. The sequences for the structural proteins are first replicated by the viral RNA polymerase (Replicase) via a complementary (-)ssRNA as a template and translated as a separate short mRNA. This short subgenomic RNA is additionally packed in a virion.^[8]

Translation of the structural proteins produces a large polypeptide (110 Dalton). This is then endoproteolytically cut into E1, E2 and the capsid protein. E1 and E2 are type I transmembrane proteins which are transported into the endoplasmatic reticulum (ER) with the help of an N-terminal signal sequence. From the ER the heterodimeric E1·E2-complex reaches the Golgi apparatus, where the budding of new virions occurs (unlike alpha viruses, where budding occurs at the plasma membrane. The capsid proteins on the other hand stay in the cytoplasm and interact with the genomic RNA, together forming the capsid.^[9]

Genus	Host Details	Tissue Tropism	Entry Details	Release Details	Replication Site	Assembly Site	Transmission
Rubivirus	Humans	None	Clathrin-mediated endocytosis	Secretion	Cytoplasm	Cytoplasm	Aerosol

^[4]

Capsid protein

The capsid protein (CP) has different functions.^[10] Its main tasks are the formation of homooligomeres to form the capsid, and the binding of the genomic RNA. Further is it responsible for the aggregation of RNA in the capsid, it interacts with the membrane proteins E1 and E2 and binds the human host-protein p32 which is important for replication of the virus in the host.^[11]

As opposed to alpha viruses the capsid does not undergo autoprotolysis, rather is it cut off from the rest of the polyprotein by the signal-peptidase. Production of the capsid happens at the surface of intracellular membranes simultaneously with the budding of the virus.^[12]

Epidemiology

On the basis of differences in the sequence of the E1 protein, two genotypes have been described which differ by 8 - 10%. These have been subdivided into 13 recognised genotypes - 1a, 1B, 1C, 1D, 1E, 1F, 1G, 1h, 1i, 1j, 2A, 2B and 2C.

For typing, the WHO recommends a minimum window that includes nucleotides 8731 to 9469.^[13]

Genotypes 1a, 1E, 1F, 2A and 2B have been isolated in China.

Genotype 1j has only been isolated from Japan and the Philippines.

Genotype 1E is found in Africa, the Americas, Asia and Europe.

Genotype 1G has been isolated in Belarus, Cote d'Ivoire and Uganda.

Genotype 1C is endemic only in Central and South America.

Genotype 2B has been isolated in South Africa.

Genotype 2C has been isolated in Russia.

Literature

David M. Knipe, Peter M. Howley et al. (eds.): Fields Virology 4. Auflage, Philadelphia 2001
C.M. Fauquet, M.A. Mayo et al.: Eighth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, London San Diego 2005

References

^ Megyeri K, Berencsi K, Halazonetis TD, et al. (June 1999). "Involvement of a p53-dependent pathway in rubella virus-induced apoptosis". Virology. 259 (1): 74–84. doi:10.1006/viro.1999.9757. PMID 10364491.
^ ICTV. "Virus Taxonomy: 2014 Release". Retrieved 15 June 2015.
^ Bardeletti G, Kessler N, Aymard-Henry M (1975). "Morphology, biochemical analysis and neuraminidase activity of rubella virus". Arch. Virol. 49 (2–3): 175–86. doi:10.1007/BF01317536. PMID 1212096.
^ ^a ^b "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
^ ^a ^b Dominguez G, Wang CY, Frey TK (July 1990). "Sequence of the genome RNA of rubella virus: evidence for genetic rearrangement during togavirus evolution". Virology. 177 (1): 225–38. doi:10.1016/0042-6822(90)90476-8. PMID 2353453.
^ Chen, MH; Frey TK (1999). "Mutagenic analysis of the 3' cis-acting elements of the rubella virus genome". J Virol. 73 (4): 3386–3403. PMC 104103. PMID 10074193.
^ Zhou Y, Chen X, Ushijima H, Frey TK (2012) Analysis of base and codon usage by rubella virus. Arch Virol
^ "Togaviridae- Classification and Taxonomy".
^ Garbutt M, Law LM, Chan H, Hobman TC (May 1999). "Role of rubella virus glycoprotein domains in assembly of virus-like particles". J. Virol. 73 (5): 3524–33. PMC 104124. PMID 10196241.
^ Chen MH, Icenogle JP (April 2004). "Rubella virus capsid protein modulates viral genome replication and virus infectivity". Journal of Virology. 78 (8): 4314–22. doi:10.1128/jvi.78.8.4314-4322.2004. PMC 374250. PMID 15047844.
^ Beatch MD, Everitt JC, Law LJ, Hobman TC (August 2005). "Interactions between rubella virus capsid and host protein p32 are important for virus replication". J. Virol. 79 (16): 10807–20. doi:10.1128/JVI.79.16.10807-10820.2005. PMC 1182682. PMID 16051872.
^ Beatch MD, Hobman TC (June 2000). "Rubella virus capsid associates with host cell protein p32 and localizes to mitochondria". J. Virol. 74 (12): 5569–76. doi:10.1128/JVI.74.12.5569-5576.2000. PMC 112044. PMID 10823864.
^ "Standardization of the nomenclature for genetic characteristics of wild-type rubella viruses" (PDF). Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 80 (14): 126–132. 2005. PMID 15850226.

External links

Viralzone: Rubivirus

UpToDate Contents

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1. 風疹 rubella
2. 妊娠中の風疹 rubella in pregnancy
3. 先天性風疹症候群：管理、転帰、および予防 congenital rubella syndrome management outcome and prevention
4. Measles, mumps, and rubella immunization in infants, children, and adolescents
5. 先天性風疹症候群：臨床的特徴および診断 congenital rubella syndrome clinical features and diagnosis

English Journal

Epidemiological features of viral encephalitis in Cangzhou of China with use of multiplex RT-PCR for five RNA viruses.

Kong X1, Zhang L2, Liu K2, Chen H2, Li B2, Wu R2, Ji C2.
Journal of virological methods.J Virol Methods.2015 Sep 15;222:178-81. doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.06.009. Epub 2015 Jun 26.
OBJECTIVE: With use of multiplex RT-PCR testing the five RNA viruses associated with viral encephalitis, the aim of research is to find out the epidemiological features of viral encephalitis in Cangzhou of China.METHODS: Patients hospitalized in Cangzhou central hospital with the diagnosis of viral
PMID 26118966

Seroprevalence of measles and rubella virus antibodies in the population of the Community of Madrid, 2008-2009.

García-Comas L1, Sanz Moreno JC2, Ordobás Gavín M3, Barranco Ordóñez D3, García Gutiérrez J3, Ramos Blázquez B2, Rodero Garduño I3.
Journal of infection and public health.J Infect Public Health.2015 Sep-Oct;8(5):432-40. doi: 10.1016/j.jiph.2015.01.012. Epub 2015 May 7.
The seroprevalence (SP) of measles and rubella virus antibodies is presented by age groups obtained in the IV Serosurvey of the Region of Madrid (2008-2009). The target population is composed of residents with ages ranging between 2 and 60 years in the Region of Madrid. A two-stage cluster sample is
PMID 25957894

Latent iron deficiency at birth influences auditory neural maturation in late preterm and term infants.

Choudhury V1, Amin SB2, Agarwal A3, Srivastava LM4, Soni A1, Saluja S5.
The American journal of clinical nutrition.Am J Clin Nutr.2015 Aug 26. pii: ajcn113084. [Epub ahead of print]
BACKGROUND: In utero latent iron deficiency has been associated with abnormal neurodevelopmental outcomes during childhood. Its concomitant effect on auditory neural maturation has not been well studied in late preterm and term infants.OBJECTIVE: The objective was to determine whether in utero iron
PMID 26310540

Japanese Journal

医療従事者における流行性ウイルス感染症の抗体価測定とワクチン接種

武重彩子,山口正和,岩田敏,前澤佳代子,木津純子
日本環境感染学会誌 29(1), 23-31, 2014
同意が得られた医療従事者838名を対象とし，麻疹，風疹，ムンプス，水痘の罹患歴，予防接種歴について自己申告するとともに，各ウイルス抗体価を測定し，抗体保有状況を調査した．麻疹はPA法(ワクチン接種対象者は128倍以下とした)およびEIA法(4.0未満)，風疹はHI法(8倍以下)およびEIA法(4.0未満)，ムンプスおよび水痘はEIA法(4.0未満)で測定し，抗体価の低い希望者にワクチンを接種し …
NAID 130003394998

麻しん疑い患者からの風疹ウイルス検出状況と遺伝子解析

鈴木理恵子,木村睦未,金城惠子 [他]
神奈川県衛生研究所研究報告 (43), 10-13, 2013-09
NAID 40019826031

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「ワクチン」「風疹ウイルス」
関連記事	「virus」

「ワクチン」

Rubella
Virus classification
Group:	Group IV ((+)ssRNA)
Family:	Togaviridae
Genus:	Rubivirus
Species:	Rubella virus

　　[★]

英: vaccine
関: 予防接種 immunization、感染症、感染症予防法、シードロット・システム。immunization

種類

遺伝子組換えワクチン

副反応

風疹ワクチン

発熱、発疹、関節痛、リンパ節腫脹

おたふくかぜワクチン

２－３週間後、まれに、発熱、耳下腺腫脹、咳、鼻水
MMRの際に無菌性髄膜炎が数千人に一人
髄膜炎の症状：発熱、頭痛、嘔吐

学校伝染病、予防接種、ワクチン (学校伝染病、予防接種、ワクチン.xls)

病原体		感染症	ワクチン	学校伝染病	ワクチンの形状	潜伏期間	季節性	年齢	出席停止解除条件
ジフテリア菌	Corynebacterium diphtheriae	ジフテリア	ジフテリア,破傷風,百目咳混合ワクチン		トキソイド
百日咳菌	Bordetella pertussis	百日咳	ジフテリア,破傷風,百目咳混合ワクチン	○	不活化	6～14			咳の消失
結核菌	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	結核	BCG	○	不活化				伝染のおそれが無くなるまで
ポリオウイルス	poliovirus	ポリオ	ポリオワクチン(経口)		生
麻疹ウイルス	measles virus	麻疹	麻疹・風疹混合ワクチン	○	生	10～12		0～2	解熱後3日
風疹ウイルス	rubella virus	風疹	麻疹・風疹混合ワクチン	○	生	18	春～初夏	4～9	発疹消失
日本脳炎ウイルス	Japanese encephalitis virus	日本脳炎	日本脳炎ワクチン		不活化
インフルエンザウイルス	influenza virus	インフルエンザ	インフルエンザワクチン	○	不活化	1～5	冬期		解熱後2日
インフルエンザ菌	Haemophilus influenzae	化膿性髄膜炎など	Hibワクチン
肺炎球菌	Streptococcus pneumoniae
水痘・帯状疱疹ウイルス	varicella zoster virus	水痘		○	生	11～21	冬(12, 1)	5～9	発疹の痂皮化
ムンプスウイルス	mumps virus	流行性耳下腺炎		○	生	18～21			耳下腺腫脹消失
B型肝炎ウイルス	hepatitis B virus	B型肝炎			成分	60～160
A型肝炎ウイルス	hepatitis A virus	A型肝炎			不活化	15～40
狂犬病ウイルス	rabies virus	狂犬病			不活化
アデノウイルス	adenovirus	咽頭結膜熱		○
黄熱病ウイルス	yellow fever virus	黄熱病			生