関: RACE

WordNet

put an end to; "The terrible news ended our hopes that he had survived"
a final state; "he came to a bad end"; "the so-called glorious experiment came to an inglorious end" (同)destruction, death
the point in time at which something ends; "the end of the year"; "the ending of warranty period" (同)ending
bring to an end or halt; "She ended their friendship when she found out that he had once been convicted of a crime"; "The attack on Poland terminated the relatively peaceful period after WW I" (同)terminate
a piece of cloth that is left over after the rest has been used or sold (同)remainder, remnant, oddment
(American football) a position on the line of scrimmage; "no one wanted to play end"
the part you are expected to play; "he held up his end"
the concluding parts of an event or occurrence; "the end was exciting"; "I had to miss the last of the movie" (同)last, final_stage
either extremity of something that has length; "the end of the pier"; "she knotted the end of the thread"; "they rode to the end of the line"; "the terminals of the anterior arches of the fornix" (同)terminal
(football) the person who plays at one end of the line of scrimmage; "the end managed to hold onto the pass"
a boundary marking the extremities of something; "the end of town"
a final part or section; "we have given it at the end of the section since it involves the calculus"; "Start at the beginning and go on until you come to the end"
one of two places from which people are communicating to each other; "the phone rang at the other end"; "both ends wrote at the same time"
the surface at either extremity of a three-dimensional object; "one end of the box was marked `This side up"
have an end, in a temporal, spatial, or quantitative sense; either spatial or metaphorical; "the bronchioles terminate in a capillary bed"; "Your rights stop where you infringe upon the rights of other"; "My property ends by the bushes"; "The symphony ends in a pianissimo" (同)stop, finish, terminate, cease
be the end of; be the last or concluding part of; "This sad scene ended the movie" (同)terminate
talk volubly
genre of African-American music of the 1980s and 1990s in which rhyming lyrics are chanted to a musical accompaniment; several forms of rap have emerged (同)rap music, hip-hop
a gentle blow (同)strike, tap
voluble conversation
strike sharply; "rap him on the knuckles" (同)knap
perform rap music
done or occurring in a brief period of time; "a rapid rise through the ranks"
a part of a river where the current is very fast
characterized by speed; moving with or capable of moving with high speed; "a rapid movement"; "a speedy car"; "a speedy errand boy" (同)speedy
addition of extra material or illustration or clarifying detail; "a few remarks added in amplification and defense"; "an elaboration of the sketch followed" (同)elaboration
the amount of increase in signal power or voltage or current expressed as the ratio of output to input (同)gain
(electronics) the act of increasing voltage or power or current

PrepTutorEJDIC

(細いものの)『端』,先端《+『of』+『名』》 / (物語などの)『終り』,終結部《+『of』+『名』》 / (物事・期間の)『最後』《+『of』+『名』》;(…に)結末をつけるもの《+『to』+『名』》 / (…の)端の部分,末端部《『of』+『名』》 / 《しばしば複数形で》『目的』(purpose),目標(aim) / 《遠回しに》死,滅亡 / 《しばしば複数形で》切れ端,くず,残りもの / (事業などの)部門(part) / (フットボールで)エンド)前衛両端の選手または位置) / …‘を'『終わらせる』,終える / 〈物事が〉…‘の'終りとなる,‘を'締めくくる / 『終わる』,終了する(come to an end)
(…を)『コツン』(『トン』)『とたたくこと』(『音』)《+『on』(『at』)+『名』》 / 《話》(人のしたことに対する)非難,とがめ《+『for』+『名』》 / 《俗》おしゃべり / …‘を'コツン(トン)とたたく / 〈命令など〉‘を'びしゃりと言う《+『out』+『名』,+『名』+『out』》 / (…を)コツン(トン)とたたく《+『at』(on)+『名』》 / 《俗》互いに気持ちよく話す・〔俗〕非難（する）; 叱る; 〔俗〕告訴［処罰，逮捕］（する）; 〔俗〕おしゃべり（する）; 〔米俗〕ラップ（ミュージック）; 〔米俗〕ラップで歌う・「take the rap」で「甘んじて罰を受ける」
少しも(…しない)
《所有・所属》…『の』,…のものである,…に属する・《材料・要素》…『でできた』,から成る・《部分》…『の』[『中の』] ・《数量・単位・種類を表す名詞に付いて》…の・《原因・動機》…『で』,のために(because of) ・《主格関係》…『の』,による,によって・《目的格関係》…『を』,の・《同格関係》…『という』・《関係・関連》…『についての』[『の』],の点で・《抽象名詞などと共に》…の[性質をもつ] ・《『It is』+『形』+『of』+『名』+『to』 doの形で,ofの後の名詞を意味上の主語として》・《分離》…『から』・《起原・出所》…『から』[『の』](out of) ・《『名』+『of』+『a』(『an』)+『名』の形で》…のような・《『名』+『of』+『mine』(『yours, his』など独立所有格)の形で》…の…・《時》(1)《副詞句を作って》…に《形容詞句を作って》…の・《時刻》《米》…前(to,《米》before)
『速い』,『すばやい』,敏速な / (坂などが)急な,険しい / 急流,早瀬
拡大,拡張,増大 / (電気の)増幅;(レンズの)倍率

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/08/04 18:26:56」(JST)

wiki en

Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends (RACE) is a technique used in molecular biology to obtain the full length sequence of an RNA transcript found within a cell. RACE results in the production of a cDNA copy of the RNA sequence of interest, produced through reverse transcription, followed by PCR amplification of the cDNA copies (see RT-PCR). The amplified cDNA copies are then sequenced and, if long enough, should map to a unique genomic region. RACE can provide the sequence of a RNA transcript from a small known sequence within the transcript to the 5' end (5' RACE-PCR) or 3' end (3' RACE-PCR) of the RNA. This technique is sometimes called one-sided PCR or anchored PCR.

The first step in RACE is to use reverse transcription to produce a cDNA copy of a region of the RNA transcript. In this process, an unknown end portion of a transcript is copied using a known sequence from the center of the transcript. The copied region is bounded by the known sequence, and either the 5' or 3' end.

The protocols for 5' or 3' RACES differ slightly. 5' RACE-PCR begins using mRNA as a template for a first round of cDNA synthesis (or reverse transcription) reaction using an anti-sense (reverse) oligonucleotide primer that recognizes a known sequence in the middle of the gene of interest; the primer is called a gene specific primer (GSP). The primer binds to the mRNA, and the enzyme reverse transcriptase adds base pairs to the 3' to end of the primer to generate a specific single-stranded cDNA product; this is the reverse complement of the mRNA. Following cDNA synthesis, the enzyme terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) is used to add a string of identical nucleotides, known as a homopolymeric tail, to the 3' end of the cDNA. (There are some other ways to add the 3'-terminal sequence for the first strand of the de novo cDNA synthesis which are much more efficient than homopolymeric tailing, but the sense of the method remains the same). A PCR reaction is then carried out, which uses a second anti-sense gene specific primer (GSP2) that binds to the known sequence, and a sense (forward) universal primer (UP) that binds the homopolymeric tail added to the 3' ends of the cDNAs to amplify a cDNA product from the 5' end.

3' RACE-PCR uses the natural polyA tail that exists at the 3' end of all eukaryotic mRNAs for priming during reverse transcription, so this method does not require the addition of nucleotides by TdT. cDNAs are generated using an Oligo-dT-adaptor primer (a primer with a short sequence of deoxy-thymine nucleotides) that complements the polyA stretch and adds a special adaptor sequence to the 5' end of each cDNA. PCR is then used to amplify 3' cDNA from a known region using a sense GSP, and an anti-sense primer complementary to the adaptor sequence.

References

"Rapid amplification of 5' cDNA ends," in Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (eds. Sambrook, J. & Russell, D.W.) Chapter 8 Protocol 9, 8.54−8.60 (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA, 2001)
Principles of Gene Manipulation and Genomics, S. B. Primrose and R. M. Twyman, Blackwell Publishing, 2006 (7th ed.), pages 111-12.

External links

Schema on the NCBI website

UpToDate Contents

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1. 遺伝学およびゲノミクスのためのツール：ポリメラーゼ連鎖反応 tools for genetics and genomics polymerase chain reaction
2. メチシリン耐性黄色ブドウ球菌の迅速な検出 rapid detection of methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus
3. トリコモナス trichomoniasis
4. 成人における聴覚の音声の増幅 hearing amplification in adults
5. 急変対応体制 rapid response systems

English Journal

Molecular cloning and expression analysis of a Cu/Zn SOD gene (BcCSD1) from Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis.

Cui L1, Huang Q1, Yan B1, Wang Y1, Qian Z1, Pan J1, Kai G2.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2015 Nov 1;186:306-11. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.07.121. Epub 2014 Aug 4.
Superoxide dismutases (SODs) are a family of metalloproteins extensively exists in eukaryote, which plays an essential role in stress-tolerance of higher plants. A full-length cDNA encoding Cu/Zn SOD (BcCSD1) was isolated from young seedlings of non-heading Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris ssp.
PMID 25976826

Purification and characterization of a novel antibacterial peptide from black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae.

Park SI1, Kim JW2, Yoe SM3.
Developmental and comparative immunology.Dev Comp Immunol.2015 Sep;52(1):98-106. doi: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.04.018. Epub 2015 May 5.
In this study, we induced and purified a novel antimicrobial peptide exhibiting activity against Gram-positive bacteria from the immunized hemolymph of Hermetia illucens larvae. The immunized hemolymph was extracted, and the novel defensin-like peptide 4 (DLP4) was purified using solid-phase extract
PMID 25956195

Molecular cloning, characterization and expression analysis of cathepsin O in silkworm Bombyx mori related to bacterial response.

Zhang K1, Su J1, Chen S1, Yu S1, Tan J1, Xu M1, Liang H1, Zhao Y1, Chao H1, Yang L1, Cui H2.
Molecular immunology.Mol Immunol.2015 Aug;66(2):409-17. doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.04.008. Epub 2015 May 18.
Cathepsins are the main members of the cysteine family and play important roles in immune response in vertebrates. The Cathepsin O of Bombyx mori (BmCathepsin O) was cloned from the hemocytes by the rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The genomic DNA was 6131bp long with a total of six exons an
PMID 25996894