Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/11/02 11:59:45」(JST)
wiki en
| Systematic (IUPAC) name | |
|---|---|
| 7-chloro-1-(cyclopropylmethyl)-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro- 2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one | |
| Clinical data | |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Micromedex Detailed Consumer Information |
| MedlinePlus | a601036 |
| Pregnancy cat. | ? |
| Legal status | Schedule IV (US) |
| Routes | Oral |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | ? |
| Metabolism | Hepatic |
| Half-life | 36-200 hours |
| Excretion | Renal |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | 2955-38-6 Y |
| ATC code | N05BA11 |
| PubChem | CID 4890 |
| DrugBank | DB01588 |
| ChemSpider | 4721 Y |
| UNII | Q30VCC064M Y |
| KEGG | D00470 Y |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL969 Y |
| Synonyms | 9-chloro-2-(cyclopropylmethyl)-6-phenyl-2,5-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undeca-5,8,10,12-tetraen- 3-one |
| Chemical data | |
| Formula | C19H17ClN2O |
| Mol. mass | 324.8 |
|
SMILES
|
|
|
InChI
|
|
| Y (what is this?) (verify) |
|
Prazepam is a benzodiazepine derivative drug developed by Warner-Lambert in the 1960s.[1] It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties.[2] Prazepam is a prodrug for desmethyldiazepam which is an active metabolite of prazepam. Desmethyldiazepam is responsible for the therapeutic effects of prazepam.[3]
Prazepam is marketed for anxiolytic use under the trade names Centrac, Centrax, Demetrin, Lysanxia, Mono Demetrin, Pozapam, Prasepine, Prazene, Reapam and Trepidan.
Contents
|
Indications
Prazepam is indicated for the short term treatment of anxiety. After short term therapy the dose is usually gradually tapered off to reduce or avoid any withdrawal or rebound effects.[4][5] Desmethyldiazepam, an active metabolite, has a very long half life of 29 to 224 hours which contributes to the therapeutic effects of prazepam.[6][7]
Side effects
Side effects of prazepam are less profound than with other benzodiazepines.[8] Excessive drowsiness and with longer term use drug dependence are the most common side effects of prazepam.[9][10] Side effects such as fatigue or "feeling spacey" can also occur but less commonly than with other benzodiazepines. Other side effects include feebleness, clumsiness, lethargic, clouded thinking and mental slowness.[11][12][13]
Tolerance, dependence and withdrawal
See also: Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome
Tolerance and dependence can develop with long term use of prazepam and upon cessation or reduction in dosage a benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome may occur with symptoms such as tremulousness, dysphoria, psychomotor agitation, tachycardia and sweating. In severe cases hallucinations, psychosis and seizures can occur. Withdrawal related psychosis is generally unresponsive to antipsychotic mediations. The risk and severity of the withdrawal syndrome increases the higher the dose and the longer prazepam is taken for.[14] Tolerance, dependence and withdrawal problems may be less severe than with other benzodiazepines such as diazepam.[15] It may be because tolerance is slower to develop with prazepam than with other benzodiazepines.[16] Abrupt or over-rapid discontinuation of prazepam after long term use even at low dosage may result in a protracted withdrawal syndrome.[17]
Benzodiazepines can induce serious problems of addiction which is one of the main reasons for their use being restricted to short term use. A survey in Senegal found that the majority of doctors believed that their training in this area was generally poor. Recommendations for national authorities to take urgent action regarding the rational use of benzodiazepines.[18] Another study in Dakar found that almost one fifth of doctors ignored prescribing guidelines regarding short term use of benzodiazepines and almost three quarters of doctors regarded their training and knowledge of benzodiazepines to be inadequate. More training regarding benzodiazepines has been recommended for doctors.[19]
Contraindications and special caution
Benzodiazepines require special precaution if used in the elderly, during pregnancy, in children, alcohol or drug-dependent individuals and individuals with comorbid psychiatric disorders.[20]
Mechanism of action
Prazepam exerts its therapeutic effects primarily via modulating the benzodiazepine receptor which in turn enhances GABA function in the brain.[21] Prazepam like other benzodiazepines has anticonvulsant properties but its anticonvulsant properties are not as potent as other benzodiazepines when tested in animal studies.[22][23][24][25]
Pharmacokinetics
Prazepam is metabolised into descyclopropylmethylprazepam (also known as desmethyldiazepam) and 3-hydroxyprazepam which is further metabolised into oxazepam.[26][27][28][29][30] Prazepam is a prodrug for descyclopropylmethylprazepam/desmethyldiazepam (also known as norprazepam or nordiazepam) which is responsible for most of the therapeutic activity of prazepam rather than prazepam itself.[14][21][31][32]
Interactions
Prazepam may interact with cimetidine.[33] Alcohol in combination with prazepam increases the adverse effects, particularly performance impairing side effects and drowsiness.[34]
Trade names
Prazepam is available under different trade names in the following countries; Austria: Demetrin, Belgium: Lysanxia, France: Lysanxia, Germany: Demetrin; Mono Demetrin, Greece: Centrac, Ireland: Centrax, Italy: Prazene; Trepidan, Macedonia: Demetrin, Prazepam, Netherlands: Reapam, Portugal: Demetrin, South Africa: Demetrin, Switzerland: Demetrin, Thailand: Pozapam; Prasepine.[35]
Overdose
See also: Benzodiazepine overdose
The symptoms of an overdose of prazepam include sleepiness, agitation and ataxia. Hypotonia may also occur in severe cases. Overdoses in children typically result in more severe symptoms of overdose.[36]
Abuse potential
See also: Benzodiazepine drug misuse
Prazepam like other benzodiazepines has abuse potential and can be habit forming. However, its abuse potential may be lower than other benzodiazepines because it has a slow onset of action.[14][37]
Toxicity
Animal studies have found prazepam taken during pregnancy results in delayed growth and reproductive abnormalities.[38][39][40]
Chemistry
Prazepam, 7-chloro-1-(cyclopropylmethyl)-1,3-dihydro-5-phenyl-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one, differs from diazepam in that it has a substituent on the nitrogen atom in the first position of the benzodiazepine system. This drug is made according to a scheme very similar to that of diazepam. It is derived from the same initial 2-amino-5-chlorobenzophenone, which undergoes acylation by cyclopropancarboxylic acid chloride. The resulting 2-cyclopropylcarbonylamino-5-chlorobenzophenone is reduced by lithium aluminum hydride into 2-cyclopropylmethylamino-5-chlorobenzhydrol, and the resulting product is oxidized by manganese dioxide into 2-cyclopropylmethylamino-5-chlorobenzophenone. This is acylated by phthalimidoacetic acid chloride. The phthalimide protecting group in the resulting product is removed by treatment with hydrazine, during which an intramolecular reaction of imino formation occurs under the conditions of synthesis, leading to the formation of the desired product, prazepam.
- I. Pattison, F.H. McMillan, U.S. Patent 3,192,199 (1965).
- Warner-Lambert Pharmaceutical Company, FR 1394287 (1965).
In the second, simpler scheme, synthesis begins with 7-chloro-5-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H- 1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one, which is alkylated by cyclopropylmethylbromide in the presence of sodium hydride into prazepam.
- H.M. Wuest, U.S. Patent 3,192,200 (1965).
- S. Inaba, T. Hirohashi, H. Yamamoto, Chem. Pharm. Bull., 17, 1263 (1969).
See also
- Benzodiazepine
- Benzodiazepine dependence
- Long-term effects of benzodiazepines
References
- ^ US Patent 3192199 - PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF I-CYCLO- ALKYL DERIVATIVES OF I,X-BENZODIAZEPINE
- ^ Shader RI, Greenblatt DJ (1979). "Benzodiazepines: some aspects of their clinical pharmacology". Ciba Found. Symp. (74): 141–55. PMID 45081.
- ^ Jacqmin P, Ansseau M (1988). "Comparison of sublingual and oral prazepam in normal subjects. II. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data". Neuropsychobiology 19 (4): 186–91. doi:10.1159/000118458. PMID 2854609.
- ^ Rickels K, Sablosky L, Silverman H, et al. (1977). "Prazepam in anxiety: a controlled clinical trial". Compr Psychiatry 18 (3): 239–49. doi:10.1016/0010-440X(77)90018-9. PMID 858240. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0010-440X(77)90018-9.
- ^ Ansseau M, Von Frenckell R (1991). "[Value of prazepam drops in the brief treatment of anxiety disorders]" (in French). Encephale 17 (4): 291–294. PMID 1959497.
- ^ Breimer DD, Jochemsen R, von Albert HH (1980). "Pharmacokinetics of benzodiazepines. Short-acting versus long-acting". Arzneimittelforschung 30 (5a): 875–81. PMID 6106488.
- ^ Allen MD, Greenblatt DJ, Harmatz JS, Shader RI (August 1980). "Desmethyldiazepam kinetics in the elderly after oral prazepam". Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 28 (2): 196–202. doi:10.1038/clpt.1980.150. PMID 6772370.
- ^ Greenblatt DJ, Harmatz JS, Dorsey C, Shader RI (September 1988). "Comparative single-dose kinetics and dynamics of lorazepam, alprazolam, prazepam, and placebo". Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 44 (3): 326–34. doi:10.1038/clpt.1988.158. PMID 3138056.
- ^ Danion JM, Brion S, Escande M, et al. (1984). "[Treatment of anxiety with prazepam, 40 mg. A controlled study versus lorazepam]" (in French). Encephale 10 (3): 135–138. PMID 6389091.
- ^ Dièye AM, Sy B, Diarra M, Faye B (March 2004). "[Prescription and use of benzodiazepins in Saint-Louis in Senegal: patient survey]" (in French). Ann Pharm Fr 62 (2): 133–137. PMID 15107731. http://www.masson.fr/masson/MDOI-APF-03-2004-62-2-0003-4509-101019-ART9.
- ^ Shader RI, Pary RJ, Harmatz JS, Allison S, Locniskar A, Greenblatt DJ (October 1984). "Plasma concentrations and clinical effects after single oral doses of prazepam, clorazepate, and diazepam". J Clin Psychiatry 45 (10): 411–3. PMID 6148339.
- ^ Ansseau M, von Frenckell R, Jacqmin P (1987). "Comparison of sublingual and oral prazepam in normal subjects. I. Clinical data". Neuropsychobiology 18 (2): 77–82. doi:10.1159/000118397. PMID 3330182.
- ^ Chabannes JP, Lemoine P (1990). "[Prazepam drops versus 10 mg prazepam tablets in anxious patients in ambulatory care]" (in French). Therapie 45 (6): 467–470. PMID 2080484.
- ^ a b c Shader RI, Greenblatt DJ (1981). "The use of benzodiazepines in clinical practice". Br J Clin Pharmacol. 11 Suppl 1: 5S–9S. PMC 1401641. PMID 6133535. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1401641/.
- ^ Dorman T (1983). "A multi-centre comparison of prazepam and diazepam in the treatment of anxiety". Pharmatherapeutica 3 (6): 433–40. PMID 6353434.
- ^ Saletu M, Saletu B, Grünberger J, Mader R, Karobath M (1983). "Clinical symptomatology and computer analyzed EEG before, during and after anxiolytic therapy of alcohol withdrawal patients". Neuropsychobiology 9 (2-3): 119–34. doi:10.1159/000117949. PMID 6353268.
- ^ Soyka M, Lehle R, Hippius H (September 1994). "[Exacerbation of an affective psychosis after terminating a decade of benzodiazepine treatment. Which therapeutic procedure is sensible?]" (in German). Nervenarzt 65 (9): 628–32. PMID 7991010.
- ^ Dièye AM, Sylla M, Ndiaye A, Ndiaye M, Sy GY, Faye B (June 2006). "Benzodiazepines prescription in Dakar: a study about prescribing habits and knowledge in general practitioners, neurologists and psychiatrists". Fundam Clin Pharmacol 20 (3): 235–8. doi:10.1111/j.1472-8206.2006.00400.x. PMID 16671957. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/resolve/openurl?genre=article&sid=nlm:pubmed&issn=0767-3981&date=2006&volume=20&issue=3&spage=235.
- ^ Dièye AM, Sy AN, Sy GY, et al. (2007). "[Prescription of benzodiazepines by general practitioners in the private sector of Dakar: survey on knowledge and attitudes]" (in French). Therapie 62 (2): 163–168. doi:10.2515/therapie:2007018. PMID 17582318. http://publications.edpsciences.org/10.2515/therapie:2007018.
- ^ Authier, N.; Balayssac, D.; Sautereau, M.; Zangarelli, A.; Courty, P.; Somogyi, AA.; Vennat, B.; Llorca, PM. et al. (Nov 2009). "Benzodiazepine dependence: focus on withdrawal syndrome.". Ann Pharm Fr 67 (6): 408–13. doi:10.1016/j.pharma.2009.07.001. PMID 19900604.
- ^ a b Quast U (May 1981). "[Molecular mechanism of action of benzodiazepines]" (in German). Fortschr. Med. 99 (20): 788–94. PMID 6114911.
- ^ De Sarro G, Gitto R, Rizzo M, Zappia M, De Sarro A (September 1996). "1,4-Benzodiazepine derivatives as anticonvulsant agents in DBA/2 mice". Gen. Pharmacol. 27 (6): 935–41. doi:10.1016/0306-3623(95)02147-7. PMID 8909973. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0306362395021477.
- ^ De Sarro G, Chimirri A, Zappala M, Guisti P, Lipartiti M, De Sarro A (October 1996). "Azirino[1, 2-d][1, 4]benzodiazepine derivatives and related 1,4-benzodiazepines as anticonvulsant agents in DBA/2 mice". Gen. Pharmacol. 27 (7): 1155–1162. doi:10.1016/S0306-3623(96)00049-3. PMID 8981061. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306362396000493.
- ^ De Sarro G, Chimirri A, McKernan R, Quirk K, Giusti P, De Sarro A (September 1997). "Anticonvulsant activity of azirino[1,2-d][1,4]benzodiazepines and related 1,4-benzodiazepines in mice". Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 58 (1): 281–289. doi:10.1016/S0091-3057(96)00565-5. PMID 9264104. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0091-3057(96)00565-5.
- ^ Fukinaga M, Ishizawa K, Kamei C (November 1998). "Anticonvulsant properties of 1,4-benzodiazepine derivatives in amygdaloid-kindled seizures and their chemical structure-related anticonvulsant action". Pharmacology 57 (5): 233–241. doi:10.1159/000028247. PMID 9742288. http://content.karger.com/produktedb/produkte.asp?typ=fulltext&file=pha57233.
- ^ Viau JP, Epps JE, Di Carlo J (September 1973). "Prazepam metabolism after chronic administration to humans". Xenobiotica 3 (9): 581–587. doi:10.3109/00498257309151546. PMID 4763144. http://www.informapharmascience.com/doi/abs/10.3109/00498257309151546.
- ^ Valavani P, Atta-Politou J, Panderi I (April 2005). "Development and validation of a liquid chromatographic/electrospray ionization mass spectrometric method for the quantitation of prazepam and its main metabolites in human plasma". J Mass Spectrom 40 (4): 516–26. doi:10.1002/jms.824. PMID 15712230.
- ^ Lu XL, Guengerich FP, Yang SK (1991). "Stereoselective metabolism of prazepam and halazepam by human liver microsomes". Drug Metab. Dispos. 19 (3): 637–642. PMID 1680631. http://dmd.aspetjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/19/3/637.
- ^ Greenblatt DJ, Shader RI (April 1978). "Prazepam, a precursor of desmethyldiazepam". Lancet 1 (8066): 720. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(78)90834-6. PMID 76260.
- ^ Nau H, Liddiard C, Jesdinsky D, Wittfoht W (September 1978). "Quantitative analysis of prazepam and its metabolites by electron capture gas chromatography and selected ion monitoring. Application to diaplacetal passage and fetal hepatic metabolism in early human pregnancy". J. Chromatogr. 146 (2): 227–239. doi:10.1016/S0378-4347(00)81889-7. PMID 701422.
- ^ Kölle EU (June 1981). "[Pharmacokinetics of oral prazepam]" (in German). Fortschr. Med. 99 (22): 874–879. PMID 6790396.
- ^ Ochs HR, Greenblatt DJ, Verburg-Ochs B, Locniskar A (October 1984). "Comparative single-dose kinetics of oxazolam, prazepam, and clorazepate: three precursors of desmethyldiazepam". J Clin Pharmacol 24 (10): 446–51. PMID 6150943. http://jcp.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/24/10/446.
- ^ Ruffalo RL, Thompson JF, Segal J (September 1981). "Cimetidine-benzodiazepine drug interaction". Am J Hosp Pharm 38 (9): 1365–1366. PMID 6116430.
- ^ Girre C, Hirschhorn M, Bertaux L, Palombo S, Fournier PE (1991). "Comparison of performance of healthy volunteers given prazepam alone or combined with ethanol. Relation to drug plasma concentrations". Int Clin Psychopharmacol 6 (4): 227–238. doi:10.1097/00004850-199100640-00004. PMID 1816280.
- ^ "Benzodiazepine Names". non-benzodiazepines.org.uk. http://www.non-benzodiazepines.org.uk/benzodiazepine-names.html. Retrieved 2009-05-31.
- ^ Pulce C, Mollon P, Pham E, Frantz P, Descotes J (April 1992). "Acute poisonings with ethyle loflazepate, flunitrazepam, prazepam and triazolam in children". Vet Hum Toxicol 34 (2): 141–143. PMID 1354907.
- ^ Hakuba A, Matysiakiewicz J (1986). "[The habit-forming effect of prazepam]" (in Polish). Psychiatr. Pol. 20 (3): 232–234. PMID 3797537.
- ^ Fox KA, Guerriero FJ (July 1978). "Effect of benzodiazepines on age of vaginal perforation and first estrus in mice". Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol. 21 (1): 181–184. PMID 28555.
- ^ Guerriero FJ, Fox KA (April 1976). "Benzodiazepines and reproduction of swiss-webster mice". Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol. 13 (4): 601–10. PMID 4863.
- ^ Guerriero FJ, Fox KA (May 1975). "Benzodiazepine-induced suppression of estrous cycles in C57BL/6J mice". Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol. 11 (1): 155–158. PMID 239442.
External links
- Inchem - Prazepam
- Meds-help.com - Prazepam
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
UpToDate Contents
全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.
- 1. 鎮静剤および催眠剤の乱用および依存：薬理学および疫学 sedatives and hypnotics abuse and dependence pharmacology and epidemiology
English Journal
- Development and validation of a fast ionic liquid-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction procedure combined with LC-MS/MS analysis for the quantification of benzodiazepines and benzodiazepine-like hypnotics in whole blood.
- De Boeck M1, Missotten S1, Dehaen W2, Tytgat J1, Cuypers E3.
- Forensic science international.Forensic Sci Int.2017 May;274:44-54. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.12.026. Epub 2016 Dec 26.
- PMID 28094153
- Trends in incident use of benzodiazepines and Z-drugs in France from 2006 to 2012: a population-based study.
- Bénard-Laribière A1,2, Noize P2,3,4, Pambrun E1,2, Bazin F1,2, Verdoux H1,2,5, Tournier M1,2,5, Bégaud B1,2,3, Pariente A1,2,3,4.
- Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety.Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf.2017 Feb;26(2):162-169. doi: 10.1002/pds.4123. Epub 2016 Nov 3.
- PMID 27807907
- Suicide by ingestion of caffeine.
- Aknouche F1, Guibert E1, Tessier A1, Eibel A2, Kintz P2,3.
- Egyptian journal of forensic sciences.Egypt J Forensic Sci.2017;7(1):6. doi: 10.1186/s41935-017-0001-2. Epub 2017 Jul 19.
- PMID 28781898
Japanese Journal
- オブラートあるいは服薬補助ゼリーで包んだ錠剤及びカプセル剤における 溶出挙動
- 早勢 伸正,岩山 訓典,大滝 康一 [他],山下 恭範,粟屋 敏雄,松原 和夫
- 薬学雑誌. 乙号 131(1), 161-168, 2011
- … Three types of commercially available formulations of benzodiazepine were used: medazepam sugarcoated tablets, prazepam uncoated tablets, and clorazepate dipotassium capsules. … Dissolution of clorazepate capsules not covered with oblate increased by approximately 10% when the pH was adjusted from 1.2 to 5.6, while those of medazepam and prazepam tablets decreased by approximately 40-60%. … Dissolution of prazepam tablets covered with agar jelly was only about 10% at the end of the test. …
- NAID 130000451537
- 直浸固相ミクロ抽出/ガスクロマトグラフィーによる尿中ベンゾジアゼピン系薬剤の検出
- Seno Hiroshi,Kumazawa Takeshi,Ishii Akira,Watanabe Kanako,Hattori Hideki,Suzuki Osamu
- 1997-01-31
- … Medazepam, fludiazepam, diazepam, midazolam, flunitrazepam, prazepam, nimetazepam and flurazepam could be extracted under the present DI-SPME conditions, and their recoveries were 1.55-17.0%. … those for medazepam, fludiazepam, diazepam, midazolam, flunitrazepam, prazepam and flurazepam were 10-20 ng/ml.rights:日本法中毒学会rights:本文データは日本法中毒学会の許諾のもと掲載しています。 …
- NAID 120005314025
- Supercritical fluid extraction of selected pharmaceuticals from water and serum
- SIMMONS Bradley R.,STEWART James T.
- Journal of chromatography. B, Biomedical sciences and applications 688(2), 291-302, 1997-01-24
- NAID 10024511230
Related Links
- prazepam [praz′əpam] a benzodiazepine derivative used to treat anxiety. indications It is not available in the United States, but it is prescribed elsewhere for the treatment of anxiety disorders or the short-term relief of symptoms of ...
- Assessment | Biopsychology | Comparative | Cognitive | Developmental | Language | Individual... ... Indications Edit Prazepam is indicated for the short term treatment of anxiety. After short term therapy the dose is usually gradually ...
Related Pictures
★リンクテーブル★
| リンク元 | 「プラゼパム」 |