調節領域、制御領域

関: control element、regulatory domain

WordNet

the approximate amount of something (usually used prepositionally as in `in the region of' (同)neighborhood
the extended spatial location of something; "the farming regions of France"; "religions in all parts of the world"; "regions of outer space" (同)part
a knowledge domain that you are interested in or are communicating about; "it was a limited realm of discourse"; "here we enter the region of opinion"; "the realm of the occult" (同)realm
a large indefinite location on the surface of the Earth; "penguins inhabit the polar regions"
any of various controls or devices for regulating or controlling fluid flow, pressure, temperature, etc.
an official responsible for control and supervision of a particular activity or area of public interest

PrepTutorEJDIC

(地理的な)『地域』,『地帯』;(特に広大な)地方 / 《複数形で》(宇宙などの)区分,界,属 / (身体の)部分 / (学問などの)分野,領域 / 《複数形で》(都会から離れた)地方
取り締まり人;調整者 / 調整装置

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/09/04 08:50:20」(JST)

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A regulatory sequence is a segment of a nucleic acid molecule which is capable of increasing or decreasing the expression of specific genes within an organism. Regulation of gene expression is an essential feature of all living organisms and viruses.

Description

Regulatory sequence

Enhancer

/silencer

Promoter

5'UTR

Open reading frame

3'UTR

Enhancer

/silencer

Proximal

Core

Start

Stop

Terminator

Transcription

DNA

Exon

Intron

Post-transcriptional
modification

Pre-
mRNA

Protein coding region

+ 5' cap

+ Poly-A tail

Translation

Maure
mRNA

Protein

The structure of a eukaryotic protein-coding gene. Regulatory sequence controls when and where expression occurs for the protein coding region (red). Promoter and enhancer regions (yellow) regulate the transcription of the gene into a pre-mRNA which is modified to add a 5' cap and poly-A tail (grey) and remove introns. The mRNA 5' and 3' untranslated regions (blue) regulate translation into the final protein product.

Polycistronic operon

Regulatory sequence

Enhancer

/silencer

Operator

Promoter

5'UTR

ORF

UTR

ORF

3'UTR

Enhancer

/silencer

Start

Stop

Start

Stop

Terminator

Transcription

DNA

RBS

Protein coding region

RBS

Protein coding region

Translation

mRNA

Protein

The structure of a prokaryotic operon of protein-coding genes. Regulatory sequence controls when expression occurs for the multiple protein coding regions (red). Promoter, operator and enhancer regions (yellow) regulate the transcription of the gene into an mRNA. The mRNA untranslated regions (blue) regulate translation into the final protein products.

In DNA, regulation of gene expression normally happens at the level of RNA biosynthesis (transcription), and is accomplished through the sequence-specific binding of proteins (transcription factors) that activate or inhibit transcription. Transcription factors may act as activators, repressors, or both. Repressors often act by preventing RNA polymerase from forming a productive complex with the transcriptional initiation region (promoter), while activators facilitate formation of a productive complex. Furthermore, DNA motifs have been shown to be predictive of epigenomic modifications, suggesting that transcription factors play a role in regulating the epigenome.^[1]

In RNA, regulation may occur at the level of protein biosynthesis (translation), RNA cleavage, RNA splicing, or transcriptional termination. Regulatory sequences are frequently associated with messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules, where they are used to control mRNA biogenesis or translation. A variety of biological molecules may bind to the RNA to accomplish this regulation, including proteins (e.g. translational repressors and splicing factors), other RNA molecules (e.g. miRNA) and small molecules, in the case of riboswitches.

Research to find all regulatory regions in the genomes of all sorts of organisms is under way.^[2] Conserved non-coding sequences often contain regulatory regions, and so they are often the subject of these analyses.

Examples

CAAT box
CCAAT box
Operator (biology)
Pribnow box
TATA box
SECIS element, mRNA
Polyadenylation signals, mRNA
A-box
Z-box
C-box
E-box
G-box

Insulin gene

Regulatory sequences for the insulin gene are:^[3]

A5
Z
negative regulatory element (NRE)^[4]
C2
E2
A3
cAMP response element
A2
CAAT enhancer binding (CEB)
C1
E1
G1

References

^ Whitaker JW, Zhao Chen, Wei Wang. (2014) Predicting the Human Epigenome from DNA Motifs. Nature Methods. doi:10.1038/nmeth.3065
^ Stepanova et al., Bioinformatics, 21(9): 1789-96, year 2005. A comparative analysis of relative occurrence of transcription factor binding sites in vertebrate genomes and gene promoter areas
^ Melloul et al., Diabetologica, 45, 309-326, year 2002. Regulation of insulin gene transcription
^ Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications ...

External links

ORegAnno - Open Regulatory Annotation Database

This genetics article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 甲状腺ホルモンの作用thyroid hormone action [show details]
…then bind to regulatory regions contained in the genes that are responsive to thyroid hormone . TRs without T3 bind to nuclear receptor corepressors and then to regulatory regions of genes normally …
2. 複合形質の遺伝の原則principles of complex trait genetics [show details]
…complex traits may influence the regulation of several genes within a genomic region . This suggests that some regulatory regions of DNA, rather than affecting a single gene, could play a role in regulating …
3. ヒトパピローマウイルス（HPV）感染のウイルス学および癌との関連virology of human papillomavirus infections and the link to cancer [show details]
…(L) proteins that form the shell of the virus, and a region of regulatory DNA sequences known as the long control region or upstream regulatory region . The two most important HPV proteins in the pathogenesis …
4. 性分化疾患の原因causes of disorders of sex development [show details]
…for testicular development. Duplications of the entire SOX9 locus as well as of its upstream regulatory region have been described in individuals with XX testicular DSD. Inappropriate expression of SOX3 …
5. JCポリオーマウイルス、BKポリオーマウイルスおよびその他のヒトポリオーマウイルスのウイルス学、疫学および病因 virology epidemiology and pathogenesis of jc polyomavirus bk polyomavirus and other human polyomaviruses [show details]
… three parts: the noncoding control region, the early viral gene region, and the late viral gene region.… encodes the regulatory nonstructural proteins called small T and large T antigen,…

English Journal

A novel coding-region RNA element modulates infectious dengue virus particle production in both mammalian and mosquito cells and regulates viral replication in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.

Groat-Carmona AM, Orozco S, Friebe P, Payne A, Kramer L, Harris E.SourceDivision of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
Virology.Virology.2012 Oct 25;432(2):511-26. Epub 2012 Jul 25.
Dengue virus (DENV) is an enveloped flavivirus with a positive-sense RNA genome transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, causing the most important arthropod-borne viral disease affecting humans. Relatively few cis-acting RNA regulatory elements have been described in the DENV coding-region. Here, by introd
PMID 22840606

The HIV-1 major splice donor D1 is activated by splicing enhancer elements within the leader region and the p17-inhibitory sequence.

Asang C, Erkelenz S, Schaal H.SourceInstitut für Virologie, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
Virology.Virology.2012 Oct 10;432(1):133-45. Epub 2012 Jun 30.
Usage of the HIV-1 major 5' splice site D1 is a prerequisite for generation of all spliced viral mRNAs encoding essential regulatory and structural proteins. We set out to determine whether flanking sequences ensure D1-activation. We found that an exonic splicing enhancer function is exerted by the
PMID 22749061