prodynorphin

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/09/30 07:45:39」(JST)

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Prodynorphin, also known as proenkephalin B, is an opioid polypeptide hormone involved with chemical signal transduction and cell communication. The gene for prodynorphin is expressed in the endometrium and the striatum, and its gene map locus is 20pter-p12. Prodynorphin is a basic building-block of endorphins, the chemical messengers in the brain that appear most heavily involved in the anticipation and experience of pain and the formation of deep emotional bonds, and that are also critical in learning and memory.

The gene is thought to influence perception, as well as susceptibility to drug dependence, and is expressed more readily in human beings than in other primates.

Evolutionary implications

Most humans have multiple copies of the regulatory gene sequence for prodynorphin, which is virtually identical among all primates, whereas other primates have only a single copy. In addition, most Asian populations have two copies of the gene sequence for prodynorphin, whereas East Africas, Middle Easterners, and Europeans tend to have three repetitions.

The extent of regulatory gene disparities for prodynorphin, between human and primates, has gained the attention of scientists. There are very few genes known to be directly related to mankind's speciation from other great apes. According to computational biologist researcher Matthew W. Hahn of Indiana University, "this is the first documented instance of a neural gene that has had its regulation shaped by natural selection during human origins."

The prodynorphin polypeptide is identical in humans and chimpanzees, but the regulatory promoter sequences have been shown to exhibit marked differences. According to Hahn, "humans have the ability to turn on this gene more easily and more intensely than other primates", a reason why regulation of this gene may have been important in the evolution of modern humans' mental capacity.

See also

• Dynorphin
• Proenkephalin
• Proopiomelanocortin (POMC)

External links

• Scienceagogo.com - 'Drug Gene Link To Human Evolution' (November 15, 2005)

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 脊髄小脳変性症 the spinocerebellar ataxias

English Journal

• Neocortical prodynorphin expression is transiently increased with learning: Implications for time- and learning-dependent neocortical kappa opioid receptor activation.

• Loh R1, Collins S2, Galvez R3.
• Behavioural brain research.Behav Brain Res.2017 Sep 29;335:145-150. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.08.015. Epub 2017 Aug 9.
• PMID 28802836

• Chronic nicotine-induced changes in gene expression of delta and kappa-opioid receptors and their endogenous ligands in the mesocorticolimbic system of the rat.

• Ugur M1, Kaya E2,3, Gozen O2,3, Koylu EO2,3, Kanit L2,3, Keser A2,3, Balkan B2,3.
• Synapse (New York, N.Y.).Synapse.2017 Sep;71(9). doi: 10.1002/syn.21985. Epub 2017 May 29.
• PMID 28509375

• Neurotransmitters and neuropeptides in gonadal steroid receptor-expressing cells in medial preoptic area subregions of the male mouse.

• Tsuneoka Y1, Yoshida S1,2, Takase K3, Oda S1, Kuroda M1, Funato H4,5.
• Scientific reports.Sci Rep.2017 Aug 29;7(1):9809. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-10213-4.
• PMID 28852050

Japanese Journal

• Extract from Inflamed Skin of Rabbits Increases Enkephalin Concentrations in Cerebrospinal Fluid in Rats

• 金沢医科大学雑誌 30(3), 141-146, 2005-10
• NAID 110006198426

• Prodynorphin Gene Promoter Polymorphism and Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

• Epilepsia : journal of the International League against Epilepsy 44(9), 1255-1256, 2003-09-01
• NAID 10013692721

• Levodopa投与によって生じる運動合併症に対するセロトニン(5-HT)1A受容体アゴニスト, 8-OH-DPATの効果 : パーキンソン病モデルラットにおける検討

• 弘前醫學 53(1), 17-25, 2001
• NAID 110004771346

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「プロダイノルフィン」「preproenkephalin」

「プロダイノルフィン」

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prodynorphin

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プレプロエンケファリン

「preproenkephalin」

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プレプロエンケファリン

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prodynorphin