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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2015/05/20 14:39:57」(JST)
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Phototoxicity, also called photoirritation, is a chemically induced skin irritation, requiring light, that does not involve the immune system.[1] It is a type of photosensitivity.[1][2]
The skin response resembles an exaggerated sunburn. The involved chemical may enter into the skin by topical administration or it may reach the skin via systemic circulation following ingestion or parenteral administration. The chemical needs to be "photoactive", which means that when it absorbs photons, the absorbed energy produces molecular changes that cause toxicity. Many synthetic compounds, including drug substances like tetracyclines or fluoroquinolones, are known to cause these effects. Surface contact with some such chemicals causes photodermatitis; many plants cause phytophotodermatitis. Light-induced toxicity is a common phenomenon in humans; however, it also occurs in other animals.
Contents
- 1 Scientific background
- 2 Photosafety evaluation
- 2.1 Physico-chemical properties
- 2.2 In vitro test systems
- 2.3 During drug development
- 3 See also
- 4 References
- 5 External links
Scientific background
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A phototoxic substance is a chemical compound which becomes toxic when exposed to light.
- Some medicines: tetracycline antibiotics, sulfonamides, amiodarone, quinolones
- Many cold pressed citrus essential oils such as bergamot oil
- Some plant juices: parsley, lime, and Giant hogweed
- Others: psoralen
Photosafety evaluation
Physico-chemical properties
In vitro test systems
3T3 Neutral Red Phototoxicity Test – An in vitro toxicological assessment test used to determine the cytotoxic and photo(cyto)toxicity effect of a test article to murine fibroblasts in the presence or absence of UVA light.
"The 3T3 Neutral Red Uptake Phototoxicity Assay (3T3 NRU PT) can be utilized to identify the phototoxic effect of a test substance induced by the combination of test substance and light and is based on the comparison of the cytotoxic effect of a test substance when tested after the exposure and in the absence of exposure to a non-cytotoxic dose of UVA/vis light. Cytotoxicity is expressed as a concentration-dependent reduction of the uptake of the vital dye - Neutral Red.
Substances that are phototoxic in vivo after systemic application and distribution to the skin, as well as compounds that could act as phototoxicants after topical application to the skin can be identified by the test. The reliability and relevance of the 3T3 NRU PT have been evaluated and has been shown to be predictive when compared with acute phototoxicity effects in vivo in animals and humans." Taken with permission from [1]
During drug development
Several health authorities have issued related guidance documents, which need to be considered for drug development:
- ICH (International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use)
- M3(R2) "Guidance on Nonclinical Safety Studies for the Conduct of Human Clinical Trials and Marketing Authorization for Pharmaceuticals"[3]
- S9 "Nonclinical Evaluation for Anticancer Pharmaceuticals"[4]
- S10 "Photosafety Evaluation"[4]
- EMA (European Medicines Agency)
- "Note for Guidance on Photosafety Testing" (revision on-hold)[5]
- "Question & Answers on the Note for Guidance on Photosafety Testing"[5]
- FDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration)
- MHLW/PMDA (Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare / Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency)
See also
References
- ^ a b Anderson, D.M.; Keith, J.; Novac, P.; Elliott, M.A., ed. (1994). Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 28th Edition. translated by. W. B. Saunders Company. ISBN 0721655777.
- ^ JH Epstein (1999). "Phototoxicity and photoallergy". Seminars in cutaneous medicine and surgery 18 (4): 274–284. PMID 10604793.
- ^ "Multidisciplinary Guidelines". ICH. Retrieved 2013-08-06.
- ^ a b "Safety Guidelines". ICH. Retrieved 2013-08-06.
- ^ a b "European Medicines Agency - Non-clinical: Toxicology". Ema.europa.eu. 2010-06-24. Retrieved 2013-08-06.
External links
- In Vitro Phototoxicity Test
- 3T3 NRU Phototoxicity Test
UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- Synthesis of ZnPc loaded poly(methyl methacrylate) nanoparticles via miniemulsion polymerization for photodynamic therapy in leukemic cells.
- Feuser PE1, Gaspar PC2, Jacques AV2, Tedesco AC3, Santos Silva MC2, Ricci-Júnior E4, Sayer C1, de Araújo PH5.
- Materials science & engineering. C, Materials for biological applications.Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl.2016 Mar 1;60:458-66. doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.11.063. Epub 2015 Nov 27.
- The goal of this work was to synthesize and characterize ZnPc loaded poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) nanoparticles (NPs) by miniemulsion polymerization. Biocompatibility assays were performed in murine fibroblast (L929) cells and human peripheral blood lymphocytes (HPBL). Finally, photobiological a
- PMID 26706552
- Photochemical degradation increases polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) toxicity to the grouper Epinephelus marginatus as assessed by multiple biomarkers.
- Salvo LM1, Severino D2, Silva de Assis HC3, da Silva JR4.
- Chemosphere.Chemosphere.2016 Feb;144:540-7. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.09.013. Epub 2015 Sep 20.
- The effects of halogen-light-irradiated and non-irradiated PAHs on the grouper Epinephelus marginatus were assessed through biomarkers including morphometric parameters, liver histopathology, biliary PAH concentration, genetic alterations, and enzyme activity modulation. E. marginatus juveniles wer
- PMID 26397471
- Efficient anti-tumor effect of photodynamic treatment with polymeric nanoparticles composed of polyethylene glycol and polylactic acid block copolymer encapsulating hydrophobic porphyrin derivative.
- Ogawara K1, Shiraishi T1, Araki T1, Watanabe T2, Ono T2, Higaki K3.
- European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences.Eur J Pharm Sci.2016 Jan 20;82:154-60. doi: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.11.016. Epub 2015 Nov 29.
- To develop potent and safer formulation of photosensitizer for cancer photodynamic therapy (PDT), we tried to formulate hydrophobic porphyrin derivative, photoprotoporphyrin IX dimethyl ester (PppIX-DME), into polymeric nanoparticles composed of polyethylene glycol and polylactic acid block copolyme
- PMID 26593985
Japanese Journal
- Synthesis of fluoroquinolone-di- and tri-(N-methylpyrrole) conjugates
- Suzuki Ichiro,Takahashi Mayuko,Takeda Kei
- Heterocycles 83(1), 125-134, 2011-01-01
- NAID 40017418892
Related Links
- pho·to·tox·ic·i·ty (fō'tō-tok-sis'i-tē), The condition resulting from an overexposure to ultraviolet light, or from the combination of exposure to ... The objectives of this article are to examine factors that propagate skin phototoxicity ...
- The topics include the use of human embryonic stem cells in high-throughput toxicity assays, high-throughput screening assays to assess chemical phototoxicity, an automated soft agar colony formation assay for the high ...
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