WordNet

reckoned, situated or tending in the direction which naturally or arbitrarily is taken to indicate increase or progress or onward motion; "positive increase in graduating students"
a film showing a photographic image whose tones correspond to those of the original subject
the primary form of an adjective or adverb; denotes a quality without qualification, comparison, or relation to increase or diminution (同)positive degree
indicating existence or presence of a suspected condition or pathogen; "a positive pregnancy test" (同)confirming
having a positive charge; "protons are positive" (同)electropositive, positively charged
formally laid down or imposed; "positive laws" (同)prescribed
characterized by or displaying affirmation or acceptance or certainty etc.; "a positive attitude"; "the reviews were all positive"; "a positive benefit"; "a positive demand"
greater than zero; "positive numbers"
(medicine) any sensation or change in bodily function that is experienced by a patient and is associated with a particular disease
anything that accompanies X and is regarded as an indication of Xs existence

PrepTutorEJDIC

『肯定した,同意の』 / 『実際的な,』積極的な,建設的な / 《補語にのみ用いて》『確信のある』,自信のある / (事が)疑問の余地がない,明確な;(言葉が)はっきりした / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》《話》全くの,文字どおりの / (生体の反応が)陽性の / (数が)正の,プラスの;(気電が)陽の;(写真で)陽画の / (形容詞・副詞の比較変化で)原級の / 明確(明白)なもの / (形容詞・副詞の)原級 / (写真の)陽画,ポジ / (数学で)正数
(病気の)徴候,症状《+of+名》 / (一般)に(…の)徴候,きざし,印《+of+名》

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/07/14 03:45:55」(JST)

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A symptom (from Greek σύμπτωμα, "accident, misfortune, that which befalls",^[1] from συμπίπτω, "I befall", from συν- "together, with" and πίπτω, "I fall") is a departure from normal function or feeling which is noticed by a patient, indicating the presence of disease or abnormality. A symptom is subjective,^[2] observed by the patient,^[3] and cannot be measured directly,^[4] whereas a sign is objectively observable. For example, paresthesia is a symptom (only the person experiencing it can directly observe their own tingling feeling), whereas erythema is a sign (anyone can confirm that the skin is redder than usual). Symptoms and signs are often nonspecific, but often combinations of them are at least suggestive of certain diagnoses, helping to narrow down what may be wrong. In other cases they are specific even to the point of being pathognomonic.

The term is sometimes also applied to physiological states outside the context of disease, as for example when referring to "symptoms of pregnancy".

Types

Symptoms may be chronic, relapsing or remitting. Asymptomatic conditions also exist (e.g. subclinical infections and, sometimes, high blood pressure).

Constitutional or general symptoms are those that are related to the systemic effects of a disease (e.g., fever, malaise, anorexia, and weight loss). They affect the entire body rather than a specific organ or location.

The terms "chief complaint", "presenting symptom", "iatrotropic symptom", or "presenting complaint" are used to describe the initial concern which brings a patient to a doctor. The symptom that ultimately leads to a diagnosis is called a "cardinal symptom".

Non-specific symptoms are those self-reported symptoms that do not indicate a specific disease process or involve an isolated body system. For example, fatigue is a feature of many acute and chronic medical conditions, whether physical or mental, and may be either a primary or secondary symptom. Fatigue is also a normal, healthy condition when experienced after exertion or at the end of a day.

Positive and negative

In describing mental disorders,^[5]^[6] especially schizophrenia, symptoms can be divided into positive and negative symptoms.^[7]

Positive symptoms are symptoms that most individuals do not normally experience but are present in the disorder. It reflects an excess or distortion of normal functions (i.e., experiences and behaviours that have been added to a person’s normal way of functioning.^[8] Examples are hallucinations, delusions, and bizarre behavior.^[5]
Negative symptoms are functions that are normally found in healthy persons, but that are diminished or not present in affected persons. Thus, it is something that has disappeared from a person’s normal way of functioning.^[8] Examples are social withdrawal, apathy, inability to experience pleasure and defects in attention control.^[6]

Possible causes

Some symptoms occur in a wide range of disease processes, whereas other symptoms are fairly specific for a narrow range of illnesses. For example, a sudden loss of sight in one eye has a significantly smaller number of possible causes than nausea does.

Some symptoms can be misleading to the patient or the medical practitioner caring for them. For example, inflammation of the gallbladder often gives rise to pain in the right shoulder, which may understandably lead the patient to attribute the pain to a non-abdominal cause such as muscle strain.

Symptom versus Sign

A symptom can more simply be defined as any feature which is noticed by the patient. A sign is noticed by other people. It is not necessarily the nature of the sign or symptom which defines it, but who observes it.

A feature might be a sign or a symptom, or both, depending on the observer(s). For example, a skin rash may be noticed by either a healthcare professional as a sign, or by the patient as a symptom. When it is noticed by both, then the feature is both a sign and a symptom.

Some features, such as pain, can only be symptoms, because they cannot be directly observed by other people. Other features can only be signs, such as a blood cell count measured in a medical laboratory.

References

^ "Sumptoma, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', at Pursues". Perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2011-12-17.
^ Pathology - Glossary^{[dead link]}
^ eMedicine/Stedman Medical Dictionary Lookup!^{[dead link]}
^ Devroede G (1992). "Constipation—a sign of a disease to be treated surgically, or a symptom to be deciphered as nonverbal communication?". J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 15 (3): 189–91. doi:10.1097/00004836-199210000-00003. PMID 1479160.
^ ^a ^b "Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders: positive symptom". Minddisorders.com. Retrieved 2011-12-17.
^ ^a ^b http://www.minddisorders.com/Kau-Nu/Negative-symptoms.html Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders: negative symptom
^ "Mental Health: a Report from the Surgeon General". Surgeongeneral.gov. Retrieved 2011-12-17.
^ ^a ^b Understanding Psychosis, Mental Health Illness of Australia.

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The checklist individual strength (CIS20-R) in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - A longitudinal study.

Panitz S1, Kornhuber M, Hanisch F.
Acta neurologica Scandinavica.Acta Neurol Scand.2015 Jun;131(6):372-80. doi: 10.1111/ane.12349. Epub 2015 Jan 7.
OBJECTIVES: Fatigue may be underestimated symptom in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The self-administered checklist individual strength (CIS20-R) was used to measure both physical and mental fatigue in ALS.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fatigue was measured in 51 consecutive patients with ALS using th
PMID 25639482

Responses to stress in patients with psychotic disorders compared to persons with varying levels of vulnerability to psychosis, persons with depression and healthy controls.

Lincoln TM1, Köther U2, Hartmann M3, Kempkensteffen J3, Moritz S2.
Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry.J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry.2015 Jun;47:92-101. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2014.11.011. Epub 2014 Nov 26.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: An experimental design was used to test whether self-reported, psychophysiological and symptomatic stress-responses increase as a function of the underlying vulnerability to psychosis as proposed by vulnerability-stress-models.METHODS: Stress-responses of participants with
PMID 25506818

Systematic review: noncoeliac gluten sensitivity.

Molina-Infante J1, Santolaria S, Sanders DS, Fernández-Bañares F.
Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics.Aliment Pharmacol Ther.2015 May;41(9):807-20. doi: 10.1111/apt.13155. Epub 2015 Mar 6.
BACKGROUND: Noncoeliac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) is a controversial emerging disorder. Despite reported symptoms related to the ingestion of gluten, NCGS remains a diagnosis based on the exclusion of coeliac disease, given the absence of reliable biomarkers.AIM: To evaluate the prevalence, diagnosti
PMID 25753138