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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/10/08 17:25:15」(JST)

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Prevertebral ganglia (or collateral ganglia,^[1] or preaortic ganglia^[2]) are sympathetic ganglia which lie between the paravertebral ganglia and the organ of supply.

Function

Similar to the paravertebral ganglia, the prevertebral ganglia are the nodules where preganglionic neurons synapse with their postganglionic counterparts. The nerves that synapse in the prevertebral ganglia innervate the pelvic viscera. Some of the targets present in the pelvic viscera include the enteric nervous system, as well as the renal system, bladder, and any other organs present in the abdomen.

Physiology

Nerves arising from the lateral horn of the spinal cord are those of the autonomic nervous system. They exit through the ventral root of the spinal cord, and continue through the ventral rami. At that point, they sharply branch to go through the white ramus communicans of the paravertebral body. Unlike the thoracic and cutaneous nerves, the ANS nerves destined for the pelvic viscera continue through the paravertebral ganglia without synapsing. Instead of synapsing, they continue through splanchnic nerves until they reach a prevertebral ganglia (located proximally to their target organ). Once inside the prevertebral ganglia, the individual neurons comprising the nerve synapse with their postganglionic neuron. The postganglionic nerve then proceed to innervate their targets (pelvic visceral organs).

Examples

These include

1. the celiac ganglia (which can include the aorticorenal ganglion),

2. superior mesenteric ganglia, and

3. inferior mesenteric ganglia.^[3]

Additional images

Sympathetic (red) and parasympathetic (blue) nervous system

References

^ "uams.edu". Retrieved 2007-10-22.
^ "Primitive Gut Morphogenesis". Retrieved 2007-10-22.
^ "The Posterior Abdominal Wall". Archived from the original on 2007-10-11. Retrieved 2007-10-22.

External links

prevertebral+ganglia at eMedicine Dictionary
Physiology at MCG 6/6ch2/s6ch2_30

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UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Development of nNOS-positive neurons in the rat sensory and sympathetic ganglia.

Masliukov PM1, Emanuilov AI2, Madalieva LV3, Moiseev KY3, Bulibin AV3, Korzina MB3, Porseva VV2, Korobkin AA3, Smirnova VP3.Author information 1Department of Normal Physiology and Biophysics, Yaroslavl State Medical Academy, Yaroslavl, Russia. Electronic address: mpm@yma.ac.ru.2Department of Human Anatomy, Yaroslavl State Medical Academy, Yaroslavl, Russia.3Department of Normal Physiology and Biophysics, Yaroslavl State Medical Academy, Yaroslavl, Russia.AbstractNeurochemical features in sympathetic and afferent neurons are subject to change during development. Nitric oxide (NO) plays a developmental role in the nervous system. To better understand the neuroplasticity of sympathetic and afferent neurons during postnatal ontogenesis, the distribution of neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) immunoreactivity was studied in the sympathetic para- and prevertebral, nodose ganglion (NG) and Th2 and L4 dorsal root ganglia (DRG) from female Wistar rats of different ages (newborn, 10-day-old, 20-day-old, 30-day-old, 2-month-old, 6-month-old, 1-year-old, and 3-year-old). nNOS-positive neurons were revealed in all sensory ganglia but not in sympathetic ones from birth onward. The percentage of nNOS-immunoreactive (IR) neurons increased during first 10days of life from 41.3 to 57.6 in Th2 DRG, from 40.9 to 59.1 in L4 DRG and from 31.6 to 38.5 in NG. The percentage of nNOS-IR neurons did not change in the NG later during development and senescence. However, in Th2 and L4 DRG the proportion of nNOS-IR neurons was high in animals between 10 and 30days of life and decreased up to the second month of life. In 2-month-old rats, the percentage of nNOS-IR neurons was 52.9 in Th2 DRG and 51.3 in L4 DRG. We did not find statistically significant differences in the percentage of nNOS-IR neurons between Th2 and L4 DRG and between young and aged rats. In NG and DRG of 10-day-old and older rats, a high proportion of nNOS-IR neurons binds isolectin B4. In newborn animals, only 41.3%, 45.3% and 28.4% of nNOS neuron profiles bind to IB4 in Th2, L4 DRG and NG, respectively. In 10-day-old and older rats, the number of sensory nNOS-IR neurons binding IB4 reached more than 90% in DRG and more than 80% in NG. Only a small number of nNOS-positive cells showed immunoreactivity to calcitonin gene-related peptide, neurofilament 200, calretinin. The information provided here will also serve as a basis for future studies investigating mechanisms of the development of sensory neurons.
Neuroscience.Neuroscience.2014 Jan 3;256:271-81. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.10.013. Epub 2013 Oct 24.
Neurochemical features in sympathetic and afferent neurons are subject to change during development. Nitric oxide (NO) plays a developmental role in the nervous system. To better understand the neuroplasticity of sympathetic and afferent neurons during postnatal ontogenesis, the distribution of neur
PMID 24161722

β-Hydroxybutyrate Modulates N-Type Calcium Channels in Rat Sympathetic Neurons by Acting as an Agonist for the G-Protein-Coupled Receptor FFA3.

Won YJ, Lu VB, Puhl HL 3rd, Ikeda SR.Author information Section on Transmitter Signaling, Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9411.AbstractFree fatty acids receptor 3 (FFA3, GPR41) and 2 (FFA2, GPR43), for which the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) acetate and propionate are agonist, have emerged as important G-protein-coupled receptors influenced by diet and gut flora composition. A recent study (Kimura et al., 2011) demonstrated functional expression of FFA3 in the rodent sympathetic nervous system (SNS) providing a potential link between nutritional status and autonomic function. However, little is known of the source of endogenous ligands, signaling pathways, or effectors in sympathetic neurons. In this study, we found that FFA3 and FFA2 are unevenly expressed in the rat SNS with higher transcript levels in prevertebral (e.g., celiac-superior mesenteric and major pelvic) versus paravertebral (e.g., superior cervical and stellate) ganglia. FFA3, whether heterologously or natively expressed, coupled via PTX-sensitive G-proteins to produce voltage-dependent inhibition of N-type Ca(2+) channels (Cav2.2) in sympathetic neurons. In addition to acetate and propionate, we show that β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), a metabolite produced during ketogenic conditions, is also an FFA3 agonist. This contrasts with previous interpretations of BHB as an antagonist at FFA3. Together, these results indicate that endogenous BHB levels, especially when elevated under certain conditions, such as starvation, diabetic ketoacidosis, and ketogenic diets, play a potentially important role in regulating the activity of the SNS through FFA3.
The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.J Neurosci.2013 Dec 4;33(49):19314-25. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3102-13.2013.
Free fatty acids receptor 3 (FFA3, GPR41) and 2 (FFA2, GPR43), for which the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) acetate and propionate are agonist, have emerged as important G-protein-coupled receptors influenced by diet and gut flora composition. A recent study (Kimura et al., 2011) demonstrated funct
PMID 24305827

Japanese Journal

Phenotyping of Sympathetic Chain Ganglia (SChG) Neurons in Porcine Colitis

SKOBOWIAT Cezary,GONKOWSKI Slawomir,CALKA Jaroslaw
日本獣醫學会会誌 72(10), 1269-1274, 2010
… Colonic inflammation involves the changes in chemical coding of not only sensory but also enteric and sympathetic prevertebral neurons innervating inflamed target tissue. …
NAID 130000264209

Ultrastructure and distribution of substance P-immunoreactive sensory collaterals in the guinea pig prevertebral sympathetic ganglia

MATTHEWS M. R.
J. Comp. Neurol. 258, 28-51, 1987
NAID 30002191843

「椎前神経節」

Prevertebral ganglia
	Abdominal portion of the sympathetic trunk, with the celiac plexus and hypogastric plexus.
	The celiac ganglia with the sympathetic plexuses of the abdominal viscera radiating from the ganglia.
Gray's	p.977
	Anatomical terminology