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a light soft silver-white metallic element of the alkali metal group; oxidizes rapidly in air and reacts violently with water; is abundant in nature in combined forms occurring in sea water and in carnallite and kainite and sylvite (同)K, atomic number 19
a salt of perchloric acid

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ポタシウム,カリウム(金属元素;化学記号はK)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/04/25 23:25:58」(JST)

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Potassium perchlorate is the inorganic salt with the chemical formula KClO₄. Like other perchlorates, this salt is a strong oxidizer although it usually reacts very slowly with organic substances. This usually obtained as a colorless, crystalline solid is a common oxidizer used in fireworks, ammunition percussion caps, explosive primers, and is used variously in propellants, flash compositions, stars, and sparklers. It has been used as a solid rocket propellant, although in that application it has mostly been replaced by the higher performance ammonium perchlorate. KClO₄ has the lowest solubility of the alkali metal perchlorates (1.5 g in 100 mL of water at 25 °C).^[1]

Production

Potassium perchlorate in crystal form

KClO₄ is prepared industrially by treating an aqueous solution of sodium perchlorate with KCl. This single precipitation reaction exploits the low solubility of KClO₄, which is about 100 times less than the solubility of NaClO₄ (209.6 g/100 mL at 25 °C).^[8] It can also be produced by the reaction of perchloric acid with potassium hydroxide, however this is not used widely, due to the dangers of perchloric acid.

Oxidizing properties

KClO₄ is an oxidizer in the sense that it exothermically transfers oxygen to combustible materials, greatly increasing their rate of combustion relative to that in air. Thus, with glucose it gives carbon dioxide:

3 KClO₄ + C₆H₁₂O₆ → 6 H₂O + 6 CO₂ + 3 KCl

The conversion of solid glucose into hot gaseous CO₂ is the basis of the explosive force of this and other such mixtures. Even with cane sugar, KClO₄ yields a low explosive, provided the necessary confinement. Otherwise such mixtures simply deflagrate with an intense purple flame characteristic of potassium. Flash compositions used in firecrackers usually consist of fine aluminium powder mixed with potassium perchlorate.

As an oxidizer, potassium perchlorate can be used safely in the presence of sulfur, whereas potassium chlorate cannot. The greater reactivity of chlorate is typical – perchlorates are kinetically poorer oxidants. Chlorate produces chloric acid, which is highly unstable and can lead to premature ignition of the composition. Correspondingly, perchloric acid is quite stable.^[9]

In medicine

Potassium perchlorate can be used as an antithyroid agent used to treat hyperthyroidism, usually in combination with one other medication. This application exploits the similar ionic radii and hydrophilicity of perchlorate and iodide.

Other Uses

Since 2005, a cartridge with potassium perchlorate mixed with anthracene and sulfur is used for generating the black smoke signalling the failure of reaching a two-thirds majority needed for the election of new pope by a papal conclave.

References

^ ^a ^b "Potassium Perchlorate MSDS". J.T. Baker. 2007-02-16. Retrieved 2007-12-10.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e http://chemister.ru/Database/properties-en.php?dbid=1&id=519
^ http://www.solubilityofthings.com/water/ions_solubility/ksp_chart.php
^ Benenson, Walter; Stöcker, Horst. Handbook of Physics. Springer. p. 780. ISBN 0387952691. |accessdate= requires |url= (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Sigma-Aldrich Co., Potassium perchlorate. Retrieved on 2014-05-27.
^ ^a ^b Potassium perchlorate in Linstrom, P.J.; Mallard, W.G. (eds.) NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg MD. http://webbook.nist.gov (retrieved 2014-05-27)
^ Zumdahl, Steven S. (2009). Chemical Principles 6th Ed. Houghton Mifflin Company. p. A22. ISBN 0-618-94690-X.
^ Helmut Vogt, Jan Balej, John E. Bennett, Peter Wintzer, Saeed Akbar Sheikh, Patrizio Gallone "Chlorine Oxides and Chlorine Oxygen Acids" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2002, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a06_483
^ Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd Edn.), Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-3365-4.

External links

WebBook page for KClO₄

v t e Salts and the ester of the Perchlorate ion
HClO₄																	He
LiClO₄	Be(ClO₄)₂											B(ClO₄)₄⁻	ROClO₃	N(ClO₄)₃ NH₄ClO₄	O	FClO₄	Ne
NaClO₄	Mg(ClO₄)₂											Al(ClO₄)₃	Si	P	S	ClO₄⁻ ClOClO₃ Cl₂O₇	Ar
KClO₄	Ca(ClO₄)₂	Sc(ClO₄)₃	Ti(ClO₄)₄	VO(ClO₄)₃	Cr(ClO₄)₃	Mn(ClO₄)₂	Fe(ClO₄)₃	Co(ClO₄)₂, Co(ClO₄)₃	Ni(ClO₄)₂	Cu(ClO₄)₂	Zn(ClO₄)₂	Ga(ClO₄)₃	Ge	As	Se	Br	Kr
RbClO₄	Sr(ClO₄)₂	Y	Zr	Nb	Mo	Tc	Ru	Rh	Pd(ClO₄)₂	AgClO₄	Cd(ClO₄)₂	In	Sn	Sb	Te	I	Xe
CsClO₄	Ba(ClO₄)₂		Hf	Ta	W	Re	Os	Ir	Pt	Au	Hg₂(ClO₄)₂, Hg(ClO₄)₂	Tl(ClO₄)₃	Pb(ClO₄)₂	Bi(ClO₄)₃	Po	At	Rn
Fr	Ra		Rf	Db	Sg	Bh	Hs	Mt	Ds	Rg	Cn	Uut	Fl	Uup	Lv	Uus	Uuo
		↓
		La	Ce(ClO₄)_x	Pr	Nd	Pm	Sm	Eu	Gd	Tb	Dy	Ho	Er	Tm	Yb	Lu
		Ac	Th	Pa	UO₂(ClO₄)₂	Np	Pu	Am	Cm	Bk	Cf	Es	Fm	Md	No	Lr

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. ヨード誘発性甲状腺機能異常症 iodine induced thyroid dysfunction
2. アミオダロンと甲状腺機能障害 amiodarone and thyroid dysfunction
3. チオナミドの薬理学および毒性 pharmacology and toxicity of thionamides
4. 甲状腺ホルモンの合成および生理 thyroid hormone synthesis and physiology
5. 甲状腺機能低下症の原因となる疾患 disorders that cause hypothyroidism

English Journal

Preparation Method of Crack-free PVDF Microfiltration Membrane with Enhanced Antifouling Characteristics.

Woo SH1, Lee JS1, Lee HH1, Park J1, Min BR1.
ACS applied materials & interfaces.ACS Appl Mater Interfaces.2015 Aug 5;7(30):16466-77. doi: 10.1021/acsami.5b03797. Epub 2015 Jul 24.
This study proposes a method to prepare a crack-free poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) microfiltration (MF) membrane with enhanced antifouling property. In the study, blending 4% poly(vinylidene fluoride)-graft-poly(sulfopropyl methacrylate) (PVDF-g-PSPMA) and 1.5% potassium perchlorate (KClO4) led t
PMID 26172403

Iodine Affects Differentiation and Migration Process in Trophoblastic Cells.

Olivo-Vidal ZE1, Rodríguez RC, Arroyo-Helguera O.
Biological trace element research.Biol Trace Elem Res.2015 Jul 9. [Epub ahead of print]
Iodine deficiency is associated with oxidative stress increase and preeclampsia during gestation, suggesting that iodine concentration plays an important role in the normal placenta physiology. The question raised is to analyze the effect of iodine deficiency on oxidative stress, viability, differen
PMID 26152853

1-23I-MIBG thyroid uptake: Implications for MIBG imaging of the heart.

Giubbini R1, Milan E, Marcassa C, Paghera B, Fracassi F, Camoni L, Rodella C, Bertagna F, Motta F, Bertoli M, Campini R.
Journal of nuclear cardiology : official publication of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology.J Nucl Cardiol.2015 May 13. [Epub ahead of print]
BACKGROUND: 123I-MIBG has been widely used in patients with heart failure and neurological disorders. The patients are pre-treated with Lugol's oral solution or potassium perchlorate to prevent thyroid uptake of unlabeled 123I to limit the thyroid radiation exposure. However, despite the inhibition
PMID 25963285

Japanese Journal

大容量注入イオンクロマトグラフィーを用いる水道水中過塩素酸の高感度定量

前田絵理,矢野美穂,川元達彦
分析化学 = Japan analyst 60(8), 659-664, 2011-08-05
… In order to secure the safety of drinking water in Japan, perchlorate has recently been added to the list of examination regulated items under the Water Supply Law set by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare on April 1, 2009. … Accordingly the target value for perchlorate residue in tap water was newly set at 25 μg/L on April 1, 2011. … A sensitive analytical method for the residual level of perchlorate in tap water was examined using large-loop injection ion chromatography. …
NAID 10029341052

Preparation of silica-coated AgI nanoparticles by an amine-free process and their X-ray imaging properties

Ayame Tetsuya,Kobayashi Yoshio,Nakagawa Tomohiko [他],GONDA Kohsuke,TAKEDA Motohiro,OHUCHI Noriaki
Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan 119(1390), 397-401, 2011
… A colloid solution of 3.9 × 10−4 M AgI nanoparticles was prepared mixing silver perchlorate at 3.9 × 10−4 M and potassium iodide at 7.8 × 10−4 M. …
NAID 130000784598

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関連記事	「perchlorate」

「perchlorate」

Potassium perchlorate
Names
	Other names Potassium chlorate(VII); Perchloric acid, potassium salt; peroidin
Identifiers
CAS Registry Number	7778-74-7
ChEMBL	ChEMBL1200696
ChemSpider	22913
EC number	231-912-9
	InChI InChI=1S/ClHO4.K/c2-1(3,4)5;/h(H,2,3,4,5);/q;+1/p-1 ; Key: YLMGFJXSLBMXHK-UHFFFAOYSA-M ; InChI=1/ClHO4.K/c2-1(3,4)5;/h(H,2,3,4,5);/q;+1/p-1; Key: YLMGFJXSLBMXHK-REWHXWOFAB ;
Jmol-3D images	Image
PubChem	516900
RTECS number	SC9700000
	SMILES [K+].[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O ;
UNII	42255P5X4D
UN number	1489
Properties
Molecular formula	ClKO4
Molar mass	138.55 g·mol−1
Appearance	colourless/ white crystalline powder
Density	2.5239 g/cm3
Melting point	610 °C (1,130 °F; 883 K); decomposes from 400 °C
Solubility in water	0.76 g/100 mL (0 °C); 1.5 g/100 mL (25 °C); 4.76 g/100 mL (40 °C); 21.08 g/100 mL (100 °C)
Solubility product (Ksp)	1.05·10−2
Solubility	negligible in alcohol; insoluble in ether
Solubility in ethanol	47 mg/kg (0 °C); 120 mg/kg (25 °C)
Solubility in acetone	1.6 g/kg
Solubility in ethyl acetate	15 mg/kg
Refractive index (nD)	1.4724
Structure
Crystal structure	Rhombohedral
Thermochemistry
Specific; heat capacity (C)	111.35 J/mol·K
Std molar; entropy (So298)	150.86 J/mol·K
Std enthalpy of; formation (ΔfHo298)	-433 kJ/mol
Gibbs free energy (ΔfG˚)	-300.4 kJ/mol
Hazards
MSDS	MSDS
GHS pictograms
GHS signal word	Danger
GHS hazard statements	H271, H302
GHS precautionary statements	P220
EU Index	017-008-00-5
EU classification	O Xn
R-phrases	R9, R22
S-phrases	(S2), S13, S22, S27
NFPA 704	0 1 1 OX
Related compounds
Other anions	Potassium chloride; Potassium chlorate; Potassium periodate
Other cations	Ammonium perchlorate; Sodium perchlorate
	Except where noted otherwise, data is given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C (77 °F), 100 kPa)
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	Infobox references

　　[★]

過塩素酸、(化合物)過塩素酸塩

関: HClO、perchloric acid

perchloric acid

[jtbaker-1] "Potassium Perchlorate MSDS". J.T. Baker. 2007-02-16. Retrieved 2007-12-10.

[chemister-2] ttp://chemister.ru/Database/properties-en.php?dbid=1&id=519

[3] ttp://www.solubilityofthings.com/water/ions_solubility/ksp_chart.php

[hop-4] Benenson, Walter; Stöcker, Horst. Handbook of Physics. Springer. p. 780. ISBN 0387952691. |accessdate= requires |url= (help)

[sigma-5] Sigma-Aldrich Co., Potassium perchlorate. Retrieved on 2014-05-27.

[nist-6] Potassium perchlorate in Linstrom, P.J.; Mallard, W.G. (eds.) NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg MD. http://webbook.nist.gov (retrieved 2014-05-27)

[b1-7] Zumdahl, Steven S. (2009). Chemical Principles 6th Ed. Houghton Mifflin Company. p. A22. ISBN 0-618-94690-X.

[8] Helmut Vogt, Jan Balej, John E. Bennett, Peter Wintzer, Saeed Akbar Sheikh, Patrizio Gallone "Chlorine Oxides and Chlorine Oxygen Acids" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2002, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a06_483

[9] Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd Edn.), Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-3365-4.

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potassium perchlorate