WordNet

tie or fasten into a knot; "knot the shoelaces"
something twisted and tight and swollen; "their muscles stood out in knots"; "the old mans fists were two great gnarls"; "his stomach was in knots" (同)gnarl
a hard cross-grained round piece of wood in a board where a branch emerged; "the saw buckled when it hit a knot"
a sandpiper that breeds in the Arctic and winters in the southern hemisphere (同)greyback, grayback, Calidris canutus
any of various fastenings formed by looping and tying a rope (or cord) upon itself or to another rope or to another object
a tight cluster of people or things; "a small knot of women listened to his sermon"; "the bird had a knot of feathers forming a crest"
make into knots; make knots out of; "She knotted her fingers"
used of preliterate or tribal or nonindustrial societies; "primitive societies"
a person who belongs to an early stage of civilization (同)primitive person
a mathematical expression from which another expression is derived
a word serving as the basis for inflected or derived forms; "`pick is the primitive from which `picket is derived"
of or created by one without formal training; simple or naive in style; "primitive art such as that by Grandma Moses is often colorful and striking" (同)naive

PrepTutorEJDIC

『結び目』,結び / (リボンなどで作った)飾り結び / (人・物の,通例小さな)群れ,一団 / (板・木材の)節,節目;(筋肉などの)隆起 / 困難(difficulty) / 縁,絆(きずな) / ノット(1時間に1海里(約1,852m)進む速さの単位) / …‘を'『結びなわせる』《+『名』+『together』,+『together』+『名』》 / …‘に'結び目をつける,‘を'結ぶ / (こぶになって)堅く結ばれる,もつれる
『原始の』,太古の / 原始的な,そぼくな;古風な,旧式な / 原始人

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/02/07 02:53:53」(JST)

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The primitive knot (or primitive node) is the organizer for gastrulation in vertebrates.

Diversity

In birds, it is known as "Hensen's node", and is named after its discoverer Victor Hensen.
In amphibians, it is known as "Spemann's organizer", and is named after Hans Spemann (who, with Mangold, first identified the organizer in 1924.^[1])

Development

In chick development, the primitive knot starts as a regional knot of cells that forms on the blastodisc immediately anterior to where the outer layer of cells will begin to migrate inwards - an area known as the primitive streak, which is involved with Koller's sickle. Posterior to the node is the primitive pit, where the cells of the epiblast (the upper layer of embryonic cells) initially begin to invaginate. This invagination expands posteriorly into the primitive groove as the cells layers continue to move into the space between the embryonic cells and the yolk. This differentiates the embryo into the three germ layers - endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. The primitive knot migrates posteriorly as gastrulation proceeds, eventually being absorbed into the tail bud.

Default model

The cells of the primitive node secrete many cellular signals essential for neural differentiation. After gastrulation the developing embryo is divided into ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. The ectoderm gives rise to epithelial and neural tissue, with neural tissue being the default cell fate. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) suppress neural differentiation and promote epithelial growth. Therefore, the primitive node (the dorsal lip of the blastopore) secretes BMP antagonists, including noggin, chordin, and follistatin.

References

^ Garcia-Fernàndez J, D'Aniello S, Escrivà H (2007). "Organizing chordates with an organizer". BioEssays 29 (7): 619–24. doi:10.1002/bies.20596. PMID 17563072.

External links

Overview at nature.com
Overview at Northwestern University
Embryonic Organizers at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Computational identification and phylogenetic analysis of the oil-body structural proteins, oleosin and caleosin, in castor bean and flax.

Hyun TK, Kumar D, Cho YY, Hyun HN, Kim JS.SourceDepartment of Biochemistry, Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea.
Gene.Gene.2013 Feb 25;515(2):454-60. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.11.065. Epub 2012 Dec 8.
Oil bodies (OBs) are the intracellular particles derived from oilseeds. These OBs store lipids as a carbon resource, and have been exploited for a variety of industrial applications including biofuels. Oleosin and caleosin are the common OB structural proteins which are enabling biotechnological enh
PMID 23232356

Description of a Unique, Complex Feeding Socket Caused by the Putative Primitive Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne kikuyensis.

Eisenback JD, Dodge DJ.SourceProfessor, Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061.
Journal of nematology.J Nematol.2012 Jun;44(2):148-52.
Meloidogyne kikuyensis produces unique galls that form on one side of the root resembling nitrogen-fixing nodules that are produced on legumes in response to infection by Rhizobium and related bacteria. The gall caused by this root-knot nematode is made up of a complex feeding socket composed of sev
PMID 23482409

Decay of helical and nonhelical magnetic knots.

Candelaresi S, Brandenburg A.SourceNORDITA, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden.
Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys.2011 Jul;84(1 Pt 2):016406. Epub 2011 Jul 25.
We present calculations of the relaxation of magnetic field structures that have the shape of particular knots and links. A set of helical magnetic flux configurations is considered, which we call n-foil knots of which the trefoil knot is the most primitive member. We also consider two nonhelical kn
PMID 21867321

Japanese Journal

Alexander polynomials of doubly primitive knots

Ichihara Kazuhiro,Saito Toshio,Teragaito Masakazu,イチハラカズヒロ,サイトウトシオ,テラガイトマサカズ,市原一裕,斎藤敏夫,寺垣内政一
Proceeding of the American Mathematical Society 135(2), 605-615, 2007
… We give a formula for Alexander polynomials of doubly primitive knots. … This also gives a practical algorithm to determine the genus of any doubly primitive knot. …
NAID 120000875247

P05 PsyKolo3D : 立方体化したKolam紋様を用いたインタラクティブコンテント(ポスターセッション方式による研究発表概要,平成18年度日本デザイン学会第53回研究発表大会)

川合康央,高橋宏輔,長田昌次郎,池田岳史,益岡了
デザイン学研究. 研究発表大会概要集 (53), 364-365, 2006-06-20
… In this research, a 3D computer Graphical tool was developed for creating Kolam pattern in the southern India or Celtic knot patterns in Europe on digitalization of them. … The pattern consists of six primitive stroke patterns on the six sides of a Cube (called as PsyKolo). …
NAID 110004868079