WordNet

the approximate amount of something (usually used prepositionally as in `in the region of' (同)neighborhood
the extended spatial location of something; "the farming regions of France"; "religions in all parts of the world"; "regions of outer space" (同)part
a knowledge domain that you are interested in or are communicating about; "it was a limited realm of discourse"; "here we enter the region of opinion"; "the realm of the occult" (同)realm
a large indefinite location on the surface of the Earth; "penguins inhabit the polar regions"
related or limited to a particular region; "a regional dialect"
characteristic of a region; "regional flora"
inflammation of the ileum

PrepTutorEJDIC

(地理的な)『地域』,『地帯』;(特に広大な)地方 / 《複数形で》(宇宙などの)区分,界,属 / (身体の)部分 / (学問などの)分野,領域 / 《複数形で》(都会から離れた)地方
地方の,地域の;地方に特有の,局地的な
回腸炎

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/04 21:30:57」(JST)

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Crohn's disease, also known as Crohn syndrome and regional enteritis, is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that may affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract from mouth to anus.^[2] Signs and symptoms often include abdominal pain, diarrhea (which may be bloody if inflammation is severe), fever, and weight loss.^[1]^[2] Other complications may occur outside the gastrointestinal tract and include anemia, skin rashes, arthritis, inflammation of the eye, and tiredness. The skin rashes may be due to infections as well as pyoderma gangrenosum or erythema nodosum. Bowel obstruction also commonly occurs and those with the disease are at greater risk of bowel cancer.^[1]

Crohn's disease is caused by a combination of environmental, immune and bacterial factors in genetically susceptible individuals.^[3]^[4]^[5] It results in a chronic inflammatory disorder, in which the body's immune system attacks the gastrointestinal tract possibly directed at microbial antigens.^[4]^[6] While Crohn's is an immune related disease, it does not appear to be an autoimmune disease (in that the immune system is not being triggered by the body itself).^[7] The exact underlying immune problem is not clear; however, it may be an immunodeficiency state.^[6]^[8]^[9] About half of the overall risk is related to genetics with more than 70 genes found to be involved.^[1]^[10] Tobacco smokers are two times more likely to develop Crohn's disease than nonsmokers.^[11] It also often begins after gastroenteritis. Diagnosis is based on a number of findings including biopsy and appearance of the bowel wall, medical imaging and description of the disease. Other conditions that can present similarly include irritable bowel syndrome and Behçet's disease.^[1]

There are no medications or surgical procedures that can cure Crohn's disease. Treatment options help with symptoms, maintain remission, and prevent relapse. In those newly diagnosed, a corticosteroid may be used for a brief period of time to quickly improve the disease with another medication such as either methotrexate or a thiopurine used to prevent recurrence. An important part of treatment is the stopping of smoking among those who do. One in five people with the disease are admitted to hospital each year, and half of those with the disease will require surgery for the disease at some point over a ten-year period. While surgery should be used as little as possible, it is necessary to address some abscesses, certain bowel obstructions, and cancers. Checking for bowel cancer via colonoscopy is recommended every few years, starting eight years after the disease has begun.^[1]

Crohn's disease affects about 3.2 per 1,000 people in Europe and North America.^[12] It is less common in Asia and Africa.^[13]^[14] It has historically been more common in the developed world.^[15] Rates have, however, been increasing, particularly in the developing world since the 1970s.^[14]^[15] Inflammatory bowel disease resulted in 35,000 deaths in 2010^[16] and those with Crohn's disease have a slightly reduced life expectancy.^[1] It tends to start in the teens and twenties, although it can occur at any age.^[1]^[2] Males and females are equally affected.^[2] The disease was named after gastroenterologist Burrill Bernard Crohn, who, in 1932, together with two other colleagues at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York, described a series of patients with inflammation of the terminal ileum of the small intestine, the area most commonly affected by the illness.^[17]

1 Signs and symptoms
- 1.1 Gastrointestinal
- 1.2 Systemic
- 1.3 Extraintestinal
2 Cause
- 2.1 Genetics
- 2.2 Immune system
- 2.3 Microbes
- 2.4 Environmental factors
3 Pathophysiology
4 Diagnosis
- 4.1 Classification
- 4.2 Endoscopy
- 4.3 Radiologic tests
- 4.4 Blood tests
- 4.5 Comparison with ulcerative colitis
5 Management
- 5.1 Lifestyle changes
- 5.2 Medication
- 5.3 Surgery
- 5.4 Alternative medicine
6 Prognosis
- 6.1 Complications
7 Epidemiology
8 History
9 Research
10 References
11 External links

Signs and symptoms

Signs and symptoms
	Crohn's disease	Ulcerative colitis
Defecation	Often porridge-like^[18], sometimes steatorrhea	Often mucus-like and with blood^[18]
Tenesmus	Less common^[18]	More common^[18]
Fever	Common^[18]	Indicates severe disease^[18]
Fistulae	Common^[19]	Seldom
Weight loss	Often	More seldom

Gastrointestinal

Patients with Crohn's can have aphthous ulcers involving mouth.

Many people with Crohn's disease have symptoms for years prior to the diagnosis.^[20] The usual onset is between 15 and 30 years of age, but can occur at any age.^[21] Because of the 'patchy' nature of the gastrointestinal disease and the depth of tissue involvement, initial symptoms can be more subtle than those of ulcerative colitis. People with Crohn's disease experience chronic recurring periods of flare-ups and remission.^[22]

Abdominal pain may be the initial symptom of Crohn's disease. It is often accompanied by diarrhea, especially in those who have had surgery. The diarrhea may or may not be bloody. The nature of the diarrhea in Crohn's disease depends on the part of the small intestine or colon involved. Ileitis typically results in large-volume, watery feces. Colitis may result in a smaller volume of feces of higher frequency. Fecal consistency may range from solid to watery. In severe cases, an individual may have more than 20 bowel movements per day and may need to awaken at night to defecate.^[1]^[23]^[24]^[25] Visible bleeding in the feces is less common in Crohn's disease than in ulcerative colitis, but may be seen in the setting of Crohn's colitis.^[1] Bloody bowel movements typically come and go, and may be bright or dark red in color. In the setting of severe Crohn's colitis, bleeding may be copious.^[23] Flatulence and bloating may also add to the intestinal discomfort.^[23]

Symptoms caused by intestinal stenosis are also common in Crohn's disease. Abdominal pain is often most severe in areas of the bowel with stenoses. Persistent vomiting and nausea may indicate stenosis from small bowel obstruction or disease involving the stomach, pylorus, or duodenum.^[23] Although the association is greater in the context of ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease may also be associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis, a type of inflammation of the bile ducts.^[26]

Perianal discomfort may also be prominent in Crohn's disease. Itchiness or pain around the anus may be suggestive of inflammation, fistulization or abscess around the anal area^[1] or anal fissure. Perianal skin tags are also common in Crohn's disease.^[27] Fecal incontinence may accompany perianal Crohn's disease. At the opposite end of the gastrointestinal tract, the mouth may be affected by non-healing sores (aphthous ulcers). Rarely, the esophagus, and stomach may be involved in Crohn's disease. These can cause symptoms including difficulty swallowing (dysphagia), upper abdominal pain, and vomiting.^[28]

Systemic

Crohn's disease, like many other chronic, inflammatory diseases, can cause a variety of systemic symptoms.^[1] Among children, growth failure is common. Many children are first diagnosed with Crohn's disease based on inability to maintain growth.^[29] As it may manifest at the time of the growth spurt in puberty, up to 30% of children with Crohn's disease may have retardation of growth.^[30] Fever may also be present, though fevers greater than 38.5 ˚C (101.3 ˚F) are uncommon unless there is a complication such as an abscess.^[1] Among older individuals, Crohn's disease may manifest as weight loss, usually related to decreased food intake, since individuals with intestinal symptoms from Crohn's disease often feel better when they do not eat and might lose their appetite.^[29] People with extensive small intestine disease may also have malabsorption of carbohydrates or lipids, which can further exacerbate weight loss.^[31]

Extraintestinal

Erythema nodosum on the back of a person with Crohn's disease

In addition to systemic and gastrointestinal involvement, Crohn's disease can affect many other organ systems.^[32] Inflammation of the interior portion of the eye, known as uveitis, can cause blurred vision and eye pain, especially when exposed to light (photophobia).^[33] Inflammation may also involve the white part of the eye (sclera), a condition called episcleritis.^[33] Both episcleritis and uveitis can lead to loss of vision if untreated.

Crohn's disease that affects the ileum may result in an increased risk for gallstones. This is due to a decrease in bile acid resorption in the ileum and the bile gets excreted in the stool. As a result, the cholesterol/bile ratio increases in the gallbladder, resulting in an increased risk for gallstones.^[33]

Crohn's disease is associated with a type of rheumatologic disease known as seronegative spondyloarthropathy.^[33] This group of diseases is characterized by inflammation of one or more joints (arthritis) or muscle insertions (enthesitis).^[33] The arthritis in Crohn's disease can be divided into two types. The first type affects larger weight-bearing joints such as the knee (most common), hips, shoulders, wrists, or elbows.^[33] The second type symmetrically involves five or more of the small joints of the hands and feet.^[33] The arthritis may also involve the spine, leading to ankylosing spondylitis if the entire spine is involved or simply sacroiliitis if only the sacroiliac joint is involved.^[33] The symptoms of arthritis include painful, warm, swollen, stiff joints, and loss of joint mobility or function.^[22]

Pyoderma gangrenosum on the leg of a person with Crohn's disease

Crohn's disease may also involve the skin, blood, and endocrine system. The most common type of skin manifestation, erythema nodosum, presents as raised, tender red nodules usually appearing on the shins.^[33]^[34] Erythema nodosum is due to inflammation of the underlying subcutaneous tissue, and is characterized by septal panniculitis.^[34] Another skin lesion, pyoderma gangrenosum, is typically a painful ulcerating nodule. Crohn's disease also increases the risk of blood clots;^[33] painful swelling of the lower legs can be a sign of deep venous thrombosis, while difficulty breathing may be a result of pulmonary embolism. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia, a condition in which the immune system attacks the red blood cells, is also more common in Crohn's disease and may cause fatigue, a pale appearance, and other symptoms common in anemia. Clubbing, a deformity of the ends of the fingers, may also be a result of Crohn's disease. Finally, Crohn's disease increases the risk of osteoporosis, or thinning of the bones.^[33] Individuals with osteoporosis are at increased risk of bone fractures.^[35]

People with Crohn's disease often have anemia due to vitamin B12, folate, iron deficiency, or due to anemia of chronic disease.^[36]^[37] The most common is iron deficiency anemia^[36] from chronic blood loss, reduced dietary intake, and persistent inflammation leading to increased hepcidin levels, restricting iron absorption in the duodenum.^[37] As Crohn's disease most commonly affects the terminal ileum where the vitamin B12/intrinsic factor complex is absorbed, B12 deficiency may be seen.^[37] This is particularly common after surgery to remove the ileum.^[36] Involvement of the duodenum and jejunum can impair the absorption of many other nutrients including folate. If Crohn's disease affects the stomach, production of intrinsic factor can be reduced.

Crohn's disease can also cause neurological complications (reportedly in up to 15%).^[38] The most common of these are seizures, stroke, myopathy, peripheral neuropathy, headache and depression.^[38]

People with Crohn's often also have issues with small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome, which has similar symptoms.^[39]

In the oral cavity people with Crohn's may develop cheilitis granulomatosa and other forms of orofacial granulomatosis, pyostomatitis vegetans, recurrent aphthous stomatitis, geographic tongue, and migratory stomatitis in higher prevalence than the general population.^[40]

Cause

Risk factors
	Crohn's disease	Ulcerative colitis
Smoking	Higher risk for smokers	Lower risk for smokers^[41]
Age	Usual onset between 15 and 30 years^[42]	Peak incidence between 15 and 25 years

While the exact cause is unknown,^[43] Crohn's disease seems to be due to a combination of environmental factors and genetic predisposition.^[44] Crohn's is the first genetically complex disease in which the relationship between genetic risk factors and the immune system is understood in considerable detail.^[45] Each individual risk mutation makes a small contribution to the overall risk of Crohn's (approximately 1:200). The genetic data, and direct assessment of immunity, indicates a malfunction in the innate immune system.^[46] In this view, the chronic inflammation of Crohn's is caused when the adaptive immune system tries to compensate for a deficient innate immune system.^[47]

Genetics

NOD2 protein model with schematic diagram. Two N-terminal CARD domains (red) connected via helical linker (blue) with central NBD domain (green). At C-terminus LRR domain (cyan) is located. Additionally, some mutations which are associated with certain disease patterns in Crohn's disease are marked in red wire representation.^[48]

Crohn's has a genetic component.^[49] Because of this, siblings of known people with Crohn's are 30 times more likely to develop Crohn's than the general population.

The first mutation found to be associated with Crohn's was a frameshift in the NOD2 gene (also known as the CARD15 gene),^[50] followed by the discovery of point mutations.^[51] Over thirty genes have been associated with Crohn's; a biological function is known for most of them. For example, one association is with mutations in the XBP1 gene, which is involved in the unfolded protein response pathway of the endoplasmatic reticulum.^[52]^[53] Other well documented genes which increase the risk of developing Crohn disease are ATG16L1,^[54] IL23R,^[55] IRGM,^[56] and SLC11A1.^[57] There is considerable overlap between susceptibility loci for IBD and mycobacterial infections.^[58]

Immune system

There was a prevailing view that Crohn's disease is a primary T cell autoimmune disorder, however, a newer theory hypothesizes that Crohn's results from an impaired innate immunity.^[59] The later hypothesis describes impaired cytokine secretion by macrophages, which contributes to impaired innate immunity and leads to a sustained microbial-induced inflammatory response in the colon, where the bacterial load is high.^[4]^[46] Another theory is that the inflammation of Crohn's was caused by an overactive T_h1 and T_h17 cytokine response.^[60]^[61]

In 2007, the ATG16L1 gene has been implicated in Crohn's disease, which may induce autophagy and hinder the body's ability to attack invasive bacteria.^[54] Another study has theorized that the human immune system traditionally evolved with the presence of parasites inside the body, and that the lack thereof due to modern hygiene standards has weakened the immune system. Test subjects were reintroduced to harmless parasites, with positive response.^[62]

Microbes

Current thinking is that microorganisms are taking advantage of their host's weakened mucosal layer and inability to clear bacteria from the intestinal walls, which are both symptoms of Crohn's.^[63] Different strains found in tissue and different outcomes to antibiotics therapy and resistance suggest Crohn's Disease is not one disease, but an umbrella of diseases related to different pathogens.^[64]^[65]

A number of studies have suggested a causal role for Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), which causes a similar disease, Johne's disease, in cattle.^[66]^[67]

NOD2, a gene involved in Crohn's genetic susceptibility, is associated with diminished killing of MAP by macrophages, reduced innate and adaptive immunity in the host and impaired immune responses required for control of intracellular mycobacterial infection.^[68] Macrophages infected with viable MAP are associated with high production of TNF-α.^[69]^[70]

Other studies have linked specific strains of enteroadherent E. coli to the disease.^[71] Adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC), are more common in people with CD,^[72]^[73]^[74] have the ability to make strong biofilms compared to non-AIEC strains correlating with high adhesion and invasion indices^[75]^[76] of neutrophils and the ability to block autophagy at the autolysosomal step, which allows for intracellular survival of the bacteria and induction of inflammation.^[77] Inflammation drives the proliferation of AIEC and dysbiosis in the ileum, irrespective of genotype.^[78] AIEC strains replicate extensively into macrophages inducing the secretion of very large amounts of TNF-α.^[79]

Mouse studies have suggested some symptoms of Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and irritable bowel syndrome have the same underlying cause. Biopsy samples taken from the colons of all three patient groups were found to produce elevated levels of a serine protease.^[80] Experimental introduction of the serine protease into mice has been found to produce widespread pain associated with irritable bowel syndrome, as well as colitis, which is associated with all three diseases.^[81] Regional and temporal variations in those illnesses follow those associated with infection with the protozoan Blastocystis.^[82]

The "cold-chain" hypothesis is that psychrotrophic bacteria such as Yersinia and Listeria species contribute to the disease. A statistical correlation was found between the advent of the use of refrigeration in the United States and various parts of Europe and the rise of the disease.^[83]^[84]^[85]

There is an apparent connection between Crohn's disease, Mycobacterium, other pathogenic bacteria, and genetic markers.^[86]^[87] In many individuals, genetic factors predispose individuals to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection. This bacterium then produces mannins, which protect both itself and various bacteria from phagocytosis, which causes a variety of secondary infections.^[88]

Still, this relationship between specific types of bacteria and Crohn's disease remains unclear.^[89]^[90]

Environmental factors

The increased incidence of Crohn's in the industrialized world indicates an environmental component. Crohn's is associated with an increased intake of animal protein, milk protein and an increased ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.^[91] Those who consume vegetable proteins appear to have a lower incidence of Crohn's disease. Consumption of fish protein has no association.^[91] Smoking increases the risk of the return of active disease (flares).^[11] The introduction of hormonal contraception in the United States in the 1960s is associated with a dramatic increase in incidence, and one hypothesis is that these drugs work on the digestive system in ways similar to smoking.^[92] Isotretinoin is associated with Crohn's.^[93]^[94]^[95] Although stress is sometimes claimed to exacerbate Crohn's disease, there is no concrete evidence to support such claim.^[96] Dietary microparticles, such as those found in toothpaste, have been studied as they produce effects on immunity, but they were not consumed in greater amounts in patients with Crohn's.^[97]^[98]

Pathophysiology

Pathophysiology
	Crohn's disease	Ulcerative colitis
Cytokine response	Associated with T_h17^[61]	Vaguely associated with T_h2

During a colonoscopy, biopsies of the colon are often taken to confirm the diagnosis. Certain characteristic features of the pathology seen point toward Crohn's disease; it shows a transmural pattern of inflammation, meaning the inflammation may span the entire depth of the intestinal wall.^[1] Ulceration is an outcome seen in highly active disease. There is usually an abrupt transition between unaffected tissue and the ulcer - a characteristic sign known as skip lesions. Under a microscope, biopsies of the affected colon may show mucosal inflammation, characterized by focal infiltration of neutrophils, a type of inflammatory cell, into the epithelium. This typically occurs in the area overlying lymphoid aggregates. These neutrophils, along with mononuclear cells, may infiltrate the crypts, leading to inflammation (crypititis) or abscess (crypt abscess). Granulomas, aggregates of macrophage derivatives known as giant cells, are found in 50% of cases and are most specific for Crohn's disease. The granulomas of Crohn's disease do not show "caseation", a cheese-like appearance on microscopic examination characteristic of granulomas associated with infections, such as tuberculosis. Biopsies may also show chronic mucosal damage, as evidenced by blunting of the intestinal villi, atypical branching of the crypts, and a change in the tissue type (metaplasia). One example of such metaplasia, Paneth cell metaplasia, involves development of Paneth cells (typically found in the small intestine and a key regulator of intestinal microbiota) in other parts of the gastrointestinal system.^[99]^[100]

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of Crohn's disease can sometimes be challenging,^[20] and a number of tests are often required to assist the physician in making the diagnosis.^[23] Even with a full battery of tests, it may not be possible to diagnose Crohn's with complete certainty; a colonoscopy is approximately 70% effective in diagnosing the disease, with further tests being less effective. Disease in the small bowel is particularly difficult to diagnose, as a traditional colonoscopy allows access to only the colon and lower portions of the small intestines; introduction of the capsule endoscopy^[101] aids in endoscopic diagnosis. Multinucleated giant cells, a common finding in the lesions of Crohn's disease, are less common in the lesions of lichen nitidus.^[102]

Endoscopic image of Crohn's colitis showing deep ulceration
CT scan showing Crohn's disease in the fundus of the stomach
This endoscopic image of Crohn's colitis showing diffuse loss of mucosal architecture, friability and exudate
Endoscopic biopsy showing granulomatous inflammation of the colon in a case of Crohn's disease.
Section of colectomy showing transmural inflammation
Resected ileum for a person with Crohn's disease

Classification

Distribution of gastrointestinal Crohn's disease.

Crohn's disease is one type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It typically manifests in the gastrointestinal tract and can be categorized by the specific tract region affected. A disease of both the ileum (the last part of the small intestine that connects to the large intestine), and the large intestine, Ileocolic Crohn's accounts for fifty percent of cases. Crohn's ileitis, manifest in the ileum only, accounts for thirty percent of cases, while Crohn's colitis, of the large intestine, accounts for the remaining twenty percent of cases and may be particularly difficult to distinguish from ulcerative colitis. Gastroduodenal Crohn's disease causes inflammation in the stomach and first part of the small intestine, called the duodenum. Jejunoileitis causes spotty patches of inflammation in the top half of the small intestine, called the jejunum.^[103] The disease can attack any part of the digestive tract, from mouth to anus. However, individuals affected by the disease rarely fall outside these three classifications, with presentations in other areas.^[1]

Crohn's disease may also be categorized by the behavior of disease as it progresses. These categorizations formalized in the Vienna classification of the disease.^[104] There are three categories of disease presentation in Crohn's disease: stricturing, penetrating, and inflammatory. Stricturing disease causes narrowing of the bowel that may lead to bowel obstruction or changes in the caliber of the feces. Penetrating disease creates abnormal passageways (fistulae) between the bowel and other structures, such as the skin. Inflammatory disease (or nonstricturing, nonpenetrating disease) causes inflammation without causing strictures or fistulae.^[104]^[105]

Endoscopy

A colonoscopy is the best test for making the diagnosis of Crohn's disease, as it allows direct visualization of the colon and the terminal ileum, identifying the pattern of disease involvement. On occasion, the colonoscope can travel past the terminal ileum, but it varies from person to person. During the procedure, the gastroenterologist can also perform a biopsy, taking small samples of tissue for laboratory analysis, which may help confirm a diagnosis. As 30% of Crohn's disease involves only the ileum,^[1] cannulation of the terminal ileum is required in making the diagnosis. Finding a patchy distribution of disease, with involvement of the colon or ileum, but not the rectum, is suggestive of Crohn's disease, as are other endoscopic stigmata.^[106] The utility of capsule endoscopy for this, however, is still uncertain.^[107] A "cobblestone"-like appearance is seen in approximately 40% of cases of Crohn's disease upon colonoscopy, representing areas of ulceration separated by narrow areas of healthy tissue.

Radiologic tests

A small bowel follow-through may suggest the diagnosis of Crohn's disease and is useful when the disease involves only the small intestine. Because colonoscopy and gastroscopy allow direct visualization of only the terminal ileum and beginning of the duodenum, they cannot be used to evaluate the remainder of the small intestine. As a result, a barium follow-through X-ray, wherein barium sulfate suspension is ingested and fluoroscopic images of the bowel are taken over time, is useful for looking for inflammation and narrowing of the small bowel.^[106]^[108] Barium enemas, in which barium is inserted into the rectum and fluoroscopy is used to image the bowel, are rarely used in the work-up of Crohn's disease due to the advent of colonoscopy. They remain useful for identifying anatomical abnormalities when strictures of the colon are too small for a colonoscope to pass through, or in the detection of colonic fistulae (in this case contrast should be performed with iodate substances).^[109]

CT and MRI scans are useful for evaluating the small bowel with enteroclysis protocols.^[110] They are also useful for looking for intra-abdominal complications of Crohn's disease, such as abscesses, small bowel obstructions, or fistulae.^[111] Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is another option for imaging the small bowel as well as looking for complications, though it is more expensive and less readily available^[112]

Blood tests

A complete blood count may reveal anemia, which commonly is caused by blood loss leading to iron deficiency (a microcytic anemia) or by vitamin B₁₂ deficiency (a macrocytic anemia), usually caused by ileal disease impairing vitamin B₁₂ absorption. Rarely autoimmune hemolysis may occur.^[113] Ferritin levels help assess if iron deficiency is contributing to the anemia. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein help assess the degree of inflammation, which is important as ferritin can also be raised in inflammation.^[114] Serum iron, total iron binding capacity and transferrin saturation may be more easily interpreted in inflammation. Anemia of chronic disease results in a normocytic anemia. Other causes of anemia include medication used in treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, like azathioprine, which can lead to cytopenia, and sulfasalazine, which can also result in folate deficiency. Testing for Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) has been evaluated to identify inflammatory diseases of the intestine^[115] and to differentiate Crohn's disease from ulcerative colitis.^[116] Furthermore, increasing amounts and levels of serological antibodies such as ASCA, antilaminaribioside [Glc(β1,3)Glb(β); ALCA], antichitobioside [GlcNAc(β1,4)GlcNAc(β); ACCA], antimannobioside [Man(α1,3)Man(α)AMCA], antiLaminarin [(Glc(β1,3))3n(Glc(β1,6))n; anti-L] and antichitin [GlcNAc(β1,4)n; anti-C] associate with disease behavior and surgery, and may aid in the prognosis of Crohn's disease.^[117]^[118]^[119]^[120]

Comparison with ulcerative colitis

The most common disease that mimics the symptoms of Crohn's disease is ulcerative colitis, as both are inflammatory bowel diseases that can affect the colon with similar symptoms. It is important to differentiate these diseases, since the course of the diseases and treatments may be different. In some cases, however, it may not be possible to tell the difference, in which case the disease is classified as indeterminate colitis.^[1]^[23]^[24]

Diagnostic findings
	Crohn's disease	Ulcerative colitis
Terminal ileum involvement	Commonly	Seldom
Colon involvement	Usually	Always
Rectum involvement	Seldom	Usually^[41]
Involvement around the anus	Common^[19]	Seldom
Bile duct involvement	No increase in rate of primary sclerosing cholangitis	Higher rate^[121]
Distribution of Disease	Patchy areas of inflammation (Skip lesions)	Continuous area of inflammation^[41]
Endoscopy	Deep geographic and serpiginous (snake-like) ulcers	Continuous ulcer
Depth of inflammation	May be transmural, deep into tissues^[122]^[19]	Shallow, mucosal
Stenosis	Common	Seldom
Granulomas on biopsy	May have non-necrotizing non-peri-intestinal crypt granulomas^[19]^[123]^[124]	Non-peri-intestinal crypt granulomas not seen^[41]

Management

Management
	Crohn's disease	Ulcerative colitis
Mesalazine	Less useful^[125]	More useful^[125]
Antibiotics	Effective in long-term^[126]	Generally not useful^[127]
Surgery	Often returns following removal of affected part	Usually cured by removal of colon

There is no cure for Crohn's disease and remission may not be possible or prolonged if achieved. In cases where remission is possible, relapse can be prevented and symptoms controlled with medication, lifestyle and dietary changes, changes to eating habits (eating smaller amounts more often), reduction of stress, moderate activity and exercise. Surgery is generally contraindicated and has not been shown to prevent remission. Adequately controlled, Crohn's disease may not significantly restrict daily living.^[128] Treatment for Crohn's disease is only when symptoms are active and involve first treating the acute problem, then maintaining remission.

Lifestyle changes

Certain lifestyle changes can reduce symptoms, including dietary adjustments, elemental diet, proper hydration, and smoking cessation. Diets that include higher levels of fiber and fruit are associated with reduced risk, while diets rich in total fats, polyunsaturated fatty acids, meat, and omega-6 fatty acids may increase the risk of Crohn's.^[129] Smoking may increase Crohn's disease; stopping is recommended. Eating small meals frequently instead of big meals may also help with a low appetite. To manage symptoms have a balanced diet with proper portion control. Fatigue can be helped with regular exercise, a healthy diet, and enough sleep. A food diary may help with identifying foods that trigger symptoms. Some people should follow a low dietary fiber diet to control symptoms especially if fibrous foods cause symptoms.^[128] Some find relief in eliminating casein (protein found in cow's milk) and gluten (protein found in wheat, rye and barley) from their diets. They may have specific dietary intolerances (not allergies).^[130]

Medication

Acute treatment uses medications to treat any infection (normally antibiotics) and to reduce inflammation (normally aminosalicylate anti-inflammatory drugs and corticosteroids). When symptoms are in remission, treatment enters maintenance, with a goal of avoiding the recurrence of symptoms. Prolonged use of corticosteroids has significant side-effects; as a result, they are, in general, not used for long-term treatment. Alternatives include aminosalicylates alone, though only a minority are able to maintain the treatment, and many require immunosuppressive drugs.^[19] It has been also suggested that antibiotics change the enteric flora, and their continuous use may pose the risk of overgrowth with pathogens such as Clostridium difficile.^[131]

Medications used to treat the symptoms of Crohn's disease include 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) formulations, prednisone, immunomodulators such as azathioprine (given as the prodrug for 6-mercaptopurine), methotrexate, infliximab, adalimumab,^[24] certolizumab^[132] and natalizumab.^[133]^[134] Hydrocortisone should be used in severe attacks of Crohn's disease.^[135]

The gradual loss of blood from the gastrointestinal tract, as well as chronic inflammation, often leads to anemia, and professional guidelines suggest routinely monitoring for this.^[136]^[137]^[138] Adequate disease control usually improves anemia of chronic disease, but iron deficiency may require treatment with iron supplements. Guidelines vary as to how iron should be administered. Some^[138] advise parenteral iron as first line as it works faster, has fewer gastrointestinal side effects, and is unaffected by inflammation reducing enteral absorption.

Other guidelines^[137] advise oral iron as first line with parenteral iron reserved for those that fail to adequately respond as oral iron is considerably cheaper. All agree that severe anemia (hemoglobin under 10g/dL) should be treated with parenteral iron. Blood transfusion should be reserved for those who are cardiovascularly unstable, due the relatively poor safety profile, lack of long term efficacy, and cost.^[137]

Surgery

Crohn's cannot be cured by surgery, though it is used in the case of partial or full blockage of the intestine. Surgery may also be required for complications such as obstructions, fistulas, or abscesses, or if the disease does not respond to drugs. After the first surgery, Crohn's usually shows up at the site of the resection, however it can appear in other locations. After a resection, scar tissue builds up, which can cause strictures, which form when the intestines become too small to allow excrement to pass through easily, which can lead to a blockage. After the first resection, another resection may be necessary within five years.^[139] For patients with an obstruction due to a stricture, two options for treatment are strictureplasty and resection of that portion of bowel. There is no statistical significance between strictureplasty alone versus strictureplasty and resection in cases of duodenal involvement. In these cases, re-operation rates were 31% and 27%, respectively, indicating that strictureplasty is a safe and effective treatment for selected people with duodenal involvement.^[140]

Postsurgical recurrence of Crohn's disease is relatively common. Crohn's lesions are often found at the site of the resected bowel. The join (or anastomosis) after surgery may be inspected, usually during a colonoscopy, and disease activity graded. The "Rutgeert's score" is an endoscopic scoring system for post-operative disease recurrence in Crohn's disease.^[141] Fewer lesions result in a lower grade. Based on the score, treatment plans can be designed to give the patient the best chance of managing recurrence of the disease.^[142]

Short bowel syndrome (SBS, also short gut syndrome or simply short gut) is caused by the surgical removal of part of the small intestine. It usually develops in those patients who have had half or more of their small intestines removed.^[143] Diarrhea is the main symptom, but others may include weight loss, cramping, bloating, and heartburn. Short bowel syndrome is treated with changes in diet, intravenous feeding, vitamin and mineral supplements, and treatment with medications.

Bile acid diarrhea is another complication following surgery for Crohn's disease in which the terminal ileum has been removed. This leads to the development of excessive watery diarrhea. It is usually thought to be due to an inability of the ileum to reabsorb bile acids after resection of the terminal ileum and was the first type of bile acid malabsorption recognized.^[144]

In some cases of SBS, intestinal transplant surgery may be considered; though the number of transplant centres offering this procedure is quite small and it comes with a high risk due to the chance of infection and rejection of the transplanted intestine.^[145]

Alternative medicine

More than half of people with Crohn's disease have tried complementary or alternative therapy.^[146] These include diets, probiotics, fish oil and other herbal and nutritional supplements. Some scientists have suggested more research into these is needed to discriminate between effective therapies and "pseudo" therapies that can be ineffective.^[147]

Acupuncture is used to treat inflammatory bowel disease in China, and is being used more frequently in Western society.^[148] There is insufficient evidence to recommend the use of acupuncture.^[149] Acupuncture also increases the risk of infection.^[150]
Homeopathy is frequently used in Germany as a treatment for Crohn's disease, though no clinical trials exist that demonstrate homeopathy is effective.^[151]
There is little evidence regarding medical cannabis regarding its effect in inflammatory bowel disease.^[152]

Prognosis

Crohn's disease is a chronic condition for which there is no cure. It is characterised by periods of improvement followed by episodes when symptoms flare up. With treatment, most people achieve a healthy weight, and the mortality rate for the disease is relatively low. It can vary from being benign to very severe and people with CD could experience just one episode or have continuous symptoms. It usually reoccurs, although some people can remain disease free for years or decades. Most people with Crohn's live a normal lifespan.^[153] However, Crohn's disease is associated with a small increase in risk of small bowel and colorectal carcinoma (bowel cancer).^[154]

Complications
		Crohn's disease	Ulcerative colitis
Nutrient deficiency		Higher risk
Colon cancer risk		Slight	Considerable
Prevalence of extraintestinal complications^[155]
Iritis/uveitis	Females	2.2%	3.2%
Iritis/uveitis	Males	1.3%	0.9%
Primary sclerosing cholangitis	Females	0.3%	1%
Primary sclerosing cholangitis	Males	0.4%	3%
Ankylosing spondylitis	Females	0.7%	0.8%
Ankylosing spondylitis	Males	2.7%	1.5%
Pyoderma gangrenosum	Females	1.2%	0.8%
Pyoderma gangrenosum	Males	1.3%	0.7%
Erythema nodosum	Females	1.9%	2%
Erythema nodosum	Males	0.6%	0.7%

Complications

Crohn's disease can lead to several mechanical complications within the intestines, including obstruction, fistulae, and abscesses.

Obstruction typically occurs from strictures or adhesions that narrow the lumen, blocking the passage of the intestinal contents.

Fistulae can develop between two loops of bowel, between the bowel and bladder, between the bowel and vagina, and between the bowel and skin.

Abscesses are walled off collections of infection, which can occur in the abdomen or in the perianal area.

Crohn's is responsible for 10% of vesicoenteric fistulae, and is the most common cause of ileovesical fistulae.^[156]

Endoscopic image of colon cancer identified in the sigmoid colon on screening colonoscopy for Crohn's disease

Crohn's disease also increases the risk of cancer in the area of inflammation. For example, individuals with Crohn's disease involving the small bowel are at higher risk for small intestinal cancer. Similarly, people with Crohn's colitis have a relative risk of 5.6 for developing colon cancer.^[157] Screening for colon cancer with colonoscopy is recommended for anyone who has had Crohn's colitis for at least eight years.^[158] Some studies suggest there is a role for chemoprotection in the prevention of colorectal cancer in Crohn's involving the colon; two agents have been suggested, folate and mesalamine preparations.^[159]

Individuals with Crohn's disease are at risk of malnutrition for many reasons, including decreased food intake and malabsorption. The risk increases following resection of the small bowel. Such individuals may require oral supplements to increase their caloric intake, or in severe cases, total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Most people with moderate or severe Crohn's disease are referred to a dietitian for assistance in nutrition.^[160]

The major significant complications of Crohn's disease, including bowel obstruction, abscesses, free perforation and hemorrhage,^[161] in rare cases,^[162] may be fatal.^[163]

Crohn's disease can be problematic during pregnancy, and some medications can cause adverse outcomes for the fetus or mother. Consultation with an obstetrician and gastroenterologist about Crohn's disease and all medications facilitates preventative measures. In some cases, remission occurs during pregnancy. Certain medications can also lower sperm count or otherwise adversely affect a man's fertility.^[164]

Epidemiology

The percentage of people with Crohn's disease has been determined in Norway and the United States and is similar at 6 to 7.1:100,000. The Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America cites this number as approx 149:100,000; NIH cites 28 to 199 per 100,000.^[165]^[166] Crohn's disease is more common in northern countries, and with higher rates still in the northern areas of these countries.^[167] The incidence of Crohn's disease is thought to be similar in Europe but lower in Asia and Africa.^[165] It also has a higher incidence in Ashkenazi Jews^[1]^[168] and smokers.^[169]

Crohn's disease begins most commonly in people in their teens and 20s, and people in their 50s through to their 70s.^[1]^[23] It is rarely diagnosed in early childhood. It usually affects females children more severely than males.^[170] However, only slightly more women than men have Crohn's disease.^[171] Parents, siblings or children of people with Crohn's disease are 3 to 20 times more likely to develop the disease.^[172] Twin studies find that if one has the disease there is a 55% chance the other will too.^[173]

History

Inflammatory bowel diseases were described by Giovanni Battista Morgagni (1682–1771) and by Scottish physician T. Kennedy Dalziel in 1913.^[174]

Ileitis terminalis was first described by Polish surgeon Antoni Leśniowski in 1904, although it was not conclusively distinguished from intestinal tuberculosis.^[175] In Poland is it still called Leśniowski-Crohn's disease. Burrill Bernard Crohn, an American gastroenterologist at New York City's Mount Sinai Hospital, described fourteen cases in 1932, and submitted them to the American Medical Association under the rubric of "Terminal ileitis: A new clinical entity". Later that year, he, along with colleagues Leon Ginzburg and Gordon Oppenheimer published the case series as "Regional ileitis: a pathologic and clinical entity". However, due to the precedence of Crohn's name in the alphabet, it later became known in the worldwide literature as Crohn's disease.^[17]

Research

Some evidence supports the hypothesis that the bacterium Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is a cause of Crohn’s disease (see also Johne's disease). As a result, researchers are looking at the eradication of MAP as a therapeutic option.^[176] Treating MAP using antibiotics has been examined and the results are unclear but tentatively beneficial.^[177]^[178] Vaccination against MAP is also being studied. An anti-MAP vaccine appears effective in mice and cattle with MAP with no apparent side effects.^[176]^[179] Trials in human are pending.^[180]

Recent studies using helminthic therapy or hookworms to treat Crohn's Disease and other (non-viral) auto-immune diseases seem to yield promising results.^[181]

Numerous preclinical studies demonstrate that activation of the CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors exert biological functions on the gastrointestinal tract.^[182] Activation of CB1 and CB2 receptors in animals has shown a strong anti-inflammatory effect.^[183] Cannabinoids and/or modulation of the endocannabinoid system is a novel therapeutic means for the treatment of numerous GI disorders, including inflammatory bowel diseases like Crohn's disease.^[184] A few small trials have looked at medical cannabis but further evidence is required to determine its usefulness.^[152]

There is no good evidence that thalidomide or lenalidomide is useful to bring about or maintain remission.^[185]^[186]

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^ Evans JP, Steinhart AH, Cohen Z, McLeod RS; Steinhart; Cohen; McLeod (2003). "Home Total Parenteral Nutrition an Alternative to Early Surgery for Complicated Inflammatory Bowel Disease". Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery 7 (4): 562–6. doi:10.1016/S1091-255X(02)00132-4. PMID 12763417.
^ "Complications of Crohn's Disease". Centocor Ortho Biotech. Retrieved 2009-11-07. ^{[dead link]}
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^ ^a ^b Agrawal G, Borody TJ, Chamberlin W; Borody; Chamberlin (2014). "'Global warming' to Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis". Future Microbiology 9 (7): 829–832. doi:10.2217/fmb.14.52. ISSN 1746-0913. PMID 25156371.
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^ Akobeng, AK; Stokkers, PC (Apr 15, 2009). "Thalidomide and thalidomide analogues for maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease.". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2): CD007351. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007351.pub2. PMID 19370685.

External links

Crohn's disease at DMOZ

UpToDate Contents

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1. 成人の軽症クローン病（低リスク）への内科的マネージメントの概要overview of the medical management of mild low risk crohn disease in adults [show details]
…patients with mild Crohn disease, but top-down therapy for patients with moderate to severe Crohn disease. For induction of remission in low-risk patients with mild Crohn disease affecting the ileum …
2. Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and prognosis of Crohn’s disease in adultsclinical manifestations diagnosis and prognosis of crohns disease in adults [show details]
…Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is comprised of two major disorders: ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn disease (CD). UC affects the colon and is characterized by inflammation of the mucosal layer. CD is characterized …
3. 合併症の発症リスクの高い中等症から重症のクローン病を患う成人患者に行う治療の概要overview of medical management of high risk adult patients with moderate to severe crohn disease [show details]
…patients with moderate to severe Crohn disease in the outpatient setting. This topic also provides an overview of the approach to the acutely ill patient with Crohn disease. Our recommendations are generally …
4. 小児や青年のクローン病マネージメントの概要overview of the management of crohn disease in children and adolescents [show details]
… There are five principal components of a program for management of Crohn disease (CD) in children and adolescents: Medications; Surgery; Nutritional rehabilitation; Psychosocial support; Colorectal cancer …
5. 小児や青年のクローン病の臨床症状clinical manifestations of crohn disease in children and adolescents [show details]
… Crohn disease (CD, also known as regional enteritis) is an immune-mediated inflammatory disease that can affect any portion of the intestinal tract from the mouth to the anus. The disease typically involves …

English Journal

Discontinuation of anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy in inflammatory bowel disease patients: a prospective observation.

Bortlik M1,2, Duricova D1,3, Machkova N1, Hruba V1, Lukas M1, Mitrova K1,4, Romanko I1, Bina V5, Malickova K6, Kolar M7, Lukas M1,6.
Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology.Scand J Gastroenterol.2016 Feb;51(2):196-202. doi: 10.3109/00365521.2015.1079924. Epub 2015 Sep 2.
BACKGROUND: Discontinuation of anti-TNF therapy in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) in remission remains a controversial issue. The aims of our study were to assess the proportion of patients who relapse after cessation of biological treatment, and to identify potential risk factors o
PMID 26329773

Detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in cheeses from small ruminants in Tuscany.

Galiero A1, Fratini F2, Mataragka A3, Turchi B2, Nuvoloni R2, Ikonomopoulos J3, Cerri D2.
International journal of food microbiology.Int J Food Microbiol.2016 Jan 18;217:195-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.10.029. Epub 2015 Oct 31.
Paratuberculosis is an infectious disease which affects mainly domestic and wild ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map). Map has been associated with human diseases like Crohn disease, type-1 diabetes, sarcoidosis, multiple sclerosis and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. The ai
PMID 26555160

Quantitative Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound Parameters in Crohn Disease: Their Role in Disease Activity Determination With Ultrasound.

Medellin-Kowalewski A1, Wilkens R1,2,3,4, Wilson A5, Ruan J6, Wilson SR1,2.
AJR. American journal of roentgenology.AJR Am J Roentgenol.2016 Jan;206(1):64-73. doi: 10.2214/AJR.15.14506.
OBJECTIVE: The primary objective of our study was to examine the association between contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) parameters and established gray-scale ultrasound with color Doppler imaging (CDI) for the determination of disease activity in patients with Crohn disease. Our secondary objective
PMID 26700336

Japanese Journal

短期間にイレウスを繰り返した回腸末端の腸管子宮内膜症の1例

吉田はるか,工藤智洋,椎名啓介,長沼篤
消化器内視鏡の進歩：Progress of Digestive Endoscopy 87(1), 164-165, 2015
… Although the bioptic diagnosis was non-specific ileitis, she had two recurrences within two months after the first hospitalization. … The glandular structure was also present in the appendix and a regional lymph node (#202) . …
NAID 130005119182

回腸転移部への魚骨嵌入を契機に術後12年目に診断した胃癌再発の1例

柚木崎絋司,東大里,糸原久美子,志村陽子,杉原奈央,金鏞民,宮崎純一,阿部孝,島谷昌明,李兆亮,田村公佑,山﨑之良,田邉淳,中尾珠希,花咲優子,東忠里
日本腹部救急医学会雑誌 34(4), 845-848, 2014
症例は78歳，男性。2000年に胃癌に対し胃全摘術（Roux-en Y再建）が施行された。病理診断は胃癌（MU，Post，Type1，10.5×6.5cm，por2，INFγ，se，ly3，v0，pT3，N2，P0，H0，M0，stageⅢb；por）であった。術後18ヵ月間ドキシフルリジン600mg/dayが投与され再発なかった。 2012年9月に腹痛で受診し，魚骨による回腸末端炎が疑われた。終 …
NAID 130004890852

腸閉塞として発症したアレルギー性肉芽腫性血管炎の１例

有賀浩子,五箇猛一,千須和寿直,大森敏弘,田内克典,小池秀夫
日本臨床外科学会雑誌 64(1), 116-119, 2003
症例は32歳の男性.腹痛,嘔吐,腹部膨満感を主訴として来院し,腹部X線検査でニボー像を認めたため腸閉塞の診断で入院となった.右下腹部に圧痛があり腹部超音波とCT検査所見で回腸末端炎と判断し,保存的治療を施行した.症状は一旦改善するも経口摂取再開にて症状の再燃を繰り返した.注腸造影と大腸内視鏡検査を施行し終末回腸に明らかな異常はみられなかったが,保存的治療によっても症状改善しないため開腹術を施行した …
NAID 130003603278

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「クローン病」「ileocolitis」「granulomatous enteritis」「限局性回腸炎」
関連記事	「region」「regional」

「クローン病」

Crohn's disease
	The three most common sites of intestinal involvement in Crohn's disease are ileal, ileocolic and colonic.
Classification and external resources
ICD-10	K50
ICD-9	555
OMIM	266600
DiseasesDB	3178
MedlinePlus	000249
eMedicine	med/477 ped/507 radio/197
Patient UK	Crohn's disease
MeSH	D003424

　　[★]

英: Crohn disease, Crohn's disease
同: Crohn病; 限局性回腸炎 regional ileitis、回腸末端炎、終末回腸炎 terminal ileitis
関: 潰瘍性大腸炎、炎症性腸疾患 inflammatory bowel disease

first aid step1 2006 p.113,140,276,280,283,326,427
see also 消化器系チュートリアルの材料.xls

まとめ

特定疾患治療研究事業に含まれる疾患である(特定疾患)。消化管のあらゆる部位に非連続性に起こる原因不明・全層性の慢性肉芽腫性炎症疾患である。10歳後半から20歳代の若年者に多く、また男性に多い(男女比2:1)。病因は不明であるが、炎症反応の亢進であるかもしれない。病理学的にはリンパ球、形質細胞浸潤を伴う全層性炎症像がみられる。また、非乾酪性類上皮細胞肉芽腫が特徴的である。症状は腹痛、下痢、発熱、体重減少などあり、肛門病変(痔瘻や裂肛)が初発することがある。血液検査では炎症所見(WBC,CRP上昇、赤沈亢進)が見られ、貧血、低栄養の所見、またα1アンチトリプシン試験で異常となる。画像検査では、非連続性の病変が認められ、またアフタ状潰瘍、腸間膜付着側の縦列潰瘍、敷石像、瘻孔形成、肛門病変が認められる。治療は内科的治療が中心である。絶食、栄養療法(成分栄養剤による経腸栄養療法、経静脈栄養。小腸ok)、薬物療法(サラゾスルファピリジン(大腸only)、メサラジン(小腸・大腸ok)。ステロイド(栄養療法・5-アミノサリチル酸不応例)、インフリキシマブ、免疫抑制薬、顆粒球吸着療法(GCAP)が行われる。外科療法は狭窄、膿瘍、肛門病変に対して行われる。(SSUR.535 YN A-62)

比較

Table 15-10. Distinctive Features of Crohn Disease and Ulcerative Colitis*
Feature	Crohn Disease (Small intestine)	Crohn Disease (Colon)	Ulcerative Colitis
Macroscopic
Bowel region	Ileum ± colon†	Colon ± ileum	Colon only
Distribution	Skip lesions	Skip lesions	Diffuse
Stricture	Early	Variable	Late/rare
Wall appearance	Thickened	Variable	Thin
Dilation	No	Yes	Yes
Microscopic
Pseudopolyps	None to slight	Marked	Marked
Ulcers	Deep, linear	Deep, linear	Superficial
Lymphoid reaction	Marked	Marked	Mild
Fibrosis	Marked	Moderate	Mild
Serositis	Marked	Variable	Mild to none
Granulomas	Yes (40% to 60%)	Yes (40% to 60%)	No
Fistulas/sinuses	Yes	Yes	No
Clinical
Fat/vitamin malabsorption	Yes	Yes, if ileum	No
Malignant potential	Yes	Yes	Yes
Response to surgery‡	Poor	Fair	Good

概念

原因不明の炎症性疾患
腸壁全層に肉芽腫形成が見られる
小腸や大腸に縦走潰瘍、敷石像、アフタの形成

病型

病変の存在部位により分類(小腸型、小腸大腸型、大腸型、特殊型など)

頻度：小腸大腸型＞小腸型＞＞大腸型

病理

全層に及ぶ縦走潰瘍、敷石像、アフタの形成

クローン病	腸結核	腸管ベーチェット病
縦走潰瘍	輪状潰瘍	打ち抜き状潰瘍
敷石像	帯状潰瘍	下掘れ状潰瘍

病因

遺伝的因子 + 環境因子(食餌抗原や細菌、ウイルス感染など)　→　免疫異常　→　腸管に慢性炎症性変化

症状

主要症状：腹痛、下痢、発熱、体重減少　←　水様性下痢が一般的で血便が見られることは少ない(QB.A-142)
腹痛(臍周囲部および回盲部痛)、間欠性発熱、下痢、嘔吐、肛門部病変。体重減少、貧血

合併症

1. 消化管合併症:狭窄、瘻孔、痔瘻、肛門周囲膿瘍
2. 消化管外合併症

(a)血液：貧血、低蛋白血症
(b)関節：関節炎、強直性脊椎炎
(c)皮膚：口腔内アフタ、結節性紅斑、壊死性膿皮症
(d)　　：多形滲出性紅斑
(e)眼　：虹彩炎、ぶどう膜炎
(f)栄養代謝：成長障害、微量元素欠乏、ビタミン欠乏
(g)アミロイドーシスなど
(h)悪性腫瘍：腸癌など　←　悪性腫瘍は潰瘍性大腸炎の方が頻度が高い
(i)そのほか：原発性硬化性胆管炎

続発症

ビタミンK欠乏症

検査

腹部単純X線写真：イレウスを疑う症例ではニボーの確認のために重要。クローン病の確定診断にはやくにたたない。
上部消化管内視鏡
下部消化管内視鏡
小腸造影：小腸病変の評価。特に回腸末端の病変、程度、潰瘍、狭窄、瘻孔
腹部造影CT：TNFα阻害薬やステロイドを用いる際には、腹部から触知下腫瘤が腸管の癒着か、膿瘍の合併によるものかを評価する必要がある(QB.A-144)
注腸造影：大腸病変の描出

[show details]

診断

[show details]

(1)

臨床所見

消化管病変

腸病変

　　（a）縦走潰瘍(注1)

　　（b）敷石像(注2)

　　（c）腸管の狭小，狭窄

　　（d）非連続性又は区域性病変(いわゆるskip lesion)

　　（e）内瘻(腸-腸瘻，腸-膀胱瘻，直腸-腟瘻など)

　　（f）外瘻(腸-皮膚瘻)

　　（g）不整形潰瘍

　　（h）多発アフタ(注3)

肛門病変

　　（a）難治性痔瘍

　　（b）肛門周囲膿瘍

　　（c）裂肛

　　（d）潰瘍

　　（e）肛門皮垂(skip tag)など

胃・十二指腸病変

　　（a）多発アフタ

　　（b）潰瘍

　　（c）狭窄など

　　（d）敷石像など

消化管外病変

　　血液：貧血，低蛋白血症

　　関節：腸性関節炎，強直性脊椎炎

　　皮膚：口内アフタ，結節性紅斑，壊死性膿皮症，多形滲出性紅斑など

　　眼：虹彩炎，ぶどう膜炎など

　　栄養代謝：成長障害，微量元素欠乏，ビタミン欠乏(ビタミンB12，葉酸など)，アミロイドーシスなど

　　悪性腫瘍：腸癌など

　　その他：原発性硬化性胆管炎

病理学的所見

切除標本肉眼所見

　　縦走潰瘍(注1)

　　敷石像(注2)

切除標本組織所見

　　非乾酪性類上皮細胞肉芽腫(局所リンパ節にもみられることがある)(注4)

　　全層性炎症(注5)

　　裂溝

　　潰瘍

生検組織所見

　　非乾酪性類上皮細胞肉芽腫(注4)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(注1)腸管の腸軸方向に4～5cm以上の長さを有する潰瘍で活動期潰瘍では，近傍に炎症性ポリープや敷石像を伴うことが多い。虚血性大腸炎で縦走潰瘍を認めることがあるが，炎症性ポリポーシスや敷石像を伴うことは稀である。潰瘍性大腸炎で縦走潰瘍を認めることがあるが，その周辺粘膜は潰瘍性大腸炎に特徴的な所見を呈する。

(注2)縦走潰瘍とその周辺小潰瘍間の大小不同の密集した粘膜隆起であり，密在した炎症性ポリポーシスもこれに含める。虚血性大腸炎の場合，肉眼標本上で浮腫や残存粘膜等が敷石像類似の所見を呈することがあるが，その高さは低く，発赤調が強い。

(注3)クローン病では縦列することがある。

(注4)非乾酪性類上皮細胞肉芽腫は腸結核でも認められることがある。

(注5)主にリンパ球からなる集簇巣が消化管壁全層にみられるもの。

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診断の基準

（１）主要所見

　　A. 縦走潰瘍

　　B. 敷石像

　　C. 非乾酪性類上皮細胞肉芽腫

（２）副所見

　　a. 縦列する不整形潰瘍又はアフタ

　　b. 上部消化管と下部消化管の両者に認められる不整形潰瘍又はアフタ

確診例　１主要所見のA又はBを有するもの(注6，7)。

　　　　２主要所見のCと副所見のいずれか１つを有するもの。

疑診例　１副所見のいずれかを有するもの(注8)。

　　　　２主要所見のCのみを有するもの(注9)。

　　　　３主要所見のA又はBを有するが虚血性大腸炎，潰瘍性大腸炎と鑑別ができないもの。

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(注6)縦走潰瘍のみの場合，虚血性大腸炎や潰瘍性大腸炎を除外することが必要である。

(注7)敷石像のみの場合，虚血性大腸炎を除外することが必要である。

(注8)副所見bのみで疑診とした場合は同所見が3カ月恒存することが必要である。

(注9)腸結核などの肉芽腫などを有する炎症性疾患を除外することが必要である。

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鑑別診断

IMD

潰瘍性大腸炎、腸結核、ベーチェット病、単純性腸潰瘍、虚血性大腸炎、感染性腸炎、薬物性腸炎、アミロイドーシス

治療

YN.A-66

	クローン病	潰瘍性大腸炎
病因？？？	炎症反応亢進	免疫応答の異常
寛解導入	栄養療法
	5-アミノサリチル酸(大: サラゾスルファピリジン、小: メサラジン)	5-アミノサリチル酸(大: サラゾスルファピリジン、小: メサラジン)
	ステロイド	ステロイド
	抗TNF-α抗体
	シプロフロキサシン、メトロニダゾール	ATM療法
	顆粒球吸着療法(白血球除去療法)	顆粒球吸着療法(白血球除去療法)
		免疫抑制薬
緩解維持	在宅経腸栄養法	無治療～5-アミノサリチル酸(大: サラゾスルファピリジン)
	5-アミノサリチル酸
	免疫抑制薬
外科	狭窄、難治性痔瘻	大出血、狭窄、穿孔、中毒性巨大結腸症、癌化

外科療法

狭窄、瘻孔形成、痔瘻の場合に適応となる。
腸切除の後遺症：吸収障害(脂肪＞蛋白＞糖)、[回盲部切除]胆汁酸・ビタミンB12の吸収不良、小腸内細菌異常増殖(結腸からの侵入？)

USMLE

Q book p.290

参考

1.

http://homepage3.nifty.com/mickeym/No.101_200/163kuro.html

2. 病理学コア UC

http://jsp.umin.ac.jp/corepictures2007/09/c01/index.html

3. 株式会社JIMRO　IBDの診断と治療

http://www.jimro.co.jp/ibd/index_ibd.htm

4. クローン病の治療指針　活動期の治療2010

http://mimibukuro.org/cd/medical-guideline08/2/

5. クローン病注腸造影

アフタ病変

http://www.ajronline.org/content/179/4/1029/F14.expansion

縦走潰瘍

http://www.ajronline.org/content/179/4/1029/F12.expansion

偽ポリープ

http://rfs.acr.org/gamuts/data/images/ID1143.htm

国試

103D037、101E019、101E020、101E021

「ileocolitis」

　　[★] 回結腸炎

関: Crohn disease、Crohn's disease、granulomatous colitis、granulomatous enteritis、regional enteritis、regional ileitis、terminal ileitis

「granulomatous enteritis」

　　[★]

肉芽腫性腸炎

関: Crohn disease、Crohn's disease、granulomatous colitis、ileocolitis、regional enteritis、regional ileitis、terminal ileitis

「限局性回腸炎」

　　[★]

英: regional ileitis
関: クローン病、限局性腸炎、肉芽腫性大腸炎、回結腸炎、回腸末端炎、肉芽腫性腸炎,終末回腸炎

「region」

　　[★]

n.

領域、区域、部分、地域

関: area、district、division、domain、local、moiety、part、partial、piece、portion、realm、regional、segment、segmental、territory、universe

「regional」

　　[★]

領域の、領域性の、局所の

関: area、domain、local、locoregional、realm、region、regionally、spot、territory、universe

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regional ileitis

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Contents

Signs and symptoms

Gastrointestinal

Systemic

Extraintestinal

Cause

Genetics

Immune system

Microbes

Environmental factors

Pathophysiology

Diagnosis

Classification

Endoscopy

Radiologic tests

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Comparison with ulcerative colitis

Management

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症状

合併症

続発症

検査

診断

臨床所見

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「ileocolitis」

「granulomatous enteritis」

「限局性回腸炎」

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「regional」