WordNet

set up or distributed in a deliberately random way (同)randomised
a deliberately haphazard arrangement of observations so as to simulate chance (同)randomisation
arrange in random order; "Randomize the order of the numbers" (同)randomise

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/08/03 13:44:26」(JST)

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Randomization is the process of making something random; this means:

Generating a random permutation of a sequence (such as when shuffling cards).
Selecting a random sample of a population (important in statistical sampling).
Allocating experimental units via random assignment to a treatment or control condition.
Generating random numbers: see Random number generation.
Transforming a data stream (such as when using a scrambler in telecommunications).

Randomization is not haphazard. Instead, a random process is a sequence of random variables describing a process whose outcomes do not follow a deterministic pattern, but follow an evolution described by probability distributions. For example, a random sample of individuals from a population refers to a sample where every individual has a known probability of being sampled. This would be contrasted with nonprobability sampling where arbitrary individuals are selected.

Applications

Randomization is used in statistics and in gambling.

Statistics

Randomization is a core principle in statistical theory, whose importance was emphasized by Charles S. Peirce in "Illustrations of the Logic of Science" (1877–1878) and "A Theory of Probable Inference" (1883). Randomization-based inference is especially important in experimental design and in survey sampling. The first use of "randomization" listed in the Oxford English Dictionary is its use by Ronald Fisher in 1926.^[1]^[2]

Randomized experiments

In the statistical theory of design of experiments, randomization involves randomly allocating the experimental units across the treatment groups. For example, if an experiment compares a new drug against a standard drug, then the patients should be allocated to either the new drug or to the standard drug control using randomization. Randomization reduces confounding by equalising so-called factors ( independent variables) that have not been accounted for in the experimental design.

Survey sampling

Survey sampling uses randomization, following the criticisms of previous "representative methods" by Jerzy Neyman in his 1922 report to the International Statistical Institute.

Resampling

Some important methods of statistical inference use resampling from the observed data. Multiple alternative versions of the data-set that "might have been observed" are created by randomization of the original data-set, the only one observed. The variation of statistics calculated for these alternative data-sets is a guide to the uncertainty of statistics estimated from the original data.

Gambling

Randomization is used extensively in the field of gambling (or generally being random^{[clarification needed]}). Because poor randomization may allow a skilled gambler to take advantage, much research has been devoted to effective randomization. A classic example of randomizing is shuffling playing cards.

See also: Applications of randomness

Techniques

Although historically "manual" randomization techniques (such as shuffling cards, drawing pieces of paper from a bag, spinning a roulette wheel) were common, nowadays automated techniques are mostly used. As both selecting random samples and random permutations can be reduced to simply selecting random numbers, random number generation methods are now most commonly used, both hardware random number generators and pseudo-random number generators.

Non-algorithmic randomization methods include:

Casting yarrow stalks (for the I Ching)
Throwing dice
Drawing straws
Shuffling cards
Roulette wheels
Drawing pieces of paper or balls from a bag
"Lottery machines"
Observing atomic decay using a radiation counter

References

^ Fisher RA. The arrangement of field experiments. J Min Agri GB 1926; 33: 700-725.
^ Oxford English Dictionary "randomization"

External links

RQube - Generate quasi-random stimulus sequences for experimental designs
RandList - Randomization List Generator

English Journal

Cognitive behaviour therapy via the internet for depression: A useful strategy to reduce suicidal ideation.

Mewton L1, Andrews G2.
Journal of affective disorders.J Affect Disord.2015 Jan;170:78-84. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.08.038. Epub 2014 Sep 1.
BACKGROUND: Depression is a major risk factor for suicide. Given the strong association between depression and suicide, treatment for depression should be a fundamental component of suicide prevention. Currently it is not. This study aims to demonstrate the usefulness of internet-delivered cognitive
PMID 25233243

Pre-Operative nutrition In Neck of femur Trial (POINT) - carbohydrate loading in patients with fragility hip fracture: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.

Moppett IK, Greenhaff PL, Ollivere BJ, Joachim T, Lobo DN, Rowlands M.
Trials.Trials.2014 Dec 4;15(1):475. [Epub ahead of print]
BACKGROUND: Trauma such as hip fracture initiates a neurohumoral stress response that changes the balance between anabolism and catabolism resulting in muscle breakdown and reduced mobilisation. Various studies have demonstrated a reduction in catabolism with pre-operative carbohydrate loading but o
PMID 25472724

Efficacy, safety and accept ability of the new pen needle 33gx4mm. AGO 01 study.

Valentini M1, Scardapane M, Bondanini F, Bossi A, Colatrella A, Girelli A, Ciucci A, Leotta S, Minotti E, Pasotti F, Pesenti A, Rocca L, Sciangula L, Vavassori E, Nicolucci A.
Current medical research and opinion.Curr Med Res Opin.2014 Dec 3:1-18. [Epub ahead of print]
Abstract Objectives. Adherence to insulin therapy can be threatened by pain and needle fear. This cross-over randomised non inferiority trial evaluated a new Pic Insupen 33Gx4mm needle vs. a 32Gx4mm needle in terms of metabolic control, safety and acceptability in patients with diabetes treated with
PMID 25469829

Japanese Journal

Long-term lifestyle intervention lowers the incidence of stroke in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: a nationwide multicentre randomised controlled trial (the Japan Diabetes Complications Study)

Sone H.,Tanaka S.,Iimuro S.,Tanaka S.,Oida K.,Yamasaki Y.,Oikawa S.,Ishibashi S.,Katayama S.,Yamashita H.,Ito H.,Yoshimura Y.,Ohashi Y.,Akanuma Y.,Yamada N.,the Japan Diabetes Complications Study Group,曽根博仁,山田信博
Diabetologia 53(3), 419-428, 2010-03
… Randomisation and open-label allocation were done by a central computer system. …
NAID 120002041998

効率的なDPAとSPAに強力な予備演算テーブルを用いたスカラー倍算アルゴリズム(情報通信基礎サブソサイエティ合同研究会)

清宮健,宮地充子,溝添健次
電子情報通信学会技術研究報告. IT, 情報理論 105(662), 123-128, 2006-03-10
楕円曲線暗号はRSA暗号などに比べ,鍵長が短く少ないメモリで実装可能なため,ICカード等に利用されている.ICカードへの実装ではサイドチャネル攻撃,特に電力解析攻撃が脅威となっているため,対策を考慮しなければならない.Data-bit DPA(DDPA)対策の一つにスカラーのbit表現をランダム化させる方法がある.既存の対策法では,binary列に対し乱数を用いて,bit表現をスカラー倍算実行毎に …
NAID 110004686997