WordNet

persistent watery mucus discharge from the nose (as in the common cold)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/06/19 09:01:01」(JST)

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Rhinorrhea or rhinorrhoea is a condition where the nasal cavity is filled with a significant amount of mucus fluid. The condition, commonly known as a runny nose, occurs relatively frequently. Rhinorrhea is a common symptom of allergies (hay fever) or certain diseases, such as the common cold. It can be a side effect of crying, exposure to cold temperatures, cocaine abuse^[1] or withdrawal, such as from opioids like methadone.^[2] Treatment for rhinorrhea is not usually necessary, but there are a number of medical treatments and preventive techniques available.

The term was coined in 1866 and is a combination of the Greek terms rhino- ("of the nose") and -rhoia ("discharge" or "flow").^[3]

Signs and symptoms

Rhinorrhea is characterized by an excess amount of mucus produced by the mucous membranes that line the nasal cavities. The membranes create mucus faster than it can be processed, causing a backup of mucus in the nasal cavities. As the cavity fills up, it blocks off the air passageway, causing difficulty breathing through the nose. Air caught in nasal cavities, namely the sinus cavities, cannot be released and the resulting pressure may cause a headache or facial pain. If the sinus passage remains blocked, there is a chance that sinusitis may result.^[4] If the mucus backs up through the Eustachian tube, it may result in ear pain or an ear infection. Excess mucus accumulating in the throat or back of the nose may cause a post-nasal drip, resulting in a sore throat or coughing.^[4] Additional symptoms include sneezing, nosebleeds, and nasal discharge.^[5]

Causes

Cold temperature

Rhinorrhea is especially common during winter months and certain low temperature seasons. Cold-induced rhinorrhea occurs due to a combination of thermodynamics and the body's natural reactions to cold weather stimuli. One of the purposes of nasal mucus is to warm inhaled air to body temperature as it enters the body. In order for this to happen, the nasal cavities must be constantly coated with liquid mucus. During cold, dry seasons, the mucus lining nasal passages tends to dry out, meaning that mucous membranes must work harder, producing more mucus to keep the cavity lined. As a result, the nasal cavity can fill up with mucus. At the same time, when air is exhaled, water vapor in breath condenses as the warm air meets the colder outside temperature near the nostrils. This causes an excess amount of water to build up inside nasal cavities. In these cases, the excess fluid usually spills out externally through the nostrils.^[6]

Infection

Rhinorrhea can be a symptom of other diseases, such as the common cold or influenza. During these infections, the nasal mucous membranes produce excess mucus, filling the nasal cavities. This is to prevent infection from spreading to the lungs and respiratory tract, where it could cause far worse damage.^[7] It has also been suggested that rhinorrhea is a result of viral evolution, and may be a response that is not useful to the host, but which has evolved by the virus to maximise its own infectivity.^[8] Rhinorrhea caused by these infections usually occur on circadian rhythms.^[9] Over the course of a viral infection, sinusitis (the inflammation of the nasal tissue) may occur, causing the mucous membranes to release more mucus. Acute sinusitis consists of the nasal passages swelling during a viral infection. Chronic sinusitis occurs when one or more nasal polyps appear.^{[citation needed]} This can be caused by a deviated septum as well as a viral infection.^[10]

Allergies

Pollen grains from a variety of common plants can cause an allergic reaction.

Rhinorrhea can also occur when individuals with allergies to certain substances, such as pollen, dust, latex, soy, shellfish, or animal dander, are exposed to these allergens. In people with sensitized immune systems, the inhalation of one of these substances triggers the production of the antibody immunoglobulin E (IgE), which binds to mast cells and basophils. IgE bound to mast cells are stimulated by pollen and dust, causing the release of inflammatory mediators such as histamine.^[11] In turn, this causes, among other things, inflammation and swelling of the tissue of the nasal cavities as well as increased mucus production. Particulate matter in polluted air and chemicals such as chlorine and detergents, which can normally be tolerated, can make the condition considerably worse.

Lacrimation

Rhinorrhea is also associated with shedding tears, whether from emotional events or from eye irritation. When excess tears are produced, the liquid drains through the inner corner of the eyelids, through the nasolacrimal duct, and into the nasal cavities. As more tears are shed, more liquid flows into the nasal cavities. The buildup of fluid is usually resolved via mucus expulsion through the nostrils.^[7]

Head trauma

If caused by a head injury, rhinorrhea can be a much more serious condition. A basilar skull fracture can result in a rupture of the barrier between the sinonasal cavity and the anterior cranial fossae or the middle cranial fossae. This rupture can cause the nasal cavity to fill with cerebrospinal fluid. This condition, known as cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea or CSF rhinorrhea, can lead to a number of serious complications and possibly death if not addressed properly.^[12]

Other causes

Rhinorrhea can occur as a symptom of opioid withdrawal accompanied by lacrimation.^[13] Other causes include cystic fibrosis, whooping cough, nasal tumors, hormonal changes, and cluster headaches. Due to changes in clinical practice, Rhinorrhea is now reported as a frequent side effect of oxygen-intubation during colonoscopy procedures [A simple, innovative way to reduce rhinitis symptoms after sedation during endoscopy" by Nai-Liang Li, et al, Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2011, Feb; volume 25(2): pages 68–72.]. Rhinorrhea can also be the side effect of several genetic disorders, such as primary ciliary dyskinesia.^[10]

Treatment

In most cases treatment for rhinorrhea is not necessary since it will clear up on its own—especially if it is the symptom of an infection. For general cases blowing your nose can get rid of the mucus buildup. Though blowing may be a quick-fix solution, it would likely proliferate mucosal production in the sinuses, leading to frequent and higher mucus buildups in the nose. Alternatively, saline nasal sprays and vasoconstrictor nasal sprays may also be used, but may become counterproductive after several days of use, causing rhinitis medicamentosa.

In recurring cases, such as those due to allergies, there are medicinal treatments available. For cases caused by histamine buildup, several types of antihistamines can be obtained relatively cheaply from drugstores.

People who prefer to keep clear nasal passages, such as singers, who need a clear nasal passage to perform, may use a technique called "nasal irrigation" to prevent rhinorrhea. Nasal irrigation involves rinsing the nasal cavity regularly with salty water or store bought saline solutions.^[14]

References

^ Myon L, Delforge A, Raoul G, Ferri J. "Palatal necrosis due to cocaine abuse". Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac. 111 (1): 32–5. PMID 20060991. doi:10.1016/j.stomax.2009.01.009.
^ Eileen Trigoboff; Kneisl, Carol Ren; Wilson, Holly Skodol (2004). Contemporary psychiatric-mental health nursing. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Pearson/Prentice Hall. p. 274. ISBN 0-13-041582-0.
^ "Rhinorrhea". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
^ ^a ^b "Nasal discharge". Medline Plus. United States National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health. Retrieved 2007-11-01.
^ "Rhinorrhea Overview". FreeMd. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
^ "Why Does Cold Weather Cause Runny Noses?". NPR. Retrieved 2011-09-22.
^ ^a ^b "Why Does My Nose Run?". Kids Health. Retrieved 2011-09-22.
^ http://cmr.asm.org/content/24/1/210.full
^ Smolensky MH, Reinberg A, Labrecque G (May 1995). "Twenty-four Hour Pattern in Symptom Intensity of Ciral and Allergic Rhinitis: Treatment Implications". The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 95 (5 Pt 2): 1084–96. PMID 7751526. doi:10.1016/s0091-6749(95)70212-1.
^ ^a ^b "Rhinorrhea – Definition, Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment". Prime Health Channel. 2011-08-30. Retrieved 2011-09-24.
^ Dipiro, J.T.; Talbert, R.L.; Yee, G.C. (2008). Pharmacotherapy: A Pathophysiologic Approach (7th ed.). New York, NY: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. pp. 1565–1575. ISBN 978-0-07-147899-1.
^ Welch; et al. (2011-07-22). "CSF Rhinorrhea". Medscape. Retrieved 2011-09-22.
^ "Opioid Withdrawal Protocol" (PDF). Mental Health and Addiction Services. Retrieved 2011-09-24.
^ Aubrey, Allison (2007-02-22). "Got a Runny Nose? Flush it Out!". NPR. Retrieved 2011-09-21.

External links

Runny Nose: A Guide for Parents at the Wayback Machine (archived 25 February 2012) from the Pennsylvania Medical Society
Coping with colds and flu (NHS Direct)
How to Wipe Your Nose
How to Wipe Your Nose on Your Hands

UpToDate Contents

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1. 鼻炎の概要 an overview of rhinitis
2. 慢性非アレルギー性鼻炎 chronic nonallergic rhinitis
3. 成人における感冒：治療および予防 the common cold in adults treatment and prevention
4. The common cold in children: Management and prevention
5. 好酸球の生物学および好酸球増多症の原因 eosinophil biology and causes of eosinophilia

English Journal

Clinical significance of skull base fracture in patients after traumatic brain injury.

Yellinek S1, Cohen A1, Merkin V1, Shelef I2, Benifla M3.
Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia.J Clin Neurosci.2016 Mar;25:111-115. doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2015.10.012. Epub 2015 Dec 24.
About 4% of all head injuries include skull base fractures. Most of these fractures (90%) are secondary to closed head trauma; the remainder are due to penetrating trauma. We reviewed the records from January 2006 through December 2008 of all patients older than 18years of age who arrived at Soroka
PMID 26724846

Petrous apex cephalocele presenting with cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea in an adult.

Warade AG1, Misra BK2.
Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia.J Clin Neurosci.2016 Mar;25:155-157. doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2015.06.022. Epub 2015 Nov 6.
Petrous apex cephalocele (PAC) is a rare condition with very few case reports in the literature. We report a 26-year-old man with cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea that was misdiagnosed elsewhere and operated unsuccessfully via the endonasal route. CT cisternography revealed a 3mm right PAC for which h
PMID 26549681

Detection of Human Bocavirus Type 1 infection in Panamanian children with respiratory illness.

Moreno B1, Abrego L1, Carrera JP1,2, Franco D1,3, Gaitán M1, Castillo J4, Pascale JM3,4, Arbiza J5.
Journal of medical virology.J Med Virol.2016 Mar;88(3):389-94. doi: 10.1002/jmv.24346. Epub 2015 Oct 19.
The human bocavirus (HBoV) was added as a new member of the Parvoviridae family in 2005 upon its discovery in nasopharyngeal aspirates from children with respiratory infection. Recently, there has been increasing evidence of worldwide circulation of HBoV; however, in Latin America few studies have b
PMID 26252655

Japanese Journal

Current Status of Endoscopic Endonasal Surgery for Skull Base Meningiomas: Review of the Literature

Neurologia medico-chirurgica 55(9), 735-743, 2015
NAID 130005099747

Current Status of Endoscopic Endonasal Surgery for Skull Base Meningiomas: Review of the Literature

Neurologia medico-chirurgica advpub(0), 2015
NAID 130005097242

内視鏡手術を行った上顎洞含歯性囊胞の2例

頭頸部外科 25(1), 91-97, 2015
NAID 130005091164

Related Pictures

Rhinorrhea Rhinorrhea. Causes, symptoms, treatment Rhinorrhea Q and A on Runny Nose or Rhinorrhea: Is It Allergy? Causes of Nasal Congestion, Stuffiness Rhinorrhea - What Is?, Definition, Treatment, Symptoms, Causes Rhinorrhea - YouTube CSF Rhinorrhea - YouTube What is Rhinorrhea?

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「鼻漏」「rhinorrhoea」

「鼻漏」

Rhinorrhea
	Labeled cross section of the nasal cavities
Classification and external resources
Specialty	Otorhinolaryngology
ICD-10	J34.8
ICD-9-CM	478.19
DiseasesDB	26380
MedlinePlus	003051
	[edit on Wikidata]

　　[★]

英: rhinorrhea, nasal flow, nasal discharge
ラ: rhinorrhoea
同: 鼻汁 nasal secretion

鼻汁が前鼻孔、後鼻孔から出ること。前者はrhinorrhea, 後者はpostnasal dripと表現され、総称してnasal dischargeと呼ばれる

治療

上気道炎に伴うもの：

PL配合、ピーエイ(インフルエンザ罹患時には好んで出さない方が良いかも)
(上気道炎そのものの治療として)麻黄湯(特にインフルエンザに)、葛根湯

(水様の鼻汁・喀痰)小青竜湯(インフルエンザ罹患時の鼻汁に対しても)
抗ヒスタミン薬：ヒベルナ、ピレチア(プロメタジン)

原因

感染症

ウイルス：インフルエンザ、麻疹
細菌：百日咳
真菌

アレルギー：アレルギー性鼻炎
外来物質：タバコ、化学薬品
血管炎：多発血管炎性肉芽腫症(ウェゲナー肉芽腫症)

解剖

神経：偏頭痛、三叉神経痛
頭蓋底：頭蓋底骨折
眼：角結膜炎など眼科疾患
鼻：鼻炎
副鼻腔：副鼻腔炎
鼻咽頭：咽頭炎、ジフテリア

分泌液の種類

漿液性：感染初期やアレルギーが関与する場合に見られる
膿性：細菌感染でみられる

「rhinorrhoea」

　　[★]

鼻漏

関: rhinorrhea

[1] Myon L, Delforge A, Raoul G, Ferri J. "Palatal necrosis due to cocaine abuse". Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac. 111 (1): 32–5. PMID 20060991. doi:10.1016/j.stomax.2009.01.009.

[2] Eileen Trigoboff; Kneisl, Carol Ren; Wilson, Holly Skodol (2004). Contemporary psychiatric-mental health nursing. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Pearson/Prentice Hall. p. 274. ISBN 0-13-041582-0.

[3] "Rhinorrhea". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2011-09-21.

[NLM-4] "Nasal discharge". Medline Plus. United States National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health. Retrieved 2007-11-01.

[5] "Rhinorrhea Overview". FreeMd. Retrieved 2011-09-21.

[6] "Why Does Cold Weather Cause Runny Noses?". NPR. Retrieved 2011-09-22.

[kids-7] "Why Does My Nose Run?". Kids Health. Retrieved 2011-09-22.

[8] ttp://cmr.asm.org/content/24/1/210.full

[9] Smolensky MH, Reinberg A, Labrecque G (May 1995). "Twenty-four Hour Pattern in Symptom Intensity of Ciral and Allergic Rhinitis: Treatment Implications". The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 95 (5 Pt 2): 1084–96. PMID 7751526. doi:10.1016/s0091-6749(95)70212-1.

[prime-10] "Rhinorrhea – Definition, Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment". Prime Health Channel. 2011-08-30. Retrieved 2011-09-24.

[11] Dipiro, J.T.; Talbert, R.L.; Yee, G.C. (2008). Pharmacotherapy: A Pathophysiologic Approach (7th ed.). New York, NY: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. pp. 1565–1575. ISBN 978-0-07-147899-1.

[12] Welch; et al. (2011-07-22). "CSF Rhinorrhea". Medscape. Retrieved 2011-09-22.

[13] "Opioid Withdrawal Protocol" (PDF). Mental Health and Addiction Services. Retrieved 2011-09-24.

[14] Aubrey, Allison (2007-02-22). "Got a Runny Nose? Flush it Out!". NPR. Retrieved 2011-09-21.

v t e Common cold
Viruses	Adenovirus Coronavirus Enterovirus Human metapneumovirus Human parainfluenza viruses Human respiratory syncytial virus Orthomyxoviruses Influenza A virus Influenza B virus Influenza C virus Rhinovirus
Symptoms	Cough Fatigue Fever Headache Loss of appetite Malaise Muscle aches Nasal congestion Rhinorrhea Sneezing Sore throat Weakness
Complications	Acute bronchitis Bronchiolitis Croup Otitis media Pharyngitis Pneumonia Sinusitis Strep throat
Drugs	Antiviral drugs Pleconaril (experimental)

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案内

案内

rhinorrhea