WordNet

a minor chemical constituent that gives a wine or liquor its distinctive character
a whole (a thing or person) of the same kind or category as another; "lard was also used, though its congener, butter, was more frequently employed"; "the American shopkeeper differs from his European congener"
a steroid hormone (trade name Lipo-Lutin) produced in the ovary; prepares and maintains the uterus for pregnancy (同)Lipo-Lutin

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同種類の人(物) / 同属の動(植)物
黄体ホルモン

UpToDate Contents

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1. 緊急避妊剤 emergency contraception
2. 閉経期のホルモン療法で用いる製剤 preparations for menopausal hormone therapy
3. 自然早産のリスクを低下させるためのプロゲステロン補充 progesterone supplementation to reduce the risk of spontaneous preterm birth
4. 子宮内避妊：器具、候補および選択 intrauterine contraception devices candidates and selection
5. 避妊カウンセリングと選択 contraceptive counseling and selection

English Journal

Developmental effects of perinatal exposure to PBDE and PCB on gene expression in sexually dimorphic rat brain regions and female sexual behavior.

Faass O1, Ceccatelli R, Schlumpf M, Lichtensteiger W.Author information 1GREEN Tox and Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, Switzerland. oliverfaass@gmx.deAbstractThe developing nervous system is a potential target of environmental contaminants such as polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE), which accumulate in the biosphere. We compared effects of 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromo-BDE (PBDE99), a PBDE congener present in environmental samples, and PCB on brain development. Time-pregnant rats were subcutaneously injected with PBDE99 (1 or 10mg/kg), the PCB mixture Aroclor 1254 (10mg/kg), or vehicle from gestational day 10-18. mRNA levels of genes involved in central control of reproductive functions and sexual behavior were analyzed by real time RT PCR in two sexually dimorphic brain regions, medial preoptic area (MPO) and ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) of adult offspring of both sexes. Exposure to PBDE99 or the PCB mixture during pre- and postnatal development affected mRNA expression levels in a treatment-, region- and sex-specific manner, and changed the sensitivity of target genes to estradiol. The sex difference in progesterone receptor mRNA levels of VMH normally seen in untreated controls was abolished by both, PBDE99 and PCB. Estrous cycles were significantly affected, and preliminary experiments suggest an impairment of female sexual behavior. Our data indicate that developmental exposure to PBDE99 at doses below signs of general toxicity affects the regulation of estrogen target genes in rat brain. Since PBDE99 was detected in blood and adipose tissue of adult offspring, these effects may result from interactions with developmental processes, with adult functions, or a combination of both.
General and comparative endocrinology.Gen Comp Endocrinol.2013 Jul 1;188:232-41. doi: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.04.008. Epub 2013 Apr 22.
The developing nervous system is a potential target of environmental contaminants such as polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE), which accumulate in the biosphere. We compared effects of 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromo-BDE (PBDE99), a PBDE congener present in environmental samples, and PCB on brain developmen
PMID 23619185

Congener-specific action of PBDEs on steroid secretion, CYP17, 17β-HSD and CYP19 activity and protein expression in porcine ovarian follicles.

Karpeta A1, Rak-Mardyła A, Jerzak J, Gregoraszczuk EL.Author information 1Department of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.AbstractThe available data on reproductive toxicity of PBDEs are limited. In the present study we evaluated the direct effects of BDE-47, -99 and -100 on porcine ovarian follicular steroid secretions and the activity and expression of enzymes involved in its synthesis. Follicles were exposed to BDE-47 (0.5, 25 and 50 ng/ml), BDE-99 (0.25, 10 and 17.5 ng/ml), or BDE-100 (0.1, 4 and 12.5 ng/ml) for 24h. Progesterone (P4), androstenedione (A4), testosterone (T) and estradiol (E2) levels in the media were determined by EIA. CYP17, 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD) and CYP19 activity was measured by conversion of P4>A4, A4>T and T to E2, respectively. Protein expression of CYP17, 17β-HSD and CYP19 was measured by western blot. All of the congeners explored in this study increase testosterone secretion. However, in the case of BDE-47 due to activation of 17 β-HSD and BDE-100 due to activation of CYP17, a corresponding failure to activate CYP19 expression and inhibition of CYP19 activity was seen. The lack of an effect of BDE-99 on the expression and activity of all of the investigated enzymes indicates action on enzymes before progesterone secretion, i.e., STAR or 3β-HSD activity.
Toxicology letters.Toxicol Lett.2011 Oct 30;206(3):258-63. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.08.005. Epub 2011 Aug 18.
The available data on reproductive toxicity of PBDEs are limited. In the present study we evaluated the direct effects of BDE-47, -99 and -100 on porcine ovarian follicular steroid secretions and the activity and expression of enzymes involved in its synthesis. Follicles were exposed to BDE-47 (0.5,
PMID 21871953

Tissue-selective estrogen complexes: a promising option for the comprehensive management of menopausal symptoms.

Archer DF.Author information Clinical Research Center, Jones Institute for Reproductive Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507-1912, USA. archerdf@evms.eduAbstractAt menopause many women experience undesired symptoms such as hot flashes and those associated with vulvovaginal atrophy, and are susceptible to loss of bone mass. Menopausal therapies to date include various estrogen and estrogen-progestin (progesterone congener) formulations. However, both physicians and women became concerned about hormone-related therapies following publication of data from the Women's Health Initiative. Thus, the need exists for alternative therapies for postmenopausal women. Tissue-selective estrogen complexes (TSECs) are the pairing of estrogen(s) with a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). The goal of developing a TSEC is to provide the clinical benefits of each of its components with improved tolerability. This goal can potentially be achieved by the result of the different molecular and cellular activities of the treatment's estrogen and SERM components. The therapeutic profile of a TSEC would optimally include relief of hot flashes, treatment of vulvovaginal atrophy and its symptoms, and prevention of bone loss, while providing safety for the endometrium and breast. Recent data indicate that the TSEC containing the SERM bazedoxifene and conjugated estrogens relieves hot flashes, improves vulvovaginal atrophy and its symptoms, and prevents loss of bone mass without stimulating the endometrium. This article reviews the current options for menopausal treatment as well as the environment that has driven the most recent evolution of new therapies for menopausal women, including the most recent development of the TSEC bazedoxifene and its early preclinical and clinical data.
Drugs & aging.Drugs Aging.2010 Jul 1;27(7):533-44. doi: 10.2165/11316000-000000000-00000.
At menopause many women experience undesired symptoms such as hot flashes and those associated with vulvovaginal atrophy, and are susceptible to loss of bone mass. Menopausal therapies to date include various estrogen and estrogen-progestin (progesterone congener) formulations. However, both physici
PMID 20583848