Phthalic anhydride
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| Names
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Preferred IUPAC name
2-Benzofuran-1,3-dione[1] |
| Other names
Isobenzofuran-1,3-dione[1]
Phthalic anhydride[1]
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| Identifiers
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CAS Number
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3D model (JSmol)
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| ChEBI
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| ChemSpider
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| ECHA InfoCard
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100.001.461
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| RTECS number
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TI3150000
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InChI
InChI=1S/C8H4O3/c9-7-5-3-1-2-4-6(5)8(10)11-7/h1-4H Y Key: LGRFSURHDFAFJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y
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| Properties
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Chemical formula
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C8H4O3
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| Molar mass
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148.1 g/mol
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| Appearance
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white flakes
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| Odor
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characteristic, acrid[2]
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| Density
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1.53 g/cm3, solid; 1.20 g/mL, molten[2]
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| Melting point
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131.6 °C (268.9 °F; 404.8 K)
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| Boiling point
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295 °C (563 °F; 568 K) sublimates
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Solubility in water
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0.62 g/100g (20—25 °C);
19.0 g/100g (100 °C);
reacts slowly
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| Vapor pressure
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0.0015 mmHg (20°C)[2]
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Magnetic susceptibility (χ)
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-67.31·10−6 cm3/mol
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| Hazards
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| R-phrases (outdated)
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R22, R37/38, R41, R42/43
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| S-phrases (outdated)
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(S2), S23, S24/25, S26, S37/39, S46
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| NFPA 704
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| Flash point
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152 °C (306 °F; 425 K)
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| Explosive limits
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1.7%-10.5%
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| Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
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LD50 (median dose)
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4020 mg/kg (oral, rat)
1520 mg/kg (oral, mouse)
800 mg/kg (oral, cat)
800-1600 mg/kg (oral, rat)
2210 mg/kg (oral, mouse)[3]
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| US health exposure limits (NIOSH):
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PEL (Permissible)
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TWA 12 mg/m3 (2 ppm)[2]
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REL (Recommended)
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TWA 6 mg/m3 (1 ppm)[2]
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IDLH (Immediate danger)
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60 mg/m3[2]
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| Related compounds
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Related compounds
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Phthalic acid
Phthalimide
Phthalide
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Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). |
| N verify (what is YN ?)
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| Infobox references
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Phthalic anhydride is the organic compound with the formula C6H4(CO)2O. It is the anhydride of phthalic acid. Phthalic anhydride is a principal commercial form of phthalic acid. It was the first anhydride of a dicarboxylic acid to be used commercially. This colourless solid is an important industrial chemical, especially for the large-scale production of plasticizers for plastics. In 2000, the worldwide production volume was estimated to be about 3 million tonnes per year.[4]
Synthesis and production
Phthalic anhydride was first reported in 1836 by Auguste Laurent. More contemporary routes include catalytic oxidation of ortho-xylene and naphthalene ("Gibbs phthalic anhydride process"), although use of naphthalene has declined. Starting from o-xylene, the oxidation follows the following stoichiometry:
- C6H4(CH3)2 + 3 O2 → C6H4(CO)2O + 3 H2O
The reaction proceeds with about 70% selectivity. About 10% of maleic anhydride is also produced:
- C6H4(CH3)2 + 7.5 O2 → C4H2O3 +4 H2O + 4 CO2
The reaction is catalyzed by a vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) between 320 - 400 °C. The phthalic anhydride is separated from byproducts by a series of "switch condensers". Phthalic anhydride and maleic anhydride are recovered by distillation. Phthalic anhydride can also be prepared from phthalic acid:[4]
Uses
Phthalate esters plasticizers
The primary use of phthalic anhydride is a precursor to phthalate esters, used as plasticizers in vinyl chloride. Phthalate esters are derived from phthalic anhydride by the alcoholysis reaction.[4] In the 1980s, approximately 6.5×109 kg of these esters were produced annually, and the scale of production was increasing each year, all from phthalic anhydride. The process begins with the reaction of phthalic anhydride with alcohols, giving the monoesters:
- C6H4(CO)2O + ROH → C6H4(CO2H)CO2R
The second esterification is more difficult and requires removal of water:
- C6H4(CO2H)CO2R + ROH ⇌ C6H4(CO2R)2 + H2O
The most important diester is bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate ("DEHP"), used in the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride compounds.
Precursor to dyestuffs
Quinoline Yellow SS is a popular dye derived from the condensation of phthalic anhydride and 2-methylquinoline.
Phthalic anhydride is widely used in industry for the production of certain dyes. A well-known application of this reactivity is the preparation of the anthroquinone dye quinizarin by reaction with para-chlorophenol followed by hydrolysis of the chloride.[5] Phenolphthalein can be synthesized by the condensation of phthalic anhydride with two equivalents of phenol under acidic conditions (hence the name). It was discovered in 1871 by Adolf von Baeyer.[6][7][8]
Synthesis of phenolphthalein:
[9] Pharmaceuticals
Phthalic anhydride treated with cellulose acetate gives cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP), a common enteric coating excipient that has also been shown to have antiviral activity.[10] Phthalic anhydride is a degradation product of CAP.[11]
Reactions
Phthalic anhydride is a versatile intermediate in organic chemistry, in part because it is bifunctional and cheaply available.
Hydrolysis, alcoholysis, ammonolysis
Hydrolysis by hot water forms ortho-phthalic acid.[12]:
C6H4(CO)2O + H2O2 → C6H4(CO3H)CO2H
Hydrolysis of anhydrides is not typically a reversible process. Phthalic acid is however easily dehydrated to form phthalic anhydride. Above 180 °C, phthalic anhydride re-forms.
Chiral alcohols form half-esters (see above), and these derivatives are often resolvable because they form diastereomeric salts with chiral amines such as brucine.[13] A related ring-opening reaction involves peroxides to give the useful peroxy acid:[14]
Phthalimide can be prepared by heating phthalic anhydride with aqueous ammonia giving 95–97% yield. Alternatively, it may be prepared by treating the anhydride with ammonium carbonate or urea. It can also be produced by ammoxidation of o-xylene.[15] Potassium phthalimide is commercially available and is the potassium salt of phthalimide. It may be prepared by adding a hot solution of phthalimide to a solution of potassium hydroxide; the desired product precipitates.[16]
Phthalic anhydride is a precursor to a variety of reagents useful in organic synthesis. Important derivatives include phthalimide and its many derivatives.
Preparation of aliphatic nitroalkenes
Phthalic anhydride is used to dehydrate short-chain nitro-alcohols to yield nitroalkenes, compounds with a high tendency to polymerize.[17]
Safety
The most probable human exposure to phthalic anhydride is through skin contact or inhalation during manufacture or use. Studies show that exposure to phthalic anhydride can cause rhinitis, chronic bronchitis, and asthma. Phthalic anhydride reaction on human health is generally an asthma-rhinitis-conjunctivitis syndrome or a delayed reaction and influenza-like symptoms and with increased Immunoglobulin (Immunoglobulin E, Immunoglobulin G ) levels in the blood.
References
- ^ a b c Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry : IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013 (Blue Book). Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry. 2014. p. 835. doi:10.1039/9781849733069-FP001. ISBN 978-0-85404-182-4.
- ^ a b c d e f "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards #0512". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
- ^ "Phthalic anhydride". Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
- ^ a b c Peter M. Lorz, Friedrich K. Towae, Walter Enke, Rudolf Jäckh, Naresh Bhargava, Wolfgang Hillesheim (2007). "Phthalic Acid and Derivatives". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a20_181.pub2.
- ^ L. A. Bigelow and H. H. Reynolds (1941). "Quinizarin". Organic Syntheses. ; Collective Volume, 1, p. 476
- ^ Baeyer, A. (1871). "Ueber eine neue Klasse von Farbstoffen". Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft. 4 (2): 555–558. doi:10.1002/cber.18710040209.
- ^ Baeyer, A. (1871). "Ueber die Phenolfarbstoffe". Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft. 4 (2): 658–665. doi:10.1002/cber.18710040247.
- ^ Baeyer, A. (1871). "Ueber die Phenolfarbstoffe". Polytechnisches Journal. 201 (89): 358–362.
- ^ Max Hubacher, U.S. Patent 2,192,485 (1940 to Ex Lax Inc)
- ^ Neurath AR. (2000). "Microbicide for prevention of sexually transmitted diseases using a pharmaceutical excipient". AIDS Patient Care STDS. 14 (4): 215–9. doi:10.1089/108729100317830. PMID 10806641.
- ^ Mayhew JW, Gideon LT, Ericksen B, Hlavaty JJ, Yeh SM, Chavdarian CG, Strick N, Neurath AR (2009). "Development of a gel permeation chromatographic assay to achieve mass balance in cellulose acetate phthalate stability studies". J Pharm Biomed Anal. 49 (2): 240–6. doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2008.10.039. PMC 2859192 . PMID 19070984.
- ^ Noller, Carl R. (1965). Chemistry of Organic Compounds, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders. p. 602.
- ^ Joseph Kenyon (1941). "d- and l-Octanol-2". Organic Syntheses. ; Collective Volume, 1, p. 418
- ^ George B. Payne (1973). "Monoperphthalic acid". Organic Syntheses. ; Collective Volume, 5, p. 805
- ^ Lorz, Peter M.; Towae, Friedrich K.; Enke; Jäckh, Rudolf; Bhargava, Naresh; Hillesheim, Wolfgang (2005), "Phthalic Acid and Derivatives", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, doi:10.1002/14356007.a20_181.pub2
- ^ P. L. Salzberg and J. V. Supniewski (1941). "β-Bromoethylphthalimide". Organic Syntheses. ; Collective Volume, 1, p. 119
- ^ Ranganathan, Darshan; Rao, Bhushan; Ranganathan, Subramania; Mehrotra, Ashok & Iyengar, Radha (1980). "Nitroethylene: a stable, clean, and reactive agent for organic synthesis". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 45 (7): 1185–1189. doi:10.1021/jo01295a003. Retrieved 5 January 2014.
External links
- International Chemical Safety Card 0315
- NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
- [1]
