WordNet
- the process of removing impurities (as from oil or metals or sugar etc.) (同)refinement, purification
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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2015/04/09 03:51:42」(JST)
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Refining (also perhaps called by the mathematical term affining) is the process of purification of a (1) substance or a (2) form. The term is usually used of a natural resource that is almost in a usable form, but which is more useful in its pure form. For instance, most types of natural petroleum will burn straight from the ground, but it will burn poorly and quickly clog an engine with residues and by-products. The term is broad, and may include more drastic transformations, such as the reduction of ore to metal (for which see Refining (metallurgy)).
The refining of liquids is often accomplished by distillation or fractionation. Gases can be refined in this way as well, by being cooled and/or compressed until they liquefy. Gases and liquids can also be refined by extraction with a selective solvent that dissolves away either the substance of interest, or the unwanted impurities.
Many solids can be refined by growing crystals in a solution of the impure material; the regular structure of the crystal tends to favor the desired material and exclude other kinds of particles.
Chemical reactions are often used to remove impurities of particular types.
The use of silicon and other semiconductors in electronics depends on precise control of impurities. The zone melting process developed by William Gardner Pfann was used to produce pure germanium, and subsequently float-zone silicon became available when Henry Theuerer of Bell Labs adapted Pfann's method to silicon.
Types of materials that are usually refined:
- metals - see Refining (metallurgy)
- petroleum
- silicon
- sugar
- table salt
- vegetable oil
- air
See also
- Continuous distillation
- Natural gas processing
- Oil refinery
- Refinery
- Refining (metallurgy)
- Wafer (electronics)
- Air separation
UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- The Moving Lines on Electron Spectra as Charge Reflexes on Non-equilibrium States of Nanostructured Surfaces.
- Mishchuk OA1.
- Nanoscale research letters.Nanoscale Res Lett.2016 Dec;11(1):202. doi: 10.1186/s11671-016-1395-8. Epub 2016 Apr 16.
- The experimental results present the phenomenon of moving lines on electron spectra which are linked spatially and in time with the localization and durability of the processes of new surface producing in folds and grain boundaries. This effect was also realized for a thin-layer composite "organic o
- PMID 27083583
- Physicochemical and sensory characterization of refined and deodorized tuna (Thunnus albacares) by-product oil obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis.
- de Oliveira DA1, Minozzo MG2, Licodiedoff S3, Waszczynskyj N4.
- Food chemistry.Food Chem.2016 Sep 15;207:187-94. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.03.069. Epub 2016 Mar 21.
- In this study, the effects of chemical refining and deodorization on fatty acid profiles and physicochemical and sensory characteristics of the tuna by-product oil obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis were evaluated. Enzymatic extraction was conducted for 120min at 60°C and pH 6.5 using Alcalase at an
- PMID 27080896
- Application of pH-zone refining hydrostatic countercurrent chromatography (hCCC) for the recovery of antioxidant phenolics and the isolation of alkaloids from Siberian barberry herb.
- Kukula-Koch W1, Koch W2, Angelis A3, Halabalaki M4, Aligiannis N5.
- Food chemistry.Food Chem.2016 Jul 15;203:394-401. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.02.096. Epub 2016 Feb 15.
- The development of a fast hCCC method tailored to recover phenolics of Siberian barberry (Berberis sibirica, Berberidaceae) responsible for the observed strong antioxidant activity was performed. Initially, the optimization of extraction procedure was evaluated based on the antiradical potential ass
- PMID 26948630
Japanese Journal
- Zone Refining of Aluminum and Its Simulation
- Nakamura Masayoshi,Watanabe Mahiko,Tanaka Kisaburou [他]
- Materials transactions 55(4), 664-670, 2014-04
- NAID 40020032397
- 大阪大学における学生参加型FD・教育改善活動の比較分析 : パンキョー革命・STAR 阪・人科祭シンポジウムを事例として
- 前田 裕介,服部 憲児,マエダ ユウスケ,ハットリ ケンジ,Maeda Yusuke,Hattori Kenji
- 大阪大学高等教育研究 2, 33-48, 2014-03-31
- … This research compares the "activity contents", "activity objectives and policies", "activity background and current university conditions", "relationship between students and faculty", and "achievement status of results and goals" of three Students-Participatory FD activities, namely Liberal Arts Revolution, Student-Teacher Association for Refining HANDAI, and School of Human Sciences Festival Symposium, which have been implemented at Osaka University over the last 30 years. …
- NAID 120005422611
- Lipase Pre-Hydrolysis Enhance Anaerobic Biodigestion of Soap Stock from an Oil Refining Industry
- Cherif Slim,Aloui Fathi,Carriere Frederic [他]
- Journal of Oleo Science 63(2), 109-114, 2014-02
- NAID 40019952563
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- Refining (also called affining) is the process of purification of a (1) substance or a (2) form. The term is usually used of a natural resource that is almost in a usable form, but which is more useful in its pure form. For instance, most ...
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