直腸温

WordNet

the degree of hotness or coldness of a body or environment (corresponding to its molecular activity)
the somatic sensation of cold or heat
of or involving the rectum; "rectal cancer"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉〈U〉『温度』,気温 / 〈C〉〈U〉(人・動物の)『体温』 / 《a ~》平常より高い熱,高熱
直腸(rectum)の

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/06/13 16:57:00」(JST)

wiki en

The rectum (from the Latin rectum intestinum, meaning straight intestine) is the final straight portion of the large intestine in some mammals, and the gut in others. The human rectum is about 12 centimetres (4.7 in) long,^[2] and begins at the rectosigmoid junction (the end of the sigmoid colon), at the level of the third sacral vertebra or the sacral promontory depending upon what definition is used.^[3] Its caliber is similar to that of the sigmoid colon at its commencement, but it is dilated near its termination, forming the rectal ampulla. It terminates at the level of the anorectal ring (the level of the puborectalis sling) or the dentate line, again depending upon which definition is used.^[3] In humans, the rectum is followed by the anal canal, before the gastrointestinal tract terminates at the anal verge.

Structure

The rectum is a component of the lower gastrointestinal tract. The rectum is a continuation of the sigmoid colon, and connects to the anus. The rectum follows the shape of the sacrum, and ends in an expanded section called the rectal ampulla. Unlike other portions of the colon, the rectum does not have taeniae coli.^[4] ^:397

The rectum connects with the sigmoid colon at the level of S3, and connects with the anal canal as it passes through the pelvic floor muscles.^[4] ^:397

Supports of the rectum include:^{[citation needed]}

Pelvic floor formed by levator ani muscles.
Fascia of Waldeyer
Lateral ligaments of rectum which are formed by the condensation of pelvic fascia
Rectovesical fascia of Denonvillers, which extends from rectum behind to the seminal vesicles and prostate in front.
Pelvic peritoneum
Perineal body

Function

The rectum acts as a temporary storage site for feces. As the rectal walls expand due to the materials filling it from within, stretch receptors from the nervous system located in the rectal walls stimulate the desire to defecate. If the urge is not acted upon, the material in the rectum is often returned to the colon where more water is absorbed from the feces. If defecation is delayed for a prolonged period, constipation and hardened feces results.^{[citation needed]}

When the rectum becomes full, the increase in intrarectal pressure forces the walls of the anal canal apart, allowing the fecal matter to enter the canal. The rectum shortens as material is forced into the anal canal and peristaltic waves propel the feces out of the rectum. The internal and external sphincter allow the feces to be passed by muscles pulling the anus up over the exiting feces.

Clinical significance

Examination

For the diagnosis of certain ailments, a rectal exam may be done. These include faecal impaction, prostatic cancer and benign prostatic hypertrophy in men, faecal incontinence, and internal haemorrhoids.^[5] ^:179–180

A colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy are forms of endoscopy that use a guided camera to view the rectum. These may have the ability to take biopsies if needed, and may be used to performed to diagnose diseases such as cancer.

Body temperature can also be taken in the rectum. Rectal temperature can be taken by inserting a medical thermometer not more than 25 mm (1 inch) into the rectum via the anus. A mercury thermometer should be inserted for 3 to 5 minutes; a digital thermometer should remain inserted until it beeps. Normal rectal temperature generally ranges from 36 to 38 °C (96.8 to 100.4 °F) and is about 0.5 °C (1 °F) above oral (mouth) temperature and about 1 °C (2 °F) above axilla (armpit) temperature.^{[citation needed]}

Pediatricians recommend that parents take infants' and toddlers' temperature in the rectum for two reasons:^{[citation needed]}

Rectal temperature is the closest to core body temperature and in young children, accuracy is critical.
Younger children frequently do not cooperate when having their temperature taken by mouth (oral), which is recommended for children ages 6 and above as well as adults.

In recent years, the introduction of non-invasive temperature taking methods including tympanic (ear) and forehead thermometers, and changing attitudes on privacy and modesty have led some parents and doctors to discontinue taking rectal temperatures.^{[citation needed]}

Route of administration

The rectum may also be used as a site for the delivery of drugs, by way of a suppository.

Constipation

One cause of constipation is faecal impaction in the rectum, in which a dry, hard stool forms. Manual evacuation is the use of a gloved finger to evacuate faeces from the rectum, and, after the application of stool softeners, is utilised in acute constipation.^[6] ^:914 It is also in the long-term management of neurogenic bowel, seen most frequently in people with a spinal cord injury or multiple sclerosis. Digital rectal stimulation, the insertion of one finger into the rectum, may be used to induce peristalsis in patients whose own peristaltic reflex is inadequate to fully empty the rectum.

Other disease

Other diseases of the rectum include:

Rectal prolapse, referring to the prolapse of the rectum into the anus or external area. This is commonly caused by a weakened pelvic floor after childbirth.
Ulcerative colitis, one form of inflammatory bowel disease that causes ulcers that affect the rectum. This may be episodic, over a person's lifetime. These may cause blood to be visible in the stool. As of 2014^[update] the cause is unknown.

Society and culture

Sexual stimulation

Due to the proximity of the anterior wall of the rectum to the vagina in females or to the prostate in males and the shared nerves thereof, rectal stimulation or penetration can result in sexual arousal.

History

Etymology

'English' rectum is derived from the full Latin expression intestinum rectum.^[7] The English name straigh gut ^[8] truly expresses the literal meaning of this expression, as Latin rectum means straight,^[9] and intestinum means gut.^[9] This Latin expression is a translation^[10]^[11] of Ancient Greek ἀπευθυσμένον ἔντερον, derived from ἀπευθύνειν, to make straight,^[12] and ἔντερον, gut,^[12] attested in the writings of Greek physician Galen.^[10]^[11] During his anatomic investigations on animal corpses, Galen observed the rectum to be straight instead of curved as in humans.^[10]^[11] The expressions ἀπευθυσμένον ἔντερον and intestinum rectum are therefore not appropriate descriptions of the rectum in humans. Apeuthysmenon ^[13] can be considered as Latinization of ἀπευθυσμένον ἔντερον and euthyenteron^[14] has a similar meaning (εὐθύς = straight^[12]).

Additional images

Posterior aspect of rectum exposed by removing lower part of sacrum and coccyx
Median sagittal section of male pelvis, showing arrangement of fasciae
Arteries of the pelvis
Median sagittal section of male pelvis
Median sagittal section of female pelvis
Sagittal section of the lower part of a female trunk, right segment
Blood vessels of the rectum and anus|
Organs of the female reproductive system
Cross-section microscopic shot of the rectal wall
Section of mucous membrane of human rectum (60×)
Dog Rectum cross-section (40×)
Dog Rectum cross-section (400×)

References

^ Physiology at MCG 6/6ch2/s6ch2_30
^ "12. Colon and Rectum", AJCC Cancer Staging Atlas, American Joint Committee on Cancer, 2006, p. 109
^ ^a ^b al.], senior editors, Bruce G. Wolff ... [et (2007). The ASCRS textbook of colon and rectal surgery. New York: Springer. ISBN 0-387-24846-3.
^ ^a ^b Drake, Richard L.; Vogl, Wayne; Tibbitts, Adam W.M. Mitchell ; illustrations by Richard; Richardson, Paul (2005). Gray's anatomy for students. Philadelphia: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 978-0-8089-2306-0. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
^ O'Connor, Nicholas J. Talley, Simon (2009). Clinical examination : a systematic guide to physical diagnosis (6th ed. ed.). Chatswood, N.S.W.: Elsevier Australia. ISBN 978-0-7295-3905-0.
^ Davidson's principles and practice of medicine. (21st ed. ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. 2010. ISBN 978-0-7020-3084-0.
^ Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology (FCAT) (1998). Terminologia Anatomica. Stuttgart: Thieme
^ Schreger, C.H.Th.(1805). Synonymia anatomica. Synonymik der anatomischen Nomenclatur. Fürth: im Bureau für Literatur.
^ ^a ^b Lewis, C.T. & Short, C. (1879). A Latin dictionary founded on Andrews' edition of Freund's Latin dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
^ ^a ^b ^c Hyrtl, J. (1880). Onomatologia Anatomica. Geschichte und Kritik der anatomischen Sprache der Gegenwart. Wien: Wilhelm Braumüller. K.K. Hof- und Unversitätsbuchhändler.
^ ^a ^b ^c Triepel, H. (1910). Die anatomischen Namen. Ihre Ableitung und Aussprache. Mit einem Anhang: Biographische Notizen.(Dritte Auflage). Wiesbaden: Verlag J.F. Bergmann.
^ ^a ^b ^c Liddell, H.G. & Scott, R. (1940). A Greek-English Lexicon. revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones. with the assistance of. Roderick McKenzie. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
^ Kossmann, R. (1895). Die gynäcologische Anatomie und ihre zu Basel festgestellte Nomenclatur. Monatsschrift für Geburtshülfe und Gynaekologie, 2 (6), 447-472.
^ Gabler, E. & Winkler, T.C. (1881). Latijnsch-Hollandsch woordenboek over de geneeskunde en natuurkundige wetenschappen. (2nd edition). Leiden: A.W. Sijthoff.

Henry Gray: Anatomy of the human body (Bartleby.com; Great Books Online)
Eldra P. Solomon - Richard R. Schmidt - Peter J. Adragna : Human anatomy & physiology ed. 2nd 1990 (Sunders College Publishing, Philadelphia) ISBN 0-03-011914-6

External links

Blue Histology
Cross section at UV pembody/body15a
Cross section at UV pelvis/pelvis-e12-15
SUNY Anatomy Image 7808
Anatomy photo:43:11-0101 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center

UpToDate Contents

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1. 小児における身体的診察：一般原則および標準的な測定 the pediatric physical examination general principles and standard measurements
2. 成人における発熱の病態生理および治療 pathophysiology and treatment of fever in adults
3. Fever in infants and children: Pathophysiology and management
4. 発熱性好中球減少症症候群の概要 overview of neutropenic fever syndromes
5. 思春期および成人における労作性熱中症：管理および予防 exertional heat illness in adolescents and adults management and prevention

English Journal

Identification of SNP in HSP90AB1 and its association with the relative thermotolerance and milk production traits in Indian dairy cattle.

Sajjanar B1, Deb R, Singh U, Kumar S, Brahmane M, Nirmale A, Bal SK, Minhas PS.
Animal biotechnology.Anim Biotechnol.2015;26(1):45-50. doi: 10.1080/10495398.2014.882846.
Heat shock proteins (Hsp) play crucial role in cellular thermotolerance and heat stress response. In the present work, Allele specific PCR (AS-PCR) was standardized to detect the nucleotide polymorphism within the HSP90AB1 gene (SNP g.4338T>C) in Indian breeds of dairy cattle. The identified geno
PMID 25153455

Non-invasive assessment of animal exercise stress: real-time PCR of GLUT4, COX2, SOD1 and HSP70 in avalanche military dog saliva.

Diverio S1, Guelfi G2, Barbato O2, Di Mari W3, Egidi MG4, Santoro MM4.
Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience.Animal.2015 Jan;9(1):104-9. doi: 10.1017/S1751731114002304. Epub 2014 Sep 23.
Exercise has been shown to increase mRNA expression of a growing number of genes. The aim of this study was to assess if mRNA expression of the metabolism- and oxidative stress-related genes GLUT4 (glucose transporter 4), COX2 (cyclooxygenase 2), SOD1 (superoxide dismutase 1) and HSP70 (heat shock p
PMID 25245143

Constant heat stress reduces skeletal muscle protein deposition in broilers.

Zuo J1, Xu M, Abdullahi YA, Ma L, Zhang Z, Feng D.
Journal of the science of food and agriculture.J Sci Food Agric.2015 Jan;95(2):429-36. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.6749. Epub 2014 Jul 4.
BACKGROUND: This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of constant heat stress on growth performance and protein metabolism in skeletal muscle of Arbor Acres broilers.RESULTS: Two hundred and seventy 21-day-old Arbor Acres broilers with similar body weight (1298 ± 28 g) were selected for
PMID 24871527

Japanese Journal

朝の単波長光曝露がヒトの夜間の生理反応に与える影響

宋武,小田健太郎,戸渡(上野) 智子,下村義弘,勝浦哲夫
人間と生活環境 20(1), 7-12, 2013-05-00
午前中に赤、緑、青の単波長光曝露を行い、その夜の睡眠における生理応答を検討した。インフォームドコンセントの得られた色覚正常な男子大学院生9名が実験に参加した。実験条件は638nm、523nm、465nmにピークを持つLED電球により曝露された。放射照度は被験者の目の位置でそれぞれ73.4μW/cm^2、74.2μW/cm^2、76.9μW/cm^2であった。測定項目は唾液中メラトニン、尿中メラトニ …
NAID 110009611469

Effects of Tepoxalin and Medetomidine on Glomerular Filtration Rate in Dogs

KUSHIRO-BANKER Tokiko,KEEGAN Robert D.,DECOURCEY Michelle A.,GRUBB Tamara L.,GREENE Stephen A.,ARMSTRONG Robert
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 75(1), 69-74, 2013
… Rectal temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate and direct arterial pressure (AP) were obtained before and 5, 10, 15, 20, 60, 120, 240 and 360 min after the iohexol injection. …
NAID 130001879655

Presence of a Temperature Gradient Among Genital Tract Portions and the Thermal Changes Within These Portions Over the Estrous Cycle in Beef Cows

EL-SHEIKH ALI Hossam,KITAHARA Go,TAMURA Youji,KOBAYASHI Ikuo,HEMMI Koichiro,TORISU Shidow,SAMESHIMA Hiroshi,HORII Yoichiro,ZAABEL Samy,KAMIMURA Shunichi
Journal of Reproduction and Development 59(1), 59-65, 2013
… The aim of the present study was to describe the temperature of the different portions of the female genital tract and their relation to rectal temperature and to investigate the effect of steroid hormones profiles on these variables over the estrous cycle in cattle. …
NAID 130001854904

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「直腸温」
関連記事	「temperature」「rectal」

「直腸温」

Rectum
	Drawing of colon seen from front; (rectum coloured red)
	Anatomy of the anus and rectum
Latin	Rectum
Gray's	p.1183
Artery	Superior rectal artery (first two-thirds of rectum), middle rectal artery (last third of rectum)
Vein	Superior rectal veins, middle rectal veins
Nerve	Inferior anal nerves, inferior mesenteric ganglia
Lymph	Inferior mesenteric lymph nodes, pararectal lymph nodes, internal iliac lymph nodes, Deep inguinal lymph nodes
Precursor	Hindgut
MeSH	Rectum

　　[★]

英: rectal temperature
同: 肛門体温
関: 核心温度、深部体温

「temperature」

　　[★]

n.

温度

関: thermo

「rectal」

　　[★]

adj.

直腸の

関: rectum

[1] Physiology at MCG 6/6ch2/s6ch2_30

[2] "12. Colon and Rectum", AJCC Cancer Staging Atlas, American Joint Committee on Cancer, 2006, p. 109

[ASCRS-3] .], senior editors, Bruce G. Wolff ... [et (2007). The ASCRS textbook of colon and rectal surgery. New York: Springer. ISBN 0-387-24846-3.

[GRAYS2005-4] Drake, Richard L.; Vogl, Wayne; Tibbitts, Adam W.M. Mitchell ; illustrations by Richard; Richardson, Paul (2005). Gray's anatomy for students. Philadelphia: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 978-0-8089-2306-0. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)

[5] O'Connor, Nicholas J. Talley, Simon (2009). Clinical examination : a systematic guide to physical diagnosis (6th ed. ed.). Chatswood, N.S.W.: Elsevier Australia. ISBN 978-0-7295-3905-0.

[DAVIDSONS2010-6] Davidson's principles and practice of medicine. (21st ed. ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. 2010. ISBN 978-0-7020-3084-0.

[FCAT-7] Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology (FCAT) (1998). Terminologia Anatomica. Stuttgart: Thieme

[Schreger-8] Schreger, C.H.Th.(1805). Synonymia anatomica. Synonymik der anatomischen Nomenclatur. Fürth: im Bureau für Literatur.

[Lewis_.26_Short-9] Lewis, C.T. & Short, C. (1879). A Latin dictionary founded on Andrews' edition of Freund's Latin dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

[Hyrtl1880-10] Hyrtl, J. (1880). Onomatologia Anatomica. Geschichte und Kritik der anatomischen Sprache der Gegenwart. Wien: Wilhelm Braumüller. K.K. Hof- und Unversitätsbuchhändler.

[Triepel1910b-11] Triepel, H. (1910). Die anatomischen Namen. Ihre Ableitung und Aussprache. Mit einem Anhang: Biographische Notizen.(Dritte Auflage). Wiesbaden: Verlag J.F. Bergmann.

[Liddell_.26_Scott-12] Liddell, H.G. & Scott, R. (1940). A Greek-English Lexicon. revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones. with the assistance of. Roderick McKenzie. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

[Kossmann1895-13] Kossmann, R. (1895). Die gynäcologische Anatomie und ihre zu Basel festgestellte Nomenclatur. Monatsschrift für Geburtshülfe und Gynaekologie, 2 (6), 447-472.

[Gabler-14] Gabler, E. & Winkler, T.C. (1881). Latijnsch-Hollandsch woordenboek over de geneeskunde en natuurkundige wetenschappen. (2nd edition). Leiden: A.W. Sijthoff.

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案内

rectal temperature