出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/08/01 18:58:55」(JST)
| Systematic (IUPAC) name | |
|---|---|
| 2-(diethylamino)ethyl 4-aminobenzoate | |
| Clinical data | |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | monograph |
| Pregnancy cat. | B2 (AU) C (US) |
| Legal status | Prescription Only (S4) (AU) |
| Routes | Parenteral |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | n/a |
| Metabolism | Hydrolysis by plasma esterases |
| Half-life | 40–84 seconds |
| Excretion | Renal |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | 59-46-1 Y |
| ATC code | N01BA02 C05AD05 S01HA05 |
| PubChem | CID 4914 |
| IUPHAR ligand | 4291 |
| DrugBank | DB00721 |
| ChemSpider | 4745 Y |
| UNII | 4Z8Y51M438 Y |
| KEGG | D08422 Y |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:8430 N |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL569 Y |
| NIAID ChemDB | 019136 |
| Chemical data | |
| Formula | C13H20N2O2 |
| Mol. mass | 236.31 g/mol |
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| N (what is this?) (verify) | |
Procaine is a local anesthetic drug of the amino ester group. It is used primarily to reduce the pain of intramuscular injection of penicillin, and it is also used in dentistry. Owing to the ubiquity of the trade name Novocain, in some regions procaine is referred to generically as novocaine. It acts mainly by being a sodium channel blocker.[1] Today it is used therapeutically in some countries due to its sympatholytic, anti-inflammatory, perfusion enhancing, and mood enhancing effects.[2]
Procaine was first synthesized in 1905,[3] shortly after amylocaine.[4] It was created by the German chemist Alfred Einhorn who gave the chemical the trade name Novocaine, from the Latin nov- (meaning new) and -caine, a common ending for alkaloids used as anesthetics. It was introduced into medical use by surgeon Heinrich Braun. Prior to the discovery of Stovaine and Novocaine, cocaine was the most commonly used local anesthetic.[citation needed] Einhorn wished his new discovery to be used for amputations, but surgeons preferred general anesthetic. However dentists found it very useful, which Einhorn was most displeased by and spent many years touring dental schools to advise them not to use it.[5]
The primary use for procaine is as a topical anaesthetic.
Procaine is used less frequently today since more effective (and hypoallergenic) alternatives such as lidocaine (Xylocaine) exist. It has been discontinued from US markets.[6] Like other local anesthetics (such as mepivacaine, and prilocaine), procaine is a vasodilator, and is often coadministered with epinephrine for the purpose of vasoconstriction. Vasoconstriction helps to reduce bleeding and prevents the drug from reaching systemic circulation in large amounts. Unlike cocaine, a vasoconstrictor, procaine does not have the euphoric and addictive qualities that put it at risk for abuse.
Procaine, an ester anesthetic, is metabolized in the plasma by the enzyme pseudocholinesterase through hydrolysis into para-amino benzoic acid (PABA), which is then excreted by the kidneys into the urine.
Procaine is the primary ingredient in the controversial preparation Gerovital H3 by Ana Aslan (Romania), which is claimed by its advocates to remedy many effects of aging. The mainstream medical view is that these claims were seriously studied and discredited in the 1960s.
A 1% procaine injection has been recommended for the treatment of extravasation complications associated with venipuncture (along with moist heat, ASA, steroids, antibiotics). It has likewise been recommended for treatment of inadvertent intra-arterial injections (10 ml of 1% procaine), as it helps relieve pain and vascular spasm.
Procaine is occasionally added as an additive in illicit street drugs such as cocaine.
Application of procaine leads to the depression of neuronal activity. The depression causes the nervous system to become hypersensitive producing restlessness and shaking, leading to minor to severe convulsions. Studies on animals have shown the use of procaine led to the increase of dopamine and serotonin levels in the brain.[7] Other issues may occur because of varying individual tolerance to procaine dosage. Nervousness and dizziness can arise from the excitation of the central nervous system, which may lead to respiratory failure if overdosed. Procaine may also induce weakening of the myocardium leading to cardiac arrest.[8]
Procaine can also cause allergic reactions causing the individuals to have problems with breathing, rashes, and swelling. Allergic reactions to procaine are usually not in response to procaine itself, but to its metabolite PABA. About one in 3000 people have an atypical form of pseudocholinesterase,[citation needed] which does not hydrolyze ester anesthetics such as procaine, resulting in a prolonged period of high levels of the anesthetic in the blood and increased toxicity.
Procaine can be synthesized in two ways. The first way consists of the direct reaction of the 4-aminobenzoic acid ethyl ester with 2-diethylaminoethanol in the presence of sodium ethoxide. The second way is by reacting 4-nitrobenzoic acid with thionyl chloride, the resulting acid chloride is then esterified with 2-diethylaminoethanol. Finally, the nitro group is reduced by hydrogenation over Raney nickel catalyst.
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| リンク元 | 「プロカイン」 |
| 拡張検索 | 「oxybuprocaine hydrochloride」「chloroprocaine hydrochloride」 |
| 関連記事 | 「procaine」「hydrochloride」 |
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