WordNet

of or belonging to neither the right nor the left politically or intellectually
a building dedicated to a particular activity; "they were raising money to build a new center for research" (同)centre
(American football) the position of the player on the line of scrimmage who puts the ball in play; "it is a centers responsibility to get the football to the quarterback"
a position on a basketball team of the player who participates in the jump that starts the game
the position on a hockey team of the player who participates in the face off at the beginning of the game
a place where some particular activity is concentrated; "they received messages from several centers" (同)centre
the sweet central portion of a piece of candy that is enclosed in chocolate or some other covering (同)centre
the object upon which interest and attention focuses; "his stories made him the center of the party" (同)centre, center of attention, centre of attention
an area that is approximately central within some larger region; "it is in the center of town"; "they ran forward into the heart of the struggle"; "they were in the eye of the storm" (同)centre, middle, heart, eye
a point equidistant from the ends of a line or the extremities of a figure (同)centre, midpoint
a cluster of nerve cells governing a specific bodily process; "in most people the speech center is in the left hemisphere" (同)centre, nerve_center, nerve centre
(football) the person who plays center on the line of scrimmage and snaps the ball to the quarterback; "the center fumbled the handoff" (同)snapper
(basketball) the person who plays center on a basketball team
(ice hockey) the person who plays center on a hockey team
politically moderate persons; centrists
the middle of a military or naval formation; "they had to reinforce the center"
move into the center; "That vase in the picture is not centered" (同)centre
equally distant from the extremes (同)halfway, middle, midway
a fractional monetary unit of several countries
(American football) putting the ball in play by passing it (between the legs) to a back; "the quarterback fumbled the snap" (同)snap
being or placed in the center
the discharge of urine (同)urination

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉『セント』(1ドルの1/100;米国・カナダの貨幣単位;《略》￠) / 〈C〉1セント銅貨 / 〈U〉(単位としての)100
中軸(中心)を持つ

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/01/28 19:00:50」(JST)

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The Pontine micturition center (PMC, also known as Barrington's Nucleus) is a collection of cell bodies located in the rostral pons in the brainstem involved in the supraspinal regulation of micturition (urination). The PMC, when activated, relaxes the urethral sphincter and allow for urination (micturition). The PMC coordinates with other brain centers, including the medial frontal cortex, insular cortex, hypothalamus and periaqueductal gray (PAG). The PAG in particular acts a relay station for ascending bladder information from the spinal cord and incoming signals from higher brain areas.

Regulation

In humans and mammals, neurons in the PMC send descending excitatory projections to spinal parasympathetic preganglionic neurons innervating the bladder and inhibitory interneurons regulating Onuf's nucleus. Additionally, the PMC receives ascending input from the level of the lumbosacral spinal cord. During bladder filling, neurons within the PMC are turned off. However, at a critical level of bladder distention (when one feels the urge to urinate), the afferent activity arising from mechanoreceptors in the bladder wall switches the PMC on and enhances its activity. This activation results in relaxation of the external urethral sphincter and contraction of the bladder due to stimulation of parasympathetic and inhibition of sympathetic outflow to the bladder, and the removal of somatic activation of the external urethral sphincter. This pattern of activity can also be elicited through the conscious desire to void.

References

Fowler CJ, Griffiths D, de Groat WC. (June 9, 2008) "The neural control of micturition." Nature Reviews: Neuroscience (6):453-66
Kuipers R, Mouton LJ, Holstege G. (January 1, 2006) "Afferent projections to the pontine micturition center in the cat." The Journal of Comparative Neurology 494(1):36-53
Sasaki M. (December 5, 2005) "Role of Barrington's nucleus in micturition". The Journal of Comparative Neurology 5;493(1):21-6

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UpToDate Contents

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1. 尿失禁の疫学、危険因子、および病因 epidemiology risk factors and pathogenesis of urinary incontinence
2. 小児における膀胱機能障害の病因および臨床的特徴 etiology and clinical features of bladder dysfunction in children
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4. Overview of gender development and clinical presentation of gender nonconformity in children and adolescents
5. 女性における双極性障害：妊娠前、出生前の維持薬物療法 bipolar disorder in women preconception and prenatal maintenance pharmacotherapy

English Journal

Pudendal but not tibial nerve stimulation inhibits bladder contractions induced by stimulation of pontine micturition center in cats.

Lyon TD1, Ferroni MC1, Kadow BT1, Slater RC1, Zhang Z2, Chang V1, Lamm V1, Shen B1, Wang J1, Roppolo JR3, de Groat WC3, Tai C4.
American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology.Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol.2016 Feb 15;310(4):R366-74. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00490.2015. Epub 2015 Dec 16.
This study examined the possibility that pudendal nerve stimulation (PNS) or tibial nerve stimulation (TNS) inhibits the excitatory pathway from the pontine micturition center (PMC) to the urinary bladder. In decerebrate cats under α-chloralose anesthesia, electrical stimulation of the PMC (40 Hz f
PMID 26676253

Dopamine is produced in the rat spinal cord and regulates micturition reflex after spinal cord injury.

Hou S1, Carson DM2, Wu D2, Klaw MC2, Houlé JD2, Tom VJ3.
Experimental neurology.Exp Neurol.2015 Dec 2. pii: S0014-4886(15)30128-X. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.12.001. [Epub ahead of print]
Dopamine (DA) neurons in the mammalian central nervous system are thought to be restricted to the brain. DA-mediated regulation of urinary activity is considered to occur through an interaction between midbrain DA neurons and the pontine micturition center. Here we show that DA is produced in the ra
PMID 26655672

Supraspinal Control of Urine Storage and Micturition in Men--An fMRI Study.

Michels L1, Blok BF2, Gregorini F3, Kurz M4, Schurch B5, Kessler TM3, Kollias S1, Mehnert U3.
Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991).Cereb Cortex.2015 Oct;25(10):3369-80. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhu140. Epub 2014 Jun 26.
Despite the crucial role of the brain in the control of the human lower urinary tract, little is known about the supraspinal mechanisms regulating micturition. To investigate the central regulatory mechanisms activated during micturition initiation and actual micturition, we used an alternating sequ
PMID 24969474

Japanese Journal

The Forefront for Novel Therapeutic Agents Based on the Pathophysiology of Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction : Pathophysiology of Voiding Dysfunction and Pharmacological Therapy

Takeda Masayuki,Araki Isao,Mochizuki Tsutomu [他],NAKAGOMI Hiroshi,KOBAYASHI Hideki,SAWADA Norifumi,ZAKOHJI Hidenori
Journal of pharmacological sciences 112(2), 121-127, 2010-02-20
… During voiding, the pontine micturition reflex center orders the sacral parasympathetic nucleus to increase parasympathetic activity, resulting in urinary bladder detrusor contraction via activation of post-synaptic muscarinic receptors (M2/3) and in the relaxation of both urethral and prostatic smooth muscle by nitric oxide (NO). …
NAID 10029888469

橋中心髄鞘崩壊症における下部尿路障害

伊藤敬志,榊原隆次,内山智之,劉志,山本達也,柏戸孝一,阿波裕輔,山本香織,木納美香,山口千晴,服部孝道
自律神経 = The Autonomic nervous system 42(3), 242-244, 2005-06-15
NAID 10019343417

Central nervous control of micturition and urine storage

SUGAYA Kimio,NISHIJIMA Saori,MIYAZATO Minoru,OGAWA Yoshihide
日本平滑筋学会機関誌 41(3), 117-132, 2005-06-00
… The micturition reflex is one of the autonomic reflexes, but the release of urine is regulated by voluntary neural mechanisms that involve centers in the brain and spinal cord. … The micturition reflex is a bladder-to-bladder contraction reflex for which the reflex center is located in the rostral pontine tegmentum (pontine micturition center: PMC). …
NAID 110002950124