陽子線

WordNet

to remain unmolested, undisturbed, or uninterrupted -- used only in infinitive form; "let her be"
work in a specific place, with a specific subject, or in a specific function; "He is a herpetologist"; "She is our resident philosopher" (同)follow
have life, be alive; "Our great leader is no more"; "My grandfather lived until the end of war" (同)live
be identical to; be someone or something; "The president of the company is John Smith"; "This is my house"
happen, occur, take place; "I lost my wallet; this was during the visit to my parents house"; "There were two hundred people at his funeral"; "There was a lot of noise in the kitchen"
have the quality of being; (copula, used with an adjective or a predicate noun); "John is rich"; "This is not a good answer"
occupy a certain position or area; be somewhere; "Where is my umbrella?" "The toolshed is in the back"; "What is behind this behavior?"
spend or use time; "I may be an hour"
a column of light (as from a beacon) (同)beam of light, light beam, ray, ray of light, shaft, shaft of light, irradiation
a group of nearly parallel lines of electromagnetic radiation (同)ray, electron_beam
smile radiantly; express joy through ones facial expression
express with a beaming face or smile; "he beamed his approval"
(nautical) breadth amidships
long thick piece of wood or metal or concrete, etc., used in construction
the broad side of a ship; "they sighted land on the port beam"
pleased and proud; "beaming parents"
radiating or as if radiating light; "the beaming sun"; "the effulgent daffodils"; "a radiant sunrise"; "a refulgent sunset" (同)beamy, effulgent, radiant, refulgent
cheerful and bright; "a beaming smile"; "a glad May morning" (同)glad
indicating the first or earliest or original; "`proto is a combining form in a word like `protolanguage that refers to the hypothetical ancestor of another language or group of languages"
a stable particle with positive charge equal to the negative charge of an electron

PrepTutorEJDIC

《連結語として補語を伴なって…『である』,…だ,…です / 《位置・場所を表す語句を伴って》(…に)『ある』,いる(occupy a place or situation) / 〈物事が〉『存在する』,ある(exist);〈生物が〉生存する,生きている(live) / 行われる,起こる,発生する(take place, occur) / 存続する,そのままでいる(remain as before) / 《『be to』 do》 / …する予定である,…することになっている / …すべきだ / 《受動態の不定詞を伴って》…できる / 《命令》…するのだ / 《条件節に》…する意図がある / 《『if…were to』 do》…するとしたなら / 《『be』 do『ing』》《進行形》 / 《進行中の動作》…している,しつつある / 《近い未来》…しようとしている,するつもり / 《動作の反復》(いつも)…している / 《『be』+『他動詞の過去分詞』》《受動態》…される,されている / 《『be』+『自動詞の過去分詞』》《完了形》…した[状態にある]
〈C〉(建設の)『はり』,『けた』,横材 / 〈C〉(船の甲板を支える)横はり / 〈C〉(はかりの)さお;(織機の)糸巻き / 〈C〉『光線』,光束 / 〈C〉(顔などの)『輝き』,晴れやかさ / 〈C〉(船舶・航空機用の)信号電波 / 〈U〉最大船幅 / 《副詞[句]を伴って》『輝く』,光を発する / (…に)顔を輝かせる《+『at』(『on, upon』)+『名』》 / 〈光・熱〉'を'出す,発散する / (…に向けて)〈放送・無線信号〉'を'送る《+『名』+『at』(『to』)+『名』》 / …'を'顔を輝かせて言う
輝く,晴れやかな
プロトン,陽子(素粒子の一つ)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/01/27 18:34:44」(JST)

wiki en

A charged particle beam is a spatially localized group of electrically charged particles that have approximately the same position, kinetic energy (resulting in the same velocity), and direction. The kinetic energies of the particles are much larger than the energies of particles at ambient temperature. The high energy and directionality of charged particle beams make them useful for applications (see Particle Beam Usage and Electron beam technology).

Such beams can be split into two main classes:

unbunched beams (or DC beams), which have no longitudinal substructure in the direction of beam motion.
bunched beams, in which the particles are distributed into pulses (bunches) of particles. Bunched beams are most common in modern facilities, since the most modern accelerator concepts require bunched beams for acceleration.^[1]

Assuming a Gaussian distribution of particle positions and impulses, a charged particle beam (or a bunch of the beam) is characterized by^[2]

the species of particle, e.g. electrons, protons, or atomic nuclei
the mean energy of the particles, often expressed in electronvolts (typically keV to GeV)
the (average) particle current, often expressed in amperes
the particle beam size|beam size (position variance), often using the so-called β-function
the beam emittance, a measure of the area occupied by the beam in one of several phase spaces.

These parameters can be expressed in various ways. For example, the current and beam size can be combined into the current density, and the current and energy (or beam voltage V) can be combined into the perveance K = I V^−3/2.

The charged particle beams that can be manipulated in particle accelerators can be subdivided into electron beams, ion beams and proton beams.

Common types

electron beam, such as in a scanning electron microscope or in accelerators such as the Large Electron–Positron Collider or Synchrotron light sources
proton beam, such as the beams used in Proton therapy, at colliders such as the Tevatron and the Large Hadron Collider, or for proton beam writing in lithography.
ion beams, such as at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider or the future Facility for Rare Isotope Beams.

References

^ Edwards, D.A.; Syphers, M.J. (1993). An Introduction to the Physics of High Energy Accelerators. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH. ISBN 9780471551638.
^ Humphries, Stanley (1990). Charged particle beams (PDF). New York: Wiley-Interscience. ISBN 9780471600145.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 限局性前立腺癌に対する体外照射療法 external beam radiation therapy for localized prostate cancer
2. がん治療における放射線治療手技 radiation therapy techniques in cancer treatment
3. 頭蓋底の脊索腫および軟骨肉腫 chordoma and chondrosarcoma of the skull base
4. 後腹膜軟部組織肉腫の臨床的特徴、評価、および治療 clinical features evaluation and treatment of retroperitoneal soft tissue sarcoma
5. 頭頸部癌に対する放射線療法の一般原則 general principles of radiation therapy for head and neck cancer

English Journal

A model-based analysis of a simplified beam-specific dose output in proton therapy with a single-ring wobbling system.

Kase Y1, Yamashita H, Numano M, Sakama M, Mizota M, Maeda Y, Tameshige Y, Murayama S.
Physics in medicine and biology.Phys Med Biol.2015 Jan 7;60(1):359-74. doi: 10.1088/0031-9155/60/1/359. Epub 2014 Dec 12.
In radiation therapy, it is necessary to preset a monitor unit in an irradiation control system to deliver a prescribed absolute dose to a reference point in the planning target volume. The purpose of this study was to develop a model-based monitor unit calculation method for proton-beam therapy wit
PMID 25503686

Embryos of the zebrafish Danio rerio in studies of non-targeted effects of ionizing radiation.

Choi VW1, Yu KN2.
Cancer letters.Cancer Lett.2015 Jan 1;356(1):91-104. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.10.020. Epub 2013 Oct 28.
The use of embryos of the zebrafish Danio rerio as an in vivo tumor model for studying non-targeted effects of ionizing radiation was reviewed. The zebrafish embryo is an animal model, which enables convenient studies on non-targeted effects of both high-linear-energy-transfer (LET) and low-LET radi
PMID 24176822

In search of a treatment for radiation-induced optic neuropathy.

Indaram M1, Ali FS, Levin MH.
Current treatment options in neurology.Curr Treat Options Neurol.2015 Jan;17(1):325. doi: 10.1007/s11940-014-0325-2.
OPINION STATEMENT: Radiation-induced optic neuropathy (RON) is an iatrogenic complication that causes severe, irreversible vision loss in one or both eyes within the months to years following radiation therapy. Posterior RON is a rare but devastating toxicity of radiation applied to the visual pathw
PMID 25398466

Japanese Journal

A Nucleoside Anticancer Drug, 1-(3-C-Ethynyl-β-D-Ribo-Pentofuranosyl)Cytosine, Induces Depth-Dependent Enhancement of Tumor Cell Death in Spread-Out Bragg Peak (SOBP) of Proton Beam