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Phytohaemagglutinin (PHA, or phytohemagglutinin) is a lectin found in plants, especially certain legumes. PHA actually consists of two closely related proteins, called leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) and PHA-E. The letters E and L indicate these proteins agglutinate erythrocytes and leukocytes (red and white blood cells). Phytohaemagglutinin has carbohydrate-binding specificity for a complex oligosaccharide containing galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, and mannose.^[2]

It is found in the highest concentrations in uncooked red kidney beans and white kidney beans (also known as cannellini),^[3] and it is also found in lower quantities in many other types of green beans and other common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), as well as broad beans (Vicia faba) such as fava beans.^[4] It has a number of physiological effects and is used in medical research. In high doses, it is a toxin.

The lectin has a number of effects on cell metabolism; it induces mitosis, and affects the cell membrane in regard to transport and permeability to proteins. It agglutinates most mammalian red blood cell types.

As a toxin, it can cause poisoning in monogastric animals, such as humans, through the consumption of raw or improperly prepared kidney beans. Measured in haemagglutinating units (hau), a raw red kidney bean may contain up to 70,000 hau. This can be reduced to safe levels by correct cooking (boiling for at least 30 minutes at 100 °C/ 212 °F).^[5] Insufficient cooking, such as in a slow cooker at 80 °C/ 176 °F, however, can increase this danger and raise the available hau up to fivefold.^[6]

Beans also contain alpha amylase inhibitor, but not in sufficient quantities to affect the digestion of starch after consumption of beans.^[7]

Poisoning can be induced from as few as five raw beans, and symptoms occur within three hours, beginning with nausea, then vomiting, which can be severe and sustained (profuse), followed by diarrhea. Recovery occurs within four or five hours of onset, usually without the need for any medical intervention.^{[citation needed]}

In medicine these proteins are useful and are used as a mitogen to trigger T-lymphocyte cell division and to activate latent HIV-1 from human peripheral lymphocytes. In neuroscience, anterograde tracing is a research method that uses the protein product phytohaemagglutinin PHA-L as a molecular tracer that can be taken up by the cell and transported across the synapse into the next cell thereby tracing the path of axonal projections and relative connections that nerve impulses travel beginning with the source located at the perikaryon (cell body or soma) and through the presynaptic part located on neuron's efferent axon all the way to the point of termination at the efferent synapse which then provides input to another neuron.^[8]

Lymphocytes cultured with phytohaemagglutinin can be used for karyotype analysis. Stimulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes by phytohaemagglutinin presents a classic model of transition of cells from the quiescent G0 phase of the cell cycle into G1-, and subsequently progression through S-, G2- and M- phases of the cycle.^[9]

History

PHA was discovered by Dr. Peter Nowell, codiscoverer of the Philadelphia chromosome in the 1960s.

References

^ Hamelryck TW, Dao-Thi MH, Poortmans F, Chrispeels MJ, Wyns L, Loris R (August 1996). "The crystallographic structure of phytohemagglutinin-L". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 271 (34): 20479–85. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.34.20479. PMID 8702788.
^ "PHA-E specification sheet Medicago AB: Phytohaemagglutinin" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-04. Retrieved 2010-03-14.
^ "Kidney Beans". The world's healthiest foods. Retrieved 2007-11-05.
^ "Bad Bug Book (2012)" (PDF). Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins Handbook: Phytohaemagglutinin. United States Food and Drug Administration. p. 254. Retrieved 2013-12-27.
^ "Bad Bug Book (2012)" (pdf). Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins Handbook: Phytohaemagglutinin. Food and Drug Administration. 2012. Retrieved 26 December 2013. Consumers should boil the beans for at least 30 minutes to ensure that the product reaches sufficient temperature
^ Bad Bug Book (2009). "Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins Handbook Phytohaemagglutinin". US Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved 26 December 2013.
^ Layer P, Carlson GL, DiMagno EP (June 1985). "Partially purified white bean amylase inhibitor reduces starch digestion in vitro and inactivates intraduodenal amylase in humans". Gastroenterology. 88 (6): 1895–902. doi:10.1016/0016-5085(85)90016-2. PMID 2581844.
^ Carlson NR (2007). Physiology of Behavior, 9th ed. Boston: Pearson Education, Inc. p. 144. ISBN 0-205-46724-5.
^ Darzynkiewicz Z, Traganos F, Sharpless T, Melamed MR (August 1976). "Lymphocyte stimulation: a rapid multiparameter analysis". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 73 (8): 2881–4. PMID 822422.

External links

Phytohemagglutinins at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

NFκB and glucocorticoid receptor activity in steroid resistance.

Dawson C, Dhanda A, Conway-Campbell B, Dimambro A, Lightman S, Dayan C.SourceDepartment of Clinical Biochemistry, Bristol Royal Infirmary , Bristol , UK.
Journal of receptor and signal transduction research.J Recept Signal Transduct Res.2012 Feb;32(1):29-35. Epub 2011 Dec 20.
Resistance to the anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects of steroids is an important clinical problem that complicates the treatment of approximately 30% of patients with conditions for which steroids are normally first-line therapy. Previous studies have shown that steroid-resistant (SR) p
PMID 22185489

Gamma-ray-induced mutagen sensitivity and risk of sporadic breast cancer in young women: a case-control study.

Wang LE, Han CH, Xiong P, Bondy ML, Yu TK, Brewster AM, Shete S, Arun BK, Buchholz TA, Wei Q.SourceDepartment of Epidemiology, Unit 1365, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA, lwang@mdanderson.org.
Breast cancer research and treatment.Breast Cancer Res Treat.2012 Jan 5. [Epub ahead of print]
Hypersensitivity to radiation exposure has been suggested to be a risk factor for the development of breast cancer. In this case-control study of 515 young women (≤55 years) with newly diagnosed sporadic breast cancer and 402 cancer-free controls, we examined the radiosensitivity as measured by t
PMID 22218884

Increased intake of oily fish in pregnancy: effects on neonatal immune responses and on clinical outcomes in infants at 6 mo.

Noakes PS, Vlachava M, Kremmyda LS, Diaper ND, Miles EA, Erlewyn-Lajeunesse M, Williams AP, Godfrey KM, Calder PC.SourceHuman Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.
The American journal of clinical nutrition.Am J Clin Nutr.2012 Jan 4. [Epub ahead of print]
BACKGROUND: Long-chain n-3 PUFAs found in oily fish may have a role in lowering the risk of allergic disease.OBJECTIVE: The objective was to assess whether an increased intake of oily fish in pregnancy modifies neonatal immune responses and early markers of atopy.DESIGN: Women (n = 123) were randoml
PMID 22218160

Japanese Journal

<Originals>Synergistic effect of the combination of corticosteroids and long acting-β_2 agonists on inhibiting the in vitro proliferation of T cells isolated from asthmatic patients

Haraguchi Ryuta,Zushi Hitomi,Tomita Katsuyuki,Sano Hiroyuki,Miyajima Hiroyuki,Tsukamoto Keizo,Santo Hiroshi,Miyara Takayuki,Higashimoto Yuji,Toda Yuji
Acta Medica Kinki University 36(1), 23-27, 2011-6
… In the present study, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from asthmatic patients were stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) for four days in the presence of FP and/or salmeterol. …
NAID 120003291653

油症におけるリンパ球幼若化反応の検討 (油症とPCB及びダイオキシン関連化合物に関する研究報告集(第23集))

辻博,伊東靖夫
福岡医学雑誌 102(4), 81-86, 2011-04-25
… To investigate chronic immune effects of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF), in vitro lymphocyte transformation in response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A) was studied in 139 patients with Yusho and 61 controls. …
NAID 40018966691

Hypocomplementemic Urticarial Vasculitis Syndrome is Associated with High Levels of Serum IgG4: A Clinical Manifestation that Mimics IgG4-related Disease

Wakamatsu Ryo,Watanabe Hitoshi,Suzuki Keisuke,Suga Norihiro,Kitagawa Wataru,Miura Naoto,Nishikawa Kazuhiro,Yokoi Toyoharu,Banno Syogo,Imai Hirokazu
Internal Medicine 50(10), 1109-1112, 2011
… A chromosomal analysis of an enlarged lymph node, without phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation, demonstrated that one in every three analyzed cells had abnormalities, such as 44, XX, -13, add(15)(p11), -17, -17, and mar. …
NAID 130000649583

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「マイトジェン」「フィトヘマグルチニン」「PHA」「植物性血球凝集素」

「マイトジェン」

Available protein structures:
Pfam	structures
PDB	RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj
PDBsum	structure summary

Legume lectin domain
	Crystal structure of PHA-L (PDB 1fat)
Identifiers
Symbol	Lectin_legB
Pfam	PF00139
Pfam clan	CL0004
InterPro	IPR001220
PROSITE	PDOC00278
SCOP	1lem
SUPERFAMILY	1lem
Available protein structures:
Pfam	structures
PDB	RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj
PDBsum	structure summary