WordNet

a salt of phosphoric acid (同)orthophosphate, inorganic_phosphate
carbonated drink with fruit syrup and a little phosphoric acid
vermifuge used to treat infestations by roundworms or pinworms

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〈U〉リン酸塩 / 《複数形で》リン酸肥料

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1. Ascariasis
2. 第1世代抗精神病剤：薬理学、投与、および副作用の比較 first generation antipsychotic medications pharmacology administration and comparative side effects
3. 駆虫薬療法 anthelminthic therapies
4. Enterobiasis (pinworm) and trichuriasis (whipworm)
5. 閉経期のホルモン療法で用いる製剤 preparations for menopausal hormone therapy

English Journal

Toxicity and intracellular accumulation of bile acids in sandwich-cultured rat hepatocytes: Role of glycine conjugates.

Chatterjee S1, Bijsmans IT2, van Mil SW3, Augustijns P4, Annaert P5.Author information 1KU Leuven Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Drug Delivery and Disposition, O&N2, Herestraat 49 - Bus 921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. Electronic address: Sagnik.Chatterjee@pharm.kuleuven.be.2Department of Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: i.bijsmans@umcutrecht.nl.3Department of Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: s.w.c.vanmil@umcutrecht.nl.4KU Leuven Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Drug Delivery and Disposition, O&N2, Herestraat 49 - Bus 921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. Electronic address: Patrick.Augustijns@pharm.kuleuven.be.5KU Leuven Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Drug Delivery and Disposition, O&N2, Herestraat 49 - Bus 921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. Electronic address: Pieter.Annaert@pharm.kuleuven.be.AbstractExcessive intrahepatic accumulation of bile acids (BAs) is a key mechanism underlying cholestasis. The aim of this study was to quantitatively explore the relationship between cytotoxicity of BAs and their intracellular accumulation in sandwich-cultured rat hepatocytes (SCRH). Following exposure of SCRH (on day-1 after seeding) to various BAs for 24h, glycine-conjugated BAs were most potent in exerting toxicity. Moreover, unconjugated BAs showed significantly higher toxicity in day-1 compared to day-3 SCRH. When day-1/-3 SCRH were exposed (0.5-4h) to 5-100μM (C)DCA, intracellular levels of unconjugated (C)DCA were similar, while intracellular levels of glycine conjugates were up to 4-fold lower in day-3 compared to day-1 SCRH. Sinusoidal efflux was by far the predominant efflux pathway of conjugated BAs both in day-1 and day-3 SCRH, while canalicular BA efflux showed substantial interbatch variability. After 4h exposure to (C)DCA, intracellular glycine conjugate levels were at least 10-fold higher than taurine conjugate levels. Taken together, reduced BA conjugate formation in day-3 SCRH results in lower intracellular glycine conjugate concentrations, explaining decreased toxicity of (C)DCA in day-3 versus day-1 SCRH. Our data provide for the first time a direct link between BA toxicity and glycine conjugate exposure in SCRH.
Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA.Toxicol In Vitro.2014 Mar;28(2):218-30. doi: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.10.020. Epub 2013 Nov 7.
Excessive intrahepatic accumulation of bile acids (BAs) is a key mechanism underlying cholestasis. The aim of this study was to quantitatively explore the relationship between cytotoxicity of BAs and their intracellular accumulation in sandwich-cultured rat hepatocytes (SCRH). Following exposure of
PMID 24211540

Regulation of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and sulphotransferase 2A1 gene expression in primary porcine hepatocytes by selected sex-steroids and plant secondary metabolites from chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) and wormwood (Artemisia sp.).

Rasmussen MK1, Ekstrand B2.Author information 1Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Denmark. Electronic address: martink.rasmussen@agrsci.dk.2Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Denmark.AbstractIn pigs the endogenously produced compound androstenone is metabolised in the liver in two steps by 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) and sulphotransferase 2A1 (SULT2A1). The present study investigated the effect of selected sex-steroids (0.01-1μM androstenone, testosterone and estradiol), skatole (1-100μM) and secondary plant metabolites (1-100μM) on the expression of 3β-HSD and SULT2A1 mRNA. Additionally the effect of a global methanolic extract of dried chicory root was investigated and compared to previous obtained in vivo effects. Primary hepatocytes were isolated from the livers of piglets (crossbreed: Landrace×Yorkshire and Duroc) and cultured for 24h before treatment for an additionally 24h. RNA was isolated from the hepatocytes and specific gene expression determined by RT-PCR using TaqMan probes. The investigated sex-steroids had no effect on the mRNA expression of 3β-HSD and SULT2A1, while skatole decreased the content of SULT2A1 30% compared to control. Of the investigated secondary plant metabolites artemisinin and scoparone (found in Artemisia sp.) lowered the content of SULT2A1 by 20 and 30% compared to control, respectively. Moreover, we tested three secondary plant metabolites (lactucin, esculetin and esculin) found in chicory root. Lactucin increased the mRNA content of both 3β-HSD and SULT2A1 by 200% compared to control. An extract of chicory root was shown to decrease the expression of both 3β-HSD and SULT2A1. It is concluded that the gene expression of enzymes with importance for androstenone metabolism is regulated by secondary plant metabolites in a complex manner.
Gene.Gene.2014 Feb 15;536(1):53-8. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.11.092. Epub 2013 Dec 12.
In pigs the endogenously produced compound androstenone is metabolised in the liver in two steps by 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) and sulphotransferase 2A1 (SULT2A1). The present study investigated the effect of selected sex-steroids (0.01-1μM androstenone, testosterone and estradiol),
PMID 24333270

Differential gene expression in Giardia lamblia under oxidative stress: Significance in eukaryotic evolution.

Raj D1, Ghosh E1, Mukherjee AK1, Nozaki T2, Ganguly S3.Author information 1Division of Parasitology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, CIT Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India.2Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.3Division of Parasitology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, CIT Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India. Electronic address: sandipanganguly@gmail.com.AbstractGiardia lamblia is a unicellular, early branching eukaryote causing giardiasis, one of the most common human enteric diseases. Giardia, a microaerophilic protozoan parasite has to build up mechanisms to protect themselves against oxidative stress within the human gut (oxygen concentration 60μM) to establish its pathogenesis. G. lamblia is devoid of the conventional mechanisms of the oxidative stress management system, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and glutathione cycling, which are present in most eukaryotes. NADH oxidase is a major component of the electron transport chain of G. lamblia, which in concurrence with disulfide reductase, protects oxygen-labile proteins such as pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase against oxidative stress by sustaining a reduced intracellular environment. It also contains the arginine dihydrolase pathway, which occurs in a number of anaerobic prokaryotes, includes substrate level phosphorylation and adequately active to make a major contribution to ATP production. To study differential gene expression under three types of oxidative stress, a Giardia genomic DNA array was constructed and hybridized with labeled cDNA of cells with or without stress. The transcriptomic data has been analyzed and further validated using real time PCR. We identified that out of 9216 genes represented on the array, more than 200 genes encoded proteins with functions in metabolism, oxidative stress management, signaling, reproduction and cell division, programmed cell death and cytoskeleton. We recognized genes modulated by at least ≥2 fold at a significant time point in response to oxidative stress. The study has highlighted the genes that are differentially expressed during the three experimental conditions which regulate the stress management pathway differently to achieve redox homeostasis. Identification of some unique genes in oxidative stress regulation may help in new drug designing for this common enteric parasite prone to drug resistance. Additionally, these data suggest the major role of this early divergent ancient eukaryote in anaerobic to aerobic organism evolution.
Gene.Gene.2014 Feb 10;535(2):131-9. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.11.048. Epub 2013 Dec 7.
Giardia lamblia is a unicellular, early branching eukaryote causing giardiasis, one of the most common human enteric diseases. Giardia, a microaerophilic protozoan parasite has to build up mechanisms to protect themselves against oxidative stress within the human gut (oxygen concentration 60μM) to
PMID 24321693

Japanese Journal

Determination of Isocitrate Using Immobilized Isocitrate Dehydrogenase in a Flow System and its Application to Analyze the Total Isocitrate Content of Beverages

Journal of health science 51(6), 711-714, 2005-12-01
NAID 110004049585

Calcium binding to the tubulin-colchicine complex in the state of GTP in a BBS buffer

武庫川女子大学紀要. 自然科学編 50, 67-72, 2002
NAID 110006200551

Determination of Acetaldehyde Using Immobilized Aldehyde Dehydrogenase in a Flow System and Application to Analysis of Acetaldehyde Content in Liquors