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the protoplasm of a cell excluding the nucleus; is full of proteins that control cell metabolism (同)cytol
of or relating to cytoplasm (同)cytoplasmatic
the substance of a living cell (including cytoplasm and nucleus) (同)living substance

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/12/25 09:08:06」(JST)

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Protoplasm is the living contents of a cell that is surrounded by a plasma membrane. It is a general term for the cytoplasm.^[1] Protoplasm is composed of a mixture of small molecules such as ions, amino acids, monosaccharides and water, and macromolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, lipids and polysaccharides.^[2] In eukaryotes the protoplasm surrounding the cell nucleus is known as the cytoplasm and that inside the nucleus as the nucleoplasm. In prokaryotes the material inside the plasma membrane is the bacterial cytoplasm, while in Gram-negative bacteria the region outside the plasma membrane but inside the outer membrane is the periplasm.

The word "protoplasm" comes from the Greek protos for first, and plasma for thing formed. It was first used in 1846 by Hugo von Mohl to describe the "tough, slimy, granular, semi-fluid" substance within plant cells, to distinguish this from the cell wall, cell nucleus and the cell sap within the vacuole.^[3] Thomas Huxley later referred to it as the "physical basis of life" and considered that the property of life resulted from the distribution of molecules within this substance. Its composition, however, was mysterious and there was much controversy over what sort of substance it was.^[4] Attempts to investigate the origin of life through the creation of synthetic "protoplasm" in the laboratory were not successful.^[5]

The idea that protoplasm of eukaryotes is divisible into a ground substance called "cytoplasm" and a structural body called the cell nucleus reflects the more primitive knowledge of cell structure that preceded the development of electron microscopy, when it seemed that cytoplasm was a homogeneous fluid and the existence of most sub-cellular compartments, or how cells maintain their shape, was unknown.^[6] Today, it is known that the cell contents are structurally very complex and contain multiple organelles.

Protoplasm can exist in two forms: a liquid-like sol state or a jelly-like gel state. Whether protoplasm is in the sol or the gel state depends on the physiological state of the cell.

References[edit]

^ Cammack, Richard; Teresa Atwood; Attwood, Teresa K.; Campbell, Peter Scott; Parish, Howard I.; Smith, Tony; Vella, Frank; Stirling, John (2006), Oxford dictionary of biochemistry and molecular biology, Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-852917-1
^ Arthur C. Guyton, John E. Hall, Textbook of Medical Physiology, Eleventh Edition, Saunders, "Protoplasm is composed mainly of five basic substances: water, electrolytes, proteins, lipids and carbohydrates."
^ Protoplasm. Later J. E. Purkinje coined the term for Cytoplasm + Nucleoplasm in animal cell. 1911 Edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica.
^ Harvey, E. N. (2004), "Some Physical Properties of Protoplasm", Journal of Applied Physics 9 (2): 68, doi:10.1063/1.1710397
^ Lazcano, A.; Capone, S.; Walde, P.; Seebach, D.; Ishikawa, T.; Caputo, R. (2008), "What Is Life? A Brief Historical Overview", Chemistry & Biodiversity 5 (1): 1–15, doi:10.1002/cbdv.200890001, PMID 18205130
^ Satir, P. (2005), "Tour of organelles through the electron microscope: A reprinting of Keith R. Porter's classic Harvey Lecture with a new introduction", The Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology 287A (2): 1184–1204, doi:10.1002/ar.a.20222, PMID 16265625

English Journal

Antimicrobial factor from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens inhibits Paenibacillus larvae, the causative agent of American foulbrood.

Benitez LB, Velho RV, de Souza da Motta A, Segalin J, Brandelli A.SourceLaboratorio de Bioquimica e Microbiologia Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencia e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Goncalves 9500, Porto Alegre, 91501-970, Brazil.
Archives of microbiology.Arch Microbiol.2011 Aug 20. [Epub ahead of print]
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens LBM 5006 produces an antimicrobial factor active against Paenibacillus larvae, a major honeybee pathogen. The antagonistic effect and the mode of action of the antimicrobial factor were investigated. The antibacterial activity was produced starting at mid-logarithmic growt
PMID 21858429

Macroglial plasticity and the origins of reactive astroglia in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.

Guo F, Maeda Y, Ma J, Delgado M, Sohn J, Miers L, Ko EM, Bannerman P, Xu J, Wang Y, Zhou C, Takebayashi H, Pleasure D.SourceInstitute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine and Shriners Hospital, Sacramento, California 95817, and Department of Morphological Neural Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.
The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.J Neurosci.2011 Aug 17;31(33):11914-28.
Accumulations of hypertrophic, intensely glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive (GFAP(+)) astroglia, which also express immunoreactive nestin and vimentin, are prominent features of multiple sclerosis lesions. The issues of the cellular origin of hypertrophic GFAP(+)/vimentin(+)/nestin(+) "reactiv
PMID 21849552

Japanese Journal

3P319 Shape and size effect of the protoplasmic droplet on the rhythmic contraction pattern in the true slime mould(Nonequilibrium state & Biological rhythm,The 48th Annual Meeting of the Biophysical Society of Japan)

Takagi Seiji,Ueda Tetsuo
生物物理 50(SUPPLEMENT_2), S201, 2010-08-15
NAID 110008103251

Cellular Morphogenesis in Valonia sp.: with Emphasis on the　Formation of Lenticular and Rhizoid Cells

Camaya Alex P.,Okuda Kazuo
黒潮圏科学 2, 151-159, 2009-02
… At stage II a disc-shaped assembly of protoplasm was transformedwhere radial MT arrays extended from the periphery to the central area of the　protoplasmic assembly. … Short but dense cortical MTs were arranged randomly　all over the protoplasmic aggregations, followed by the depolymerization of MTs. …
NAID 120001256811