WordNet

a distinctive but intangible quality surrounding a person or thing; "an air of mystery"; "the house had a neglected air"; "an atmosphere of defeat pervaded the candidates headquarters"; "the place had an aura of romance" (同)aura, atmosphere
a mixture of gases (especially oxygen) required for breathing; the stuff that the wind consists of; "air pollution"; "a smell of chemicals in the air"; "open a window and let in some air"; "I need some fresh air"
once thought to be one of four elements composing the universe (Empedocles)
medium for radio and television broadcasting; "the program was on the air from 9 til midnight"; "the president used the airwaves to take his message to the people" (同)airwave
the region above the ground; "her hand stopped in mid air"; "he threw the ball into the air"
expose to warm or heated air, so as to dry; "Air linen"
broadcast over the airwaves, as in radio or television; "We cannot air this X-rated song" (同)send, broadcast, beam, transmit
be broadcast; "This show will air Saturdays at 2 P.M."
relating to or indicating a remainder; "residual quantity" (同)residuary
(often plural) a payment that is made to a performer or writer or director of a television show or commercial that is paid for every repeat showing; "he could retire on his residuals"
a short excursion (a walk or ride) in the open air; "he took the dogs for an airing"
affected manners intended to impress others; "dont put on airs with me" (同)pose
open to or abounding in fresh air; "airy rooms" (同)airy

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉『空気』,大気 / 《the ~》『空中』,空間,空(sky) / 《古》〈C〉そよ風,微風(breeze) / 《文》〈C〉(音楽の)ふし,旋律(melody) / 〈C〉様子,態度,風さい / 《複数形で》気どった様子 / 〈衣服など〉'を'空気にさらす,風にあてる / 〈部屋〉‘に'風を通す / 〈うわさ・意見など〉'を'言いふらす
残りの,残留の / 残余
空気にあてること,虫干し / 《単数形で》外出,散歩 / (知識・意見などの)公開,周知

UpToDate Contents

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1. 気胸と飛行機旅行 pneumothorax and air travel
2. スキューバダイビングの合併症 complications of scuba diving
3. 非侵襲的陽圧換気に伴う問題のトラブルシューティング troubleshooting problems with noninvasive positive pressure ventilation
4. 肺移植後に胸膜に生じる合併症 pleural complications in lung transplantation
5. 成人における肺機能検査の概要 overview of pulmonary function testing in adults

English Journal

Disinfection byproducts in swimming pool: Occurrences, implications and future needs.

Chowdhury S1, Alhooshani K2, Karanfil T3.Author information 1Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Water Research Group, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: schowdhury@kfupm.edu.sa.2Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia.3Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, SC, USA.AbstractDisinfection of swimming pool water is essential to deactivate pathogenic microorganisms. Many swimming pools apply chlorine or bromine based disinfectants to prevent microbial growth. The chlorinated swimming pool water contains higher chlorine residual and is maintained at a higher temperature than a typical drinking water distribution system. It constitutes environments with high levels of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in water and air as a consequence of continuous disinfection and constant organic loading from the bathers. Exposure to those DBPs is inevitable for any bather or trainer, while such exposures can have elevated risks to human health. To date, over 70 peer-reviewed publications have reported various aspects of swimming pool, including types and quantities of DBPs, organic loads from bathers, factors affecting DBPs formation in swimming pool, human exposure and their potential risks. This paper aims to review the state of research on swimming pool including with the focus of DBPs in swimming pools, understand their types and variability, possible health effects and analyze the factors responsible for the formation of various DBPs in a swimming pool. The study identifies the current challenges and future research needs to minimize DBPs formation in a swimming pool and their consequent negative effects to bathers and trainers.
Water research.Water Res.2014 Apr 15;53C:68-109. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.01.017. Epub 2014 Jan 21.
Disinfection of swimming pool water is essential to deactivate pathogenic microorganisms. Many swimming pools apply chlorine or bromine based disinfectants to prevent microbial growth. The chlorinated swimming pool water contains higher chlorine residual and is maintained at a higher temperature tha
PMID 24509344

A half-century analysis of landscape dynamics in southern Québec, Canada.

Jobin B1, Latendresse C, Baril A, Maisonneuve C, Boutin C, Côté D.Author information 1Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment Canada, 801-1550, avenue d'Estimauville, Québec, Québec, G1J 0C3, Canada, benoit.jobin@ec.gc.ca.AbstractWe studied landscape dynamics for three time periods (<1950, 1965, and 1997) along a gradient of agricultural intensity from highly intensive agriculture to forested areas in southern Québec. Air photos were analyzed to obtain long-term information on land cover (crop and habitat types) and linear habitats (hedgerows and riparian habitats) and landscape metrics were calculated to quantify changes in habitat configuration. Anthropogenic areas increased in all types of landscapes but mostly occurred in the highly disturbed cash crop dominated landscape. Perennial crops (pasture and hayfields) were largely converted into annual crops (corn and soybean) between 1965 and 1997. The coalescence of annual crop fields resulted in a more homogeneous agricultural landscape. Old fields and forest cover was consistently low and forest fragmentation remained stable through time in the intensive agriculture landscapes. However, forest cover increased and forest fragmentation receded in the forest-dominated landscapes following farm abandonment and the transition of old fields into forests. Tree-dominated hedgerows and riparian habitats increased in areas with intensive agriculture. Observed changes in land cover classes are related to proximate factors, such as surficial deposits and topography. Agriculture intensification occurred in areas highly suitable for agriculture whereas farm abandonment was observed in poor-quality agriculture terrains. Large-scale conversion of perennial crops into annual crops along with continued urbanization exerts strong pressures on residual natural habitats and their inhabiting wildlife. The afforestation process occurring in the more forested landscapes along with the addition of tree-dominated hedgerows and riparian habitats in the agriculture-dominated landscapes should improve landscape ecological value.
Environmental monitoring and assessment.Environ Monit Assess.2014 Apr;186(4):2215-29. doi: 10.1007/s10661-013-3531-6. Epub 2013 Nov 28.
We studied landscape dynamics for three time periods (<1950, 1965, and 1997) along a gradient of agricultural intensity from highly intensive agriculture to forested areas in southern Québec. Air photos were analyzed to obtain long-term information on land cover (crop and habitat types) and line
PMID 24287717

Residual inhibition of tinnitus induced by 30-kHz bone-conducted ultrasound.

Koizumi T1, Nishimura T2, Yamashita A1, Yamanaka T1, Imamura T3, Hosoi H1.Author information 1Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Nara Medical University, 840 shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan.2Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Nara Medical University, 840 shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan. Electronic address: t-nishim@naramed-u.ac.jp.3Department of Public Health, Health Management and Policy, Nara Medical University, 840 shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan.AbstractSounds at frequencies of >24-kHz are classified as ultrasound which cannot be heard by humans if presented by air conduction, but can be perceived if presented by bone conduction. Some research studies involving ultrasonic hearing have reported that tinnitus is masked by bone-conducted ultrasound (BCU). However, little is known about residual inhibition (RI), which is a continuous reduction or disappearance of tinnitus after presentation of BCU. This study investigated whether RI could be induced by BCU. Five types of the masker sounds were used to measure RI in 21 subjects with tinnitus. A bone-conducted 30-kHz pure tone was used as a BCU, and an air-conducted 4-kHz pure tone, narrow-band noise, white noise, and a bone-conducted 4-kHz pure tone were used as controls of audible sounds. The masker intensities of the 30-kHz BCU and audible sounds were set at the minimum masking levels of tinnitus plus 3 and 10 dB, respectively, considering the narrow dynamic range of BCU. The duration of RI induced by the 30-kHz BCU was significantly longer than those induced by the 4-kHz sounds, but was not significantly different from that induced by the white noise. BCU activates the cochlear basal turn in response to the high frequency, which may broadly overlap with the frequency range that included the dominant tinnitus pitch in most of our subjects. The longer RI duration for the 30-kHz BCU was probably derived from this characteristic. These results suggested that the peripheral stimulation characteristic of BCU probably contributed to inducing long RI durations.
Hearing research.Hear Res.2014 Apr;310:48-53. doi: 10.1016/j.heares.2014.01.011. Epub 2014 Feb 12.
Sounds at frequencies of >24-kHz are classified as ultrasound which cannot be heard by humans if presented by air conduction, but can be perceived if presented by bone conduction. Some research studies involving ultrasonic hearing have reported that tinnitus is masked by bone-conducted ultrasound
PMID 24530434

Japanese Journal

吸光光度計による気中細菌数定量のための迅速測定法の試み

樋上光雄,石松維世,保利一
産業医科大学雑誌 36(2), 153-158, 2014-06-01
吸光光度分析法とクリスタルバイオレットによる細菌染色を組み合わせることにより,空気中細菌数濃度を迅速に測定する方法について検討した.環境から分離した細菌を大腸菌換算数3.0×10^8 colony forming units(CFU)/mlに調整した菌液を原液とし,10倍希釈系列を作成した.作成した各菌液を遠心分離後,上清を除き,クリスタルバイオレット溶液を加え染色を行った.その後,再び遠心分離を …
NAID 110009823336

Relationship between Arterial Inflow Rate and Venous Filling Index of the Lower Extremities Assessed by Air Plethysmography in Subjects with or without Axial Reflux in the Great Saphenous Vein

Shiraishi Yasushi
Annals of Vascular Diseases, 2014
… Objective: To evaluate the relationship between arterial inflow rate (AIR) and venous filling index (VFI) in limbs with or without varicose veins, assessed by air plethysmography (APG).Materials and Methods: A total of 142 patients (142 limbs) visiting our clinic with leg complaints, but without arterial and venous disease, were defined as the normal group (NG), and 65 patients (65 limbs) with leg varices were defined as the varicose vein group (VG). …
NAID 130004685163

Combustion Phenomena within a RBCC Engine under Scramjet-mode Operation

KOMURO Tomoyuki,TOMIOKA Sadatake,TAKAGI Shohei,TAKAHASHI Masahiro,UEDA Shuichi,ITOH Katsuhiro
TRANSACTIONS OF THE JAPAN SOCIETY FOR AERONAUTICAL AND SPACE SCIENCES, AEROSPACE TECHNOLOGY JAPAN 12(ists29), Pa_71-Pa_77, 2014
… At hypersonic regime, it will be operated at rather high rocket engine output for final acceleration with some Isp gains due to air-breathing effects. … However, combustion of the residual fuel in the rocket exhaust with airflow could not be attained in the past study, so that modification was carried out. …
NAID 130004679628