redox system

• 酸化還元系

WordNet

1. (physical chemistry) a sample of matter in which substances in different phases are in equilibrium; "in a static system oil cannot be replaced by water on a surface"; "a system generating hydrogen peroxide"
2. instrumentality that combines interrelated interacting artifacts designed to work as a coherent entity; "he bought a new stereo system"; "the system consists of a motor and a small computer"
3. a group of independent but interrelated elements comprising a unified whole; "a vast system of production and distribution and consumption keep the country going" (同)scheme
4. a complex of methods or rules governing behavior; "they have to operate under a system they oppose"; "that language has a complex system for indicating gender" (同)system of rules
5. a group of physiologically or anatomically related organs or parts; "the body has a system of organs for digestion"
6. a procedure or process for obtaining an objective; "they had to devise a system that did not depend on cooperation"
7. the living body considered as made up of interdependent components forming a unified whole; "exercise helped him get the alcohol out of his system"
8. of a color at the end of the color spectrum (next to orange); resembling the color of blood or cherries or tomatoes or rubies (同)reddish, ruddy, blood-red, carmine, cerise, cherry, cherry-red, crimson, ruby, ruby-red, scarlet
9. red color or pigment; the chromatic color resembling the hue of blood (同)redness

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 〈C〉(関連した部分から成る)『体系』,系統,組織[網],装置 / 〈C〉(教育・政治などの)『制度』,機構;《the~》体制 / 〈C〉(思想・学問などの)『体系』,学説 / 〈C〉(…の)『方法』,方式,やり方《+of doing》 / 〈U〉正しい方針(筋道,順序) / 〈U〉《the~》(身体の)組織,系統 / 〈U〉《the~,one's~》身体,全身
2. 〈U〉〈C〉『赤,』『赤色;』赤い絵の具(染料) / 〈U〉赤い服 / 〈C〉《しばしば『R-』》《話》《時に軽べつして》アカ,共産主義者;過激論(主義)者 / 〈U〉《通例the ~》(会計の)赤字,負債 / 『赤い』,赤色の / (顔・目などが)赤くなった;血に染った / 赤い服を着た;赤毛の / 《しばしば『R-』》《話》《軽べつして》共産主義の;過激な
3. …‘を'再びする,やり直す

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/05/17 19:08:09」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Illustration of a redox reaction

Redox (reduction-oxidation) reactions include all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation state changed. This can be either a simple redox process, such as the oxidation of carbon to yield carbon dioxide (CO₂) or the reduction of carbon by hydrogen to yield methane (CH₄), or a complex process such as the oxidation of glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) in the human body through a series of complex electron transfer processes.

Redox reactions, or oxidation-reduction reactions, have a number of similarities to acid-base reactions. Fundamentally, redox reactions are a family of reactions that are concerned with the transfer of electrons between species.

The term comes from the two concepts of reduction and oxidation. It can be explained in simple terms:

• Oxidation is the loss of electrons or an increase in oxidation state by a molecule, atom, or ion.
• Reduction is the gain of electrons or a decrease in oxidation state by a molecule, atom, or ion.

Like acid-base reactions, redox reactions are a matched set, that is, there cannot be an oxidation reaction without a reduction reaction happening simultaneously. The oxidation alone and the reduction alone are each called a half-reaction, because two half-reactions always occur together to form a whole reaction. When writing half-reactions, the gained or lost electrons are typically included explicitly in order that the half-reaction be balanced with respect to electric charge.

Though sufficient for many purposes, these descriptions are not precisely correct. Oxidation and reduction properly refer to a change in oxidation state — the actual transfer of electrons may never occur. Thus, oxidation is better defined as an increase in oxidation state, and reduction as a decrease in oxidation state. In practice, the transfer of electrons will always cause a change in oxidation state, but there are many reactions that are classed as "redox" even though no electron transfer occurs (such as those involving covalent bonds).

Non-redox reactions which do not involve changes in formal charge are known as metathesis reactions.^{[citation needed]}

The two parts of a redox reaction

Rusting iron

A bonfire. Combustion consists of redox reactions involving free radicals.

Etymology

The word oxidation originally implied reaction with oxygen to form an oxide, since (di)oxygen was historically the first recognized oxidizing agent. Later, the meaning was generalized to include all processes involving loss of electrons.

The word reduction originally referred to the loss in weight upon heating a metallic ore such as a metal oxide to extract the metal. Lavoisier showed that this loss of weight was due to the loss of oxygen as a gas. Later, scientists realized that the metal atom gains electrons in this process. The meaning of reduction was then generalized to include all processes involving gain of electrons.

The electrochemist John Bockris has used the words electronation and deelectronation to describe reduction and oxidation processes respectively when they occur at electrodes. These words are analogous to protonation and deprotonation, but they have not been widely adopted by chemists.

Oxidizing and reducing agents

In redox processes, the reductant transfers electrons to the oxidant. Thus, in the reaction, the reductant or reducing agent loses electrons and is oxidized, and the oxidant or oxidizing agent gains electrons and is reduced. The pair of an oxidizing and reducing agent that are involved in a particular reaction is called a redox pair. A redox couple is a reducing species and its corresponding oxidized form, e.g., Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺.

Oxidizers

Substances that have the ability to oxidize other substances are said to be oxidative or oxidizing and are known as oxidizing agents, oxidants, or oxidizers. That is, the oxidant (oxidizing agent) removes electrons from another substance; i.e., it oxidizes other substances, and is thus itself reduced. And, because it "accepts" electrons, it is also called an electron acceptor.

Oxidants are usually chemical substances with elements in high oxidation states (e.g., H₂O₂, MnO−
4, CrO₃, Cr₂O2−
7, OsO₄), or else highly electronegative elements (O₂, F₂, Cl₂, Br₂) that can gain extra electrons by oxidizing another substance.

Reducers

Substances that have the ability to reduce other substances are said to be reductive or reducing and are known as reducing agents, reductants, or reducers. The reductant (reducing agent) transfers electrons to another substance; i.e., it reduces others, and is thus itself oxidized. And, because it "donates" electrons, it is also called an electron donor. Electron donors can also form charge transfer complexes with electron acceptors.

Reductants in chemistry are very diverse. Electropositive elemental metals, such as lithium, sodium, magnesium, iron, zinc, and aluminium, are good reducing agents. These metals donate or give away electrons readily. Hydride transfer reagents, such as NaBH₄ and LiAlH₄, are widely used in organic chemistry, primarily in the reduction of carbonyl compounds to alcohols. Another method of reduction involves the use of hydrogen gas (H₂) with a palladium, platinum, or nickel catalyst. These catalytic reductions are used primarily in the reduction of carbon-carbon double or triple bonds.

Standard electrode potentials (reduction potentials)

Each half-reaction has a standard electrode potential (E⁰_cell), which is equal to the potential difference (or voltage) (E⁰_cell) at equilibrium under standard conditions of an electrochemical cell in which the cathode reaction is the half-reaction considered, and the anode is a standard hydrogen electrode where hydrogen is oxidized: ½ H₂ → H⁺ + e^-.

The electrode potential of each half-reaction is also known as its reduction potential E⁰_red, or potential when the half-reaction takes place at a cathode. The reduction potential is a measure of the tendency of the oxidizing agent to be reduced. Its value is zero for H⁺ + e⁻ → ½ H₂ by definition, positive for oxidizing agents stronger than H⁺ (e.g., +2.866 V for F₂) and negative for oxidizing agents which are weaker than H⁺ (e.g. –0.763 V for Zn²⁺).

For a redox reaction which takes place in a cell, the potential difference E⁰_cell = E⁰_cathode – E⁰_anode

Historically, however, the potential of the reaction at the anode was sometimes expressed as an oxidation potential, E⁰_ox = – E⁰. The oxidation potential is a measure of the tendency of the reducing agent to be oxidized, but does not represent the physical potential at an electrode. With this notation, the cell voltage equation is written with a plus sign E⁰_cell = E⁰_cathode + E⁰_{ox (anode)}

Examples of redox reactions

A good example is the reaction between hydrogen and fluorine in which hydrogen is being oxidized and fluorine is being reduced:

H₂ + F₂ → 2 HF

We can write this overall reaction as two half-reactions:

the oxidation reaction:

H₂ → 2 H⁺ + 2 e⁻

and the reduction reaction:

F₂ + 2 e⁻ → 2 F⁻

Analyzing each half-reaction in isolation can often make the overall chemical process clearer. Because there is no net change in charge during a redox reaction, the number of electrons in excess in the oxidation reaction must equal the number consumed by the reduction reaction (as shown above).

Elements, even in molecular form, always have an oxidation state of zero. In the first half-reaction, hydrogen is oxidized from an oxidation state of zero to an oxidation state of +1. In the second half-reaction, fluorine is reduced from an oxidation state of zero to an oxidation state of −1.

When adding the reactions together the electrons are canceled:

H2	→	2 H+ + 2 e−
F2 + 2 e−	→	2 F−
H2 + F2	→	2 H+ + 2 F−

And the ions combine to form hydrogen fluoride:

2 H⁺ + 2 F⁻ → 2 HF

The overall reaction is:

H₂ + F₂ → 2 HF

Displacement reactions

Redox occurs in single displacement reactions or substitution reactions. The redox component of these types of reactions is the change of oxidation state (charge) on certain atoms, not the actual exchange of atoms in the compounds.

For example, in the reaction between iron and copper(II) sulfate solution:

Fe + CuSO₄ → FeSO₄ + Cu

The ionic equation for this reaction is:

Fe + Cu²⁺ → Fe²⁺ + Cu

As two half-equations, it is seen that the iron is oxidized:

Fe → Fe²⁺ + 2 e−

And the copper is reduced:

Cu²⁺ + 2 e−
→ Cu

Other examples

• The oxidation of iron(II) to iron(III) by hydrogen peroxide in the presence of an acid:

Fe²⁺ → Fe³⁺ + e⁻

H₂O₂ + 2 e⁻ → 2 OH⁻

Overall equation:

2 Fe²⁺ + H₂O₂ + 2 H⁺ → 2 Fe³⁺ + 2 H₂O

• The reduction of nitrate to nitrogen in the presence of an acid (denitrification):

2 NO₃⁻ + 10 e⁻ + 12 H⁺ → N₂ + 6 H₂O

Iron rusting in pyrite cubes

• Oxidation of elemental iron to iron(III) oxide by oxygen (commonly known as rusting, which is similar to tarnishing):

4 Fe + 3 O₂ → 2 Fe₂O₃

• The combustion of hydrocarbons, such as in an internal combustion engine, which produces water, carbon dioxide, some partially oxidized forms such as carbon monoxide, and heat energy. Complete oxidation of materials containing carbon produces carbon dioxide.

• In organic chemistry, the stepwise oxidation of a hydrocarbon by oxygen produces water and, successively, an alcohol, an aldehyde or a ketone, a carboxylic acid, and then a peroxide.

Redox reactions in industry

The primary process of reducing ore to produce metals is discussed in the article on Smelting.

Oxidation is used in a wide variety of industries such as in the production of cleaning products and oxidizing ammonia to produce nitric acid, which is used in most fertilizers.

Redox reactions are the foundation of electrochemical cells.

The process of electroplating uses redox reactions to coat objects with a thin layer of a material, as in chrome-plated automotive parts, silver plating cutlery, and gold-plated jewelry.

The production of compact discs depends on a redox reaction, which coats the disc with a thin layer of metal film.

Redox reactions in biology

Top: ascorbic acid (reduced form of Vitamin C)
Bottom: dehydroascorbic acid (oxidized form of Vitamin C)

Many important biological processes involve redox reactions.

Cellular respiration, for instance, is the oxidation of glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) to CO₂ and the reduction of oxygen to water. The summary equation for cell respiration is:

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂ → 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O

The process of cell respiration also depends heavily on the reduction of NAD⁺ to NADH and the reverse reaction (the oxidation of NADH to NAD⁺). Photosynthesis and Cellular respiration are complementary but photosynthesis is not the reverse of the redox reaction in cell respiration:

6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂

Biological energy is frequently stored and released by means of redox reactions. Photosynthesis involves the reduction of carbon dioxide into sugars and the oxidation of water into molecular oxygen. The reverse reaction, respiration, oxidizes sugars to produce carbon dioxide and water. As intermediate steps, the reduced carbon compounds are used to reduce nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺), which then contributes to the creation of a proton gradient, which drives the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and is maintained by the reduction of oxygen. In animal cells, mitochondria perform similar functions. See Membrane potential article.

Free radical reactions are redox reactions that occur as a part of homeostasis and killing microorganisms, where an electron detaches from a molecule and then reattaches almost instantaneously. Free radicals are a part of redox molecules and can become harmful to the human body if they do not reattach to the redox molecule or an antioxidant. Unsatisfied free radicals can spur the mutation of cells they encounter and are thus causes of cancer.

The term redox state is often used to describe the balance of NAD⁺/NADH and NADP⁺/NADPH in a biological system such as a cell or organ. The redox state is reflected in the balance of several sets of metabolites (e.g., lactate and pyruvate, beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate), whose interconversion is dependent on these ratios. An abnormal redox state can develop in a variety of deleterious situations, such as hypoxia, shock, and sepsis. Redox signaling involves the control of cellular processes by redox processes.

Redox proteins and their genes must be co-located for redox regulation according to the CoRR hypothesis for the function of DNA in mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Redox cycling

A wide variety of aromatic compounds are enzymatically reduced to form free radicals that contain one more electron than their parent compounds. In general, the electron donor is any of a wide variety of flavoenzymes and their coenzymes. Once formed, these anion free radicals reduce molecular oxygen to superoxide, and regenerate the unchanged parent compound. The net reaction is the oxidation of the flavoenzyme's coenzymes and the reduction of molecular oxygen to form superoxide. This catalytic behavior has been described as futile cycle or redox cycling.

Examples of redox cycling-inducing molecules are the herbicide paraquat and other viologens and quinones such as menadione.

Redox reactions in geology

A uranium mine, near Moab, Utah. Note alternating red and white/green sandstone. This corresponds to oxidized and reduced conditions in groundwater redox chemistry. The rock forms in oxidizing conditions, and is then "bleached" to the white/green state when a reducing fluid passes through the rock. The reduced fluid can also carry uranium-bearing minerals.

In geology, redox is important to both the formation of minerals, mobilization of minerals, and in some depositional environments. In general, the redox state of most rocks can be seen in the color of the rock. Red is associated with oxidizing conditions of formation, and green is typically associated with reducing conditions. White (bleached rock) can also be associated with reducing conditions. Famous examples of redox conditions affecting geological processes include uranium deposits and Moqui marbles.

Balancing redox reactions

Describing the overall electrochemical reaction for a redox process requires a balancing of the component half-reactions for oxidation and reduction. In general, for reactions in aqueous solution, this involves adding H⁺, OH⁻, H₂O, and electrons to compensate for the oxidation changes.

Acidic media

In acidic media, H⁺ ions and water are added to half reactions to balance the overall reaction.

For example, when manganese(II) reacts with sodium bismuthate:

Unbalanced reaction:	Mn2+(aq) + NaBiO3(s) → Bi3+(aq) + MnO4− (aq)
Oxidation:	4 H2O(l) + Mn2+(aq) → MnO− 4(aq) + 8 H+(aq) + 5 e−
Reduction:	2 e− + 6 H+ + BiO− 3(s) → Bi3+(aq) + 3 H2O(l)

The reaction is balanced by scaling the two half-cell reactions to involve the same number of electrons (multiplying the oxidation reaction by the number of electrons in the reduction step and vice versa):

8 H₂O(l) + 2 Mn²⁺(aq) → 2 MnO−
4(aq) + 16 H⁺(aq) + 10 e−

10 e−
+ 30 H⁺ + 5 BiO−
3(s) → 5 Bi³⁺(aq) + 15 H₂O(l)

Adding these two reactions eliminates the electrons terms and yields the balanced reaction:

14 H⁺(aq) + 2 Mn²⁺(aq) + 5 NaBiO₃(s) → 7 H₂O(l) + 2 MnO−
4(aq) + 5 Bi³⁺(aq) + 5 Na⁺(aq)

Basic media

In basic media, OH⁻ ions and water are added to half reactions to balance the overall reaction.

For example, in the reaction between potassium permanganate and sodium sulfite:

Unbalanced reaction:	KMnO4 + Na2SO3 + H2O → MnO2 + Na2SO4 + KOH
Reduction:	3 e− + 2 H2O + MnO4− → MnO2 + 4 OH−
Oxidation:	2 OH− + SO32− → SO42− + H2O + 2 e−

Balancing the number of electrons in the two half-cell reactions gives:

6 e−
+ 4 H₂O + 2 MnO₄⁻ → 2 MnO₂ + 8 OH⁻

6 OH⁻ + 3 SO₃²⁻ → 3 SO₄²⁻ + 3 H₂O + 6 e−

Adding these two half-cell reactions together gives the balanced equation:

2 KMnO₄ + 3 Na₂SO₃ + H₂O → 2 MnO₂ + 3 Na₂SO₄ + 2 KOH

Memory aids

The key terms involved in redox are often confusing to students. For example, an element that is oxidized loses electrons; however, that element is referred to as the reducing agent. Likewise, an element that is reduced gains electrons and is referred to as the oxidizing agent. Acronyms or mnemonics are commonly used to help remember what is happening:

• "OIL RIG"—Oxidation Is Loss of electrons, Reduction Is Gain of electrons.

• "LEO the lion says GER" — Loss of Electrons is Oxidation, Gain of Electrons is Reduction.

• "LEORA says GEROA" — Loss of Electrons is Oxidation (Reducing Agent) and Gain of Electrons is Reduced (Oxidizing Agent).

See also

Bessemer process Bioremediation Calvin cycle Chemical equation Chemical looping combustion Citric acid cycle Electrochemical cell Electrochemical series Electrochemistry Electrolysis Electron equivalent Electron transport chain Galvanic cell

Hydrogenation Membrane potential Organic redox reaction Oxidative addition and reductive elimination Oxidative phosphorylation Partial oxidation Pro-oxidant Reduced gas Reducing agent Reduction potential Thermic reaction Nucleophilic abstraction Transmetalation

References

• Schüring, J., Schulz, H. D., Fischer, W. R., Böttcher, J., Duijnisveld, W. H. (editors)(1999). Redox: Fundamentals, Processes and Applications, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 246 pp. ISBN 978-3-540-66528-1 (pdf 3,6 MB)
• Tratnyek, Paul G.; Grundl, Timothy J.; Haderlein, Stefan B., eds. (2011). Aquatic Redox Chemistry. ACS Symposium Series. 1071. doi:10.1021/bk-2011-1071. ISBN 9780841226524. 

External links

• Chemical Equation Balancer - An open source chemical equation balancer that handles redox reactions.
• Video - Synthesis of Copper(II) Acetate 20 Feb. 2009
• Redox reactions calculator
• Redox reactions at Chemguide
• Online redox reaction equation balancer, balances equations of any half-cell and full reactions

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

• 1. 自然免疫系の概要 an overview of the innate immune system
• 2. 二次性中枢神経系リンパ腫の臨床症状および診断 clinical presentation and diagnosis of secondary central nervous system lymphoma
• 3. 中枢神経系病変を有するHIV感染患者に対するアプローチ approach to hiv infected patients with central nervous system lesions
• 4. 中枢神経系シャントおよび他のデバイスの感染 infections of central nervous system shunts and other devices
• 5. 成人における中枢神経系の原発性血管炎 primary angiitis of the central nervous system in adults

English Journal

• Evaluation of oxygen exposure levels and polyphenolic content of red wines using an electronic panel formed by an electronic nose and an electronic tongue.

• Rodriguez-Mendez ML1, Apetrei C2, Gay M3, Medina-Plaza C3, de Saja JA4, Vidal S5, Aagaard O5, Ugliano M5, Wirth J6, Cheynier V6.Author information 1Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Escuela de Ingenierías Industriales, University of Valladolid, Paseo del Cauce, 59, 47011 Valladolid, Spain. Electronic address: mluz@eii.uva.es.2Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Escuela de Ingenierías Industriales, University of Valladolid, Paseo del Cauce, 59, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; Department of Chemistry, Physics and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Environment, "Dunărea de Jos" University of Galaţi, 47 Domneasca Street, 800008 Galaţi, Romania.3Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Escuela de Ingenierías Industriales, University of Valladolid, Paseo del Cauce, 59, 47011 Valladolid, Spain.4Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain.5Nomacorc, ZI Les Plénesses, 7 Chemin de Xhénorie, 4890 Thimister Clermont, Belgium.6UMR1083 Sciences pour l'Oenologie, INRA, 2 Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France.AbstractAn electronic panel formed by an electronic nose and an electronic tongue has been used to analyse red wines showing high and low phenolic contents, obtained by flash release and traditional soaking, respectively, and processed with or without micro-oxygenation. Four oxygen transfer rate conditions (0.8, 1.9, 8.0, and 11.9μloxygen/bottle/day) were ensured by using synthetic closures with controlled oxygen permeability and storage under controlled atmosphere. Twenty-five chemical parameters associated with the polyphenolic composition, the colour indices and the levels of oxygen were measured in triplicate and correlated with the signals registered (seven replicas) by means of the electronic nose and the electronic tongue using partial least squares regression analysis. The electronic nose and the electronic tongue showed particularly good correlations with those parameters associated with the oxygen levels and, in particular, with the influence of the porosity of the closure to oxygen exposure. In turn, the electronic tongue was particularly sensitive to redox species including oxygen and phenolic compounds. It has been demonstrated that a combined system formed from the electronic nose and the electronic tongue provides information about the chemical composition of both the gas and the liquid phase of red wines. This complementary information improves the capacity to predict values of oxygen-related parameters, phenolic content and colour parameters.
• Food chemistry.Food Chem.2014 Jul 15;155:91-7. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.01.021. Epub 2014 Jan 23.
• An electronic panel formed by an electronic nose and an electronic tongue has been used to analyse red wines showing high and low phenolic contents, obtained by flash release and traditional soaking, respectively, and processed with or without micro-oxygenation. Four oxygen transfer rate conditions
• PMID 24594159

• Mediator-free triple-enzyme cascade electrocatalytic aptasensor with exonuclease-assisted target recycling and hybridization chain reaction amplification.

• Peng K1, Zhao H1, Yuan Y2, Yuan R2, Wu X3.Author information 1Department of Kidney, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.2Key Laboratory on Luminescence and Real-Time Analysis, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.3Department of Kidney, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China. Electronic address: wuxfei@126.com.AbstractThe amplified sensitive detection of protein is essential to biomedical research as well as clinical diagnosis. Here, we developed an ultrasensitive mediator-free triple-enzyme cascade electrocatalytic aptasensor for thrombin detection on the basis of exonuclease-assisted target recycling and hybridization chain reaction (HCR) amplification strategy. The double strands constructed by the hybridization of thrombin binding aptamer (S1) with its complementary strand (S2) were firstly assembled on the electrode. Upon addition of target to the system, the S1 recognized thrombin and left off electrode to make space for assembly of hybrid-primer probe (H0). Then, the H0 triggered the HCR to form the multi-functional hemin/G-quadruplex DNAzyme nanowires. In the mediator-free triple-enzyme cascade electrocatalytic amplification system, the hemin/G-quadruplex DNAzyme nanowires here simultaneously played three roles: the redox probe, NADH oxidase and HRP-mimicking DNAzyme, respectively, which effectively avoided the fussy redox probe and enzyme labeling process, serving a useful alternative or supplement to conventional assays that typically suffer from complexity and poor sensitivity. Additionally, in order to improve the assembly amount of hemin/G-quadruplex DNAzyme nanowire, the exonuclease-assisted target recycling amplification was used for the continuous removal of S1. As a result, the proposed method can detect thrombin specifically with a detection limit as low as 20 fM.
• Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2014 May 15;55:366-71. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.12.008. Epub 2013 Dec 10.
• The amplified sensitive detection of protein is essential to biomedical research as well as clinical diagnosis. Here, we developed an ultrasensitive mediator-free triple-enzyme cascade electrocatalytic aptasensor for thrombin detection on the basis of exonuclease-assisted target recycling and hybrid
• PMID 24419079

• Development of an electrochemical method for Ochratoxin A detection based on aptamer and loop-mediated isothermal amplification.

• Xie S1, Chai Y2, Yuan Y1, Bai L1, Yuan R3.Author information 1Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Luminescence and Real-Time Analysis, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China.2Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Luminescence and Real-Time Analysis, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China. Electronic address: yqchai@swu.edu.cn.3Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Luminescence and Real-Time Analysis, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China. Electronic address: yuanruo@swu.edu.cn.AbstractLoop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is an outstanding DNA amplification procedure, in which the reaction can accumulate 10(9) copies from less than 10 copies of input template within an hour. While the amplification reaction is extremely powerful, the quantitative detection of LAMP products is still analytically difficult. Besides, the type of targets that LAMP can detect is also less, which to some extent limited the application of LAMP. In this study, we are reporting for the first time an efficient and accurate detection system which employs the integration of LAMP, aptamer and the electrochemical method for the sensitive detection of Ochratoxin A (OTA). Aptamers were designed as the forward outer primer to trigger the LAMP reaction, and then the LAMP amplification products were combined with a redox active molecule methylene blue (MB) and analyzed by an electrode using differential pulse voltammograms (DPV). As the reaction progresses, the MB intercalated into double-stranded regions of LAMP amplicons reduces the free MB concentration. Hence, the peak current of reaction mixture decreased with the amplification because of the slow diffusion of MB-amplified DNA complex to the electrode surface. The peak height of the current was related to the input amount of the aptamers, providing a ready means to detection the concentration of OTA. With such design, the proposed assay showed a good linear relationship within the range of 0.001-50 nM with a detection limit of 0.3 pM (defined as S/N = 3) for OTA.
• Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2014 May 15;55:324-9. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.11.009. Epub 2013 Dec 16.
• Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is an outstanding DNA amplification procedure, in which the reaction can accumulate 10(9) copies from less than 10 copies of input template within an hour. While the amplification reaction is extremely powerful, the quantitative detection of LAMP product
• PMID 24412766

Japanese Journal

• 直流マイクログリッドシステム

• 綾井 直樹,久田 俊哉,柴田 俊和 [他]
• SEIテクニカルレビュー (181), 124-128, 2012-07
• NAID 40019397010

• Thiol modulation of the chloroplast ATP synthase is dependent on the energization of thylakoid membranes

• Konno Hiroki,Nakane Takeshi,Yoshida Masasuke [他]
• Plant and Cell Physiology 53(4), 626-634, 2012-04
• … Thiol modulation of the chloroplast ATP synthase γ subunit has been recognized as an important regulatory system for the activation of ATP hydrolysis activity, although the physiological significance of this regulation system remains poorly characterized. …
• NAID 40019230171

Related Links

• Redox system | definition of Redox system by Medical dictionary

Redox system Redox titration redoxomorphic stage REDP Redpanda Redpath, James REDPB Redplaid Managed Hosting, LLC REDPM Redpoint Fax Marketing Suite Redpole redpoll redpoll Redpolls REDPP RedR REDRA redraft ...

• Redox system - definition of Redox system by The Free ...

Redox system synonyms, Redox system pronunciation, Redox system translation, English dictionary definition of Redox system. n. Oxidation-reduction. n. a chemical reaction between two substances in which one substance is ...

Related Pictures

---

★リンクテーブル★

関連記事	「system」「redox」「red」

「system」

　　[★]

• n.

• 系、システム、体系、体制、方式

関

method、series、strain

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「redox」

　　[★]

• n.

• 酸化還元、レドックス

• adj.

• 酸化還元の、レドックスの

「red」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 赤色の、赤、赤い

関

erythro