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This article needs attention from an expert in Pharmacology. Please add a reason or a talk parameter to this template to explain the issue with the article. WikiProject Pharmacology (or its Portal) may be able to help recruit an expert. (January 2010) |
"P.C.P." redirects here. For the Manic Street Preachers song, see Faster/P.C.P..
Phencyclidine
|
|
| Systematic (IUPAC) name |
| 1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)piperidine |
| Clinical data |
| AHFS/Drugs.com |
entry |
| Legal status |
Prohibited (S9) (AU) Schedule I (CA) Class A (UK) Schedule II (US) |
| Routes |
Smoked, Insufflated, Oral |
| Pharmacokinetic data |
| Half-life |
7–46 hours |
| Identifiers |
| CAS number |
77-10-1 Y |
| ATC code |
None |
| PubChem |
CID 6468 |
| DrugBank |
DB03575 |
| ChemSpider |
6224 Y |
| UNII |
J1DOI7UV76 Y |
| KEGG |
C07575 Y |
| ChEMBL |
CHEMBL275528 Y |
| Chemical data |
| Formula |
C17H25N |
| Mol. mass |
243.387 g/mol |
SMILES
- C1(C2(N3CCCCC3)CCCCC2)=CC=CC=C1
|
InChI
-
InChI=1S/C17H25N/c1-4-10-16(11-5-1)17(12-6-2-7-13-17)18-14-8-3-9-15-18/h1,4-5,10-11H,2-3,6-9,12-15H2 Y
Key:JTJMJGYZQZDUJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y
|
| Y (what is this?) (verify) |
Phencyclidine (a complex clip of the chemical name 1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)piperidine), commonly initialized as PCP and known colloquially as angel dust, KJ (kristal joint), illy, or wet, is a recreational dissociative drug. Formerly used as an anesthetic agent, PCP exhibits hallucinogenic effects.[1]
First synthesized in 1926,[2] it was eventually patented in 1952 by the Parke-Davis pharmaceutical company and marketed under the brand name Sernyl. In chemical structure, PCP is an arylcyclohexylamine derivative, and, in pharmacology, it is a member of the family of dissociative anesthetics. PCP works primarily as an NMDA receptor antagonist, which blocks the activity of the NMDA receptor and, like most antiglutamatergic hallucinogens, is significantly more dangerous than other categories of hallucinogens.[3][4] Other NMDA receptor antagonists include ketamine, tiletamine, dextromethorphan and nitrous oxide.
As a recreational drug, PCP may be ingested, smoked, inhaled or injected.[5]
Contents
- 1 Biochemistry and pharmacology
- 1.1 Pharmacodynamics
- 1.2 Pharmacokinetics
- 1.3 Structural analogues
- 1.4 Brain effects
- 1.5 History and medicinal use
- 2 Recreational uses
- 2.1 Methods of administration
- 2.2 Effects
- 3 Management of intoxication
- 4 See also
- 5 References
- 6 External links
Biochemistry and pharmacology[edit]
Pharmacodynamics[edit]
PCP is well known for its primary action on ionotropic glutamate receptors, such as the NMDA receptor in rats and in rat brain homogenate.[6][7] As such, PCP is an NMDA receptor antagonist. NMDA receptors mediate excitation,[8] however, studies have shown that PCP unexpectedly produces substantial cortical activation in humans[9] and rodents.[10]
Research also indicates that PCP inhibits nicotinic acetylcholine (nACh) receptors. Analogues of PCP exhibit varying potency at nACh receptors[citation needed] and NMDA receptors.[11] In some brain regions, these effects are believed to act synergistically by inhibiting excitatory activity.[citation needed]
PCP, like ketamine, also acts as a D2 receptor partial agonist in rat brain homogenate.[7] This activity may be associated with some of the other more psychotic features of PCP intoxication, which is evidenced by the successful use of D2 receptor antagonists (such as haloperidol) in the treatment of PCP psychosis.[12]
Studies on rats indicate that PCP indirectly interacts with endorphin and enkephalin receptors to produce analgesia. [13]
PCP may also work as a dopamine reuptake inhibitor.[14]
Pharmacokinetics[edit]
PCP is metabolized into PCHP, PPC and PCAA.
When smoked, some of it is broken down by heat into 1-phenyl-1-cyclohexene (PC) and piperidine.
Conversion of PCP into PC and piperidine by heat. (Image in the PD)
Structural analogues[edit]
Possible Analogues of PCP
More than 30 different analogues of PCP were reported as being used on the street during the 1970s and 1980s, mainly in the USA. The best known of these are rolicyclidine (PCPy or 1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)pyrrolidine); eticyclidine (PCE or N-ethyl-1-phenylcyclohexylamine); and tenocyclidine (TCP or 1-(1-(2-thienyl)cyclohexyl)piperidine). These compounds were never widely used and did not seem to be as well accepted by users as PCP itself, however they were all added onto Schedule I of the Controlled Substance Act because of their putative similar effects.[15][citation needed]
The generalized structural motif required for PCP-like activity is derived from structure-activity relationship studies of PCP analogues, and summarized below. All of these analogues would have somewhat similar effects to PCP itself, although, with a range of potencies and varying mixtures of anesthetic, dissociative and stimulant effects depending on the particular substituents used. In some countries such as the USA, Australia, and New Zealand, all of these compounds would be considered controlled substance analogues of PCP, and are hence illegal drugs, even though many of them have never been made or tested.[16][17][clarification needed]
Brain effects[edit]
Some studies found that, like other NMDA receptor antagonists, phencyclidine can cause a kind of brain damage called Olney's lesions in rats.[18][19] Studies conducted on rats showed that high doses of the NMDA receptor antagonist dizocilpine caused reversible vacuoles to form in certain regions of the rats' brains. All studies of Olney's lesions have only been performed on non-human animals and may not apply to humans. One unpublished study by Frank Sharp reportedly showed no damage by the NDMA antagonist, ketamine, a similar drug, far beyond recreational doses, [20] but due to the study never having been published, its validity is highly controversial.
Phencyclidine has also been shown to cause schizophrenia-like changes in N-acetylaspartate and N-acetylaspartylglutamate in the rat brain, which are detectable both in living rats and upon necropsy examination of brain tissue.[21] It also induces symptoms in humans that mimic schizophrenia.[22]
History and medicinal use[edit]
PCP was first synthesized in 1926 and later tested after World War II as a surgical anesthetic. Because of its adverse side effects, such as hallucinations, mania, delirium, and disorientation, it was shelved until the 1950s. In 1953, it was patented by Parke-Davis and named Sernyl (referring to serenity),[23] but was only used in humans for a few years because of side-effects. In 1967, it was given the trade name Sernylan and marketed as a veterinary anesthetic, but was again discontinued[when?]. Its side effects and long half-life in the human body made it unsuitable for medical applications.
Recreational uses[edit]
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This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2010) |
Illicit PCP seized by the DEA in several forms.
PCP began to emerge as a recreational drug in major cities in the United States in 1967.[24]:46 In 1978, People magazine and Mike Wallace of 60 Minutes called PCP the country's "number one" drug problem. Although recreational use of the drug had always been relatively low, it began declining significantly in the 1980s. In surveys, the number of high school students admitting to trying PCP at least once fell from 13% in 1979 to less than 3% in 1990.[24]:46–49
PCP comes in both powder and liquid forms (PCP base is dissolved most often in ether), but typically it is sprayed onto leafy material such as cannabis, mint, oregano, parsley, or ginger leaves, then smoked.[citation needed]
PCP is a Schedule II substance in the United States, a Schedule I drug by the Controlled Drugs and Substances act in Canada, a List I drug of the Opium Law in the Netherlands and a Class A substance in the United Kingdom.
Methods of administration[edit]
In its pure (free base) form, PCP is a yellow oil (usually dissolved in petroleum ether, diethyl ether, or tetrahydrofuran). Upon treatment with hydrogen chloride gas, or isopropyl alcohol saturated with hydrochloric acid, this oil precipitates into white-tan crystals or powder (PCP hydrochloride). In this, the salt form, PCP can be insufflated, depending upon the purity. However, most PCP on the illicit market often contains a number of contaminants as a result of makeshift manufacturing, causing the color to range from tan to brown, and the consistency to range from powder to a gummy mass.[citation needed] These contaminants can range from unreacted piperidine and other precursors, to carcinogens like benzene and cyanide-like compounds such as PCC (piperidinocyclohexyl carbonitrile).[citation needed]
The term "embalming fluid" is often used to refer to the liquid PCP in which a cigarette is dipped, to be ingested through smoking, commonly known as "boat" or "water." The name most likely originated from the somatic "numbing" effect and feelings of dissociation induced by PCP, and has led to the widespread and mistaken belief that the liquid is made up of or contains real embalming fluid. Occasionally, however, some users and dealers could have, believing this myth, used real embalming fluid mixed with, or in place of, PCP.[25][26] Smoking PCP is known as "getting wet", and a cigarette or joint which has been dipped in PCP may be referred to on the street as a "fry stick," "sherm," "leak," "amp," "lovely," "KJ (an abbreviation for 'Killer Joint')," "toe tag", "dipper", "happy stick," or "wet stick." "Getting wet" may have once been a popular method of using PCP, especially in the western United States where it may have been sold for about $10 to $25 per cigarette.[citation needed]
Effects[edit]
Behavioral effects can vary by dosage. Low doses produce a numbness in the extremities and intoxication, characterized by staggering, unsteady gait, slurred speech, bloodshot eyes, and loss of balance. Moderate doses (5–10 mg intranasal, or 0.01–0.02 mg/kg intramuscular or intravenous) will produce analgesia and anesthesia. High doses may lead to convulsions.[27] Users frequently do not know how much of the drug they are taking due to the tendency of the drug to be made illegally in uncontrolled conditions.[28]
Psychological effects include severe changes in body image, loss of ego boundaries, paranoia and depersonalization. Hallucinations, euphoria, and suicidal impulses are also reported, as well as occasional aggressive behavior.[27][24]:48–49 Like many other drugs, phencyclidine has been known to alter mood states in an unpredictable fashion, causing some individuals to become detached, and others to become animated. PCP may induce feelings of strength, power, and invulnerability as well as a numbing effect on the mind.[5]
Studies by the Drug Abuse Warning Network in the 1970s show that media reports of PCP-induced violence are greatly exaggerated and that incidents of violence are unusual and often (but not always) limited to individuals with reputations for aggression regardless of drug use.[24]:48 This said, there have been a few, very-televised events of PCP-intoxicated individuals acting in an unpredictable fashion, possibly driven by their delusions or hallucinations. One famous example is the case of Big Lurch, a former rapper with a history of violent crime, who was convicted of murdering and cannibalizing his roommate while under the influence of PCP.[29] Other commonly cited types of incidents include inflicting property damage and self-mutilation of various types, such pulling one's own teeth. .[29][24]:48 These effects were not noted in its medicinal use in the 50s and 60s, however, and reports of physical violence on phencyclidine have often been shown to be unfounded.[30] [31]
Recreational doses of the drug also occasionally appear to induce a psychotic state that resembles a schizophrenic episode, sometimes lasting for months at a time.[32] Users generally report feeling detached from reality.[33]
Symptoms are summarized by the mnemonic device RED DANES: rage, erythema (redness of skin), dilated pupils, delusions, amnesia, nystagmus (oscillation of the eyeball when moving laterally), excitation, and skin dryness.[34]
Management of intoxication[edit]
Management of phencyclidine intoxication mostly consists of supportive care – controlling breathing, circulation, and body temperature – and, in the early stages, treating psychiatric symptoms.[35][36][37] Benzodiazepines, such as lorazepam, are the drugs of choice to control agitation and seizures (when present). Typical antipsychotics such as phenothiazines and haloperidol have been used to control psychotic symptoms, but may produce many undesirable side effects – such as dystonia – and their use is therefore no longer preferred; phenothiazines are particularly risky, as they may lower the seizure threshold, worsen hyperthermia, and boost the anticholinergic effects of PCP.[35][36] If an antipsychotic is given, intramuscular haloperidol has been recommended.[37][38][39]
Forced acid diuresis (with ammonium chloride or, more safely, ascorbic acid) may increase clearance of PCP from the body, and was somewhat controversially recommended in the past as a decontamination measure.[35][36][37] However, it is now known that only around 10% of a dose of PCP is removed by the kidneys, which would make increased urinary clearance of little consequence; furthermore, urinary acidification is dangerous, as it may induce acidosis and worsen rhabdomyolysis (muscle breakdown), which is not an unusual manifestation of PCP toxicity.[35][36]
See also[edit]
- Arylcyclohexylamine
- 3-MeO-PCP
References[edit]
- ^ Maisto, Stephen A.; Mark Galizio, Gerard Joseph Connors (2004). Drug Use and Abuse. Thompson Wadsworth. ISBN 0-15-508517-4.
- ^ Development of PCP, 2006 ,CESAR (Center for Substance Abuse Research)
- ^ Drugs and Behavior, 4th Edition, McKim, William A., ISBN 0-13-083146-8
- ^ Kapur, S. and P. Seeman. "NMDA receptor antagonists ketamine and PCP have direct effects on the dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT2receptorsimplications for models of schizophrenia(2002)
- ^ a b "NIDA InfoFacts: Hallucinogens – LSD, Peyote, Psilocybin, and PCP". DrugAbuse.gov. National Institute on Drug Abuse. Retrieved 2011-01-26.
- ^ Large, CH; Bison, S; Sartori, I.; Read, K. D.; Gozzi, A.; Quarta, D.; Antolini, M.; Hollands, E.; Gill, C. H.; Gunthorpe, M. J.; Idris, N.; Neill, J. C.; Alvaro, G. S. (2011). "The Efficacy of Sodium Channel Blockers to Prevent Phencyclidine-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction in the Rat: Potential for Novel Treatments for Schizophrenia". Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics 338 (1): 100–113 =. doi:10.1124/jpet.110.178475. Retrieved July 2011.
- ^ a b Seeman P, Guan HC, Hirbec H (August 2009). "Dopamine D2High receptors stimulated by phencyclidines, lysergic acid diethylamide, salvinorin A, and modafinil". Synapse 63 (8): 698–704. doi:10.1002/syn.20647. PMID 19391150.
- ^ Hirsch, JC; Crepel, F (1991). "Blockage of NMDA receptors unmasks a long-term depression in synaptic efficacy in rat profrontal neurons in vitro". Exp Brain Res 85 (3): 621–624. doi:10.1007/BF00231747. PMID 1680738.
- ^ Breier, AK; Malhotra, DA; Pinals, DA; Weisenfeld, NI; Pickar, D (1997). "Association of ketamine-induced psychosis with focal activation of the prefrontal cortex in healthy volunteers". Am J Psychiatry 154 (6): 805–811. PMID 9167508.
- ^ Suzuki, Y; Jodo, E; Takeuchi, S; Niwa, S; Kayama, Y (2002). "Acute administration of phencyclidine induces tonic activation of medial prefrontal cortex neurons in freely moving rats". Neuroscience 114 (3): 769–779. doi:10.1016/S0306-4522(02)00298-1. PMID 12220577.
- ^ Zarantonello, P; Bettini, E; Paio, A; Simoncelli, C; Terreni, S; Cardullo, F (2011). "Novel Analogues of ketamine and phencyclidine as NMDA receptor antagonists". Bioorganic and medicinal chemistry letters 21 (7): 2059–2063. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.02.009. PMID 21334205. Retrieved July 2011.
- ^ Giannini AJ, Nageotte C, Loiselle RH, Malone DA, Price WA (1984). "Comparison of chlorpromazine, haloperidol and pimozide in the treatment of phencyclidine psychosis: DA-2 receptor specificity". Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology 22 (6): 573–579. doi:10.3109/15563658408992586. PMID 6535849.
- ^ Castellani S, Giannini AJ, Adams PM (1982). "Effects of naloxone, metenkephalin, and morphine on phencyclidine-induced behavior in the rat". Psychopharmacology 78 (1): 76–80. doi:10.1007/BF00470593. PMID 6815700.
- ^ AJ Giannini, S Kalavsky, RH Loiselle, MC Giannini, WA Price. Possible role of the DA-2 receptor in phencyclidine psychosis. Neuroscience Abstracts. 9:33, 1983,
- ^ PCP synthesis and effects: table of contents
- ^ Itzhak, Y; Kalir, A; Weissman, BA; Cohen, S (1981). "New analgesic drugs derived from phencyclidine". Journal of Medical Chemistry 24 (5): 496–9. doi:10.1021/jm00137a004. PMID 7241506.
- ^ Chaudieu, I; Vignon, J; Chicheportiche, M; Kamenka, JM; Trouiller, G; Chicheportiche, R (1989). "Role of the aromatic group in the inhibition of phencyclidine binding and dopamine uptake by PCP analogs". Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior 32 (3): 699–705. doi:10.1016/0091-3057(89)90020-8. PMID 2544905.
- ^ Olney J, Labruyere J, Price M (1989). "Pathological changes induced in cerebrocortical neurons by phencyclidine and related drugs". Science 244 (4910): 1360–1362. doi:10.1126/science.2660263. PMID 2660263.
- ^ Hargreaves R, Hill R, Iversen L (1994). "Neuroprotective NMDA antagonists: the controversy over their potential for adverse effects on cortical neuronal morphology". Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien) 60: 15–9. PMID 7976530.
- ^ Jansen, Karl. Ketamine: Dreams and Realities. MAPS, 2004. ISBN 0-9660019-7-4
- ^ Reynolds, Lindsay M.; Susan M. Cochran, Brian J. Morris, Judith A. Pratt and Gavin P. Reynolds (March 1, 2005). "Chronic phencyclidine administration induces schizophrenia-like changes in N-acetylaspartate and N-acetylaspartylglutamate in rat brain". Schizophrenia Research 73 (2–3): 147–152. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2004.02.003. PMID 15653257.
- ^ Murray JB (May 2002). "Phencyclidine (PCP): a dangerous drug, but useful in schizophrenia research". J Psychol 136 (3): 319–327. doi:10.1080/00223980209604159. PMID 12206280.
- ^ Zukin, Stephen R; Sloboda, Zili; Javitt, Daniel C (2005). "Phencyclidine (PCP)". In Lowinson, Joyce H; Ruiz, Pedro; Millman, Robert B et al. Substance Abuse: A Comprehensive Textbook (4th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0-7817-3474-6. Retrieved 2 December 2010
- ^ a b c d e Inciardi, James A. (1992). The War on Drugs II. Mayfield Publishing Company. ISBN 1-55934-016-9.
- ^ Kids Use Embalming Fluid as Drug, By Joann Loviglio, July 27, ????, ABC News
- ^ Illegal drug users dip into embalming fluid, By Douglass Dowty, August 03, 2009, The Post-Standard
- ^ a b Diaz, Jaime. How Drugs Influence Behavior. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1996.
- ^ Chudler, Eric H. "Neuroscience for Kids – PCP". Neuroscience for Kids. Retrieved 2011-01-26.
- ^ a b Does PCP turn people into cannibals? The Straight Dope, 2005
- ^ Brecher, M; Wang BW, Wong H, Morgan JP (1988). "Phencyclidine and violence: clinical and legal issues". J Clin Psychopharmacology 8 (6): 397–401. PMID 3069880.
- ^ Wish, ED (1986). "PCP and crime: just another illicit drug?". NIDA Res Monogr. 64: 174–89. PMID 3086733.
- ^ Luisada PV. The phencyclidine psychosis: phenomenology and treatment. In Petersen Rc, Stillman RC (eds). Phencyclidine (PCP) abuse: an appraisal. National Institute on Drug Abuse: Rockville, Maryland, 1978.
- ^ Pender JW (1972). "Dissociative Anesthesia". Calif Med 117 (4): 46–47. PMC 1518731. PMID 18730832.
- ^ A James Giannini (1997). Drugs of Abuse (Second ed.). Los Angeles: Practice Management Information Corp. p. 126. ISBN 1-57066-053-0.
- ^ a b c d Helman RS, Habal R (October 6, 2008). "Phencyclidine Toxicity". eMedicine. Retrieved on November 3, 2008.
- ^ a b c d Olmedo R (2002). "Chapter 69: Phencyclidine and ketamine". In Goldfrank LR, Flomenbaum NE, Lewin NA, Howland MA, Hoffman RS, Nelson LS (eds.). Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 1034–1041. ISBN 0-07-136001-8. Retrieved on November 3, 2008 through Google Book Search.
- ^ a b c Milhorn HT (April 1991). "Diagnosis and management of phencyclidine intoxication". American Family Physician 43 (4): 1293–1302. PMID 2008817.
- ^ Giannini AJ. Price WA. (1985). "PCP: Management of acute intoxication". Medical Times 113 (9): 43–49.
- ^ Giannini AJ, Eighan MS, Loiselle RH, Giannini MC (April 1984). "Comparison of haloperidol and chlorpromazine in the treatment of phencyclidine psychosis". Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 24 (4): 202–204. doi:10.1002/j.1552-4604.1984.tb01831.x. PMID 6725621.
External links[edit]
- Erowid.org – PCP Information
- National Institute of Drug Abuse InfoFacts: PCP (Phencyclidine)
- Drugs and Human Performance Fact Sheets on Phencyclidine
- A site with information on PCP, Partnership for a Drug-Free America
- Phencyclidine and Ketamine: A View From the Street-1981 article on the use and effects of PCP
- ChemSub Online: Phencyclidine
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- 2-MMSB
- Alazocine
- Bremazocine
- Butorphanol
- Cyclazocine
- Cyprenorphine
- Dextrallorphan
- Dezocine
- Enadoline
- Herkinorin
- HZ-2
- Ibogaine
- Ketazocine
- LPK-26
- Metazocine
- Nalbuphine
- Nalorphine
- Noribogaine
- Pentazocine
- Phenazocine
- Salvinorin A
- Spiradoline
- Tifluadom
- U-50488
- U-69,593
|
|
|
MAO inhibitors
|
- Harmaline
- Harmine
- Tetrahydroharmine
- Yohimbine
|
|
|
σR agonists
|
- DMT
- Dextrallorphan
- Dextromethorphan
- Dextrorphan
- Noscapine
|
|
|
Others
|
- Efavirenz
- Glaucine
- Isoaminile
- Pukateine
|
|
|
|
Stimulants (N06B)
|
|
| Adamantanes |
- Adaphenoxate
- Adapromine
- Amantadine
- Bromantane
- Chlodantane
- Gludantane
- Memantine
- Midantane
|
|
| Adenosine antagonists |
- 8-Chlorotheophylline
- 8-Cyclopentyltheophylline
- 8-Phenyltheophylline
- Aminophylline
- Caffeine
- CGS-15943
- Dimethazan
- Paraxanthine
- SCH-58261
- Theobromine
- Theophylline
|
|
| Alkylamines |
- Cyclopentamine
- Cypenamine
- Cyprodenate
- Heptaminol
- Isometheptene
- Methylhexaneamine
- Octodrine
- Propylhexedrine
- Tuaminoheptane
|
|
| Ampakines |
- CX-516
- CX-546
- CX-614
- CX-691
- CX-717
- IDRA-21
- LY-404,187
- LY-503,430
- Nooglutyl
- Org 26576
- PEPA
- S-18986
- Sunifiram
- Unifiram
|
|
| Arylcyclohexylamines |
- Benocyclidine
- Dieticyclidine
- Esketamine
- Eticyclidine
- Gacyclidine
- Ketamine
- Phencyclamine
- Phencyclidine
- Rolicyclidine
- Tenocyclidine
- Tiletamine
|
|
| Benzazepines |
- 6-Br-APB
- SKF-77434
- SKF-81297
- SKF-82958
|
|
| Cholinergics |
- A-84,543
- A-366,833
- ABT-202
- ABT-418
- AR-R17779
- Altinicline
- Anabasine
- Arecoline
- Bradanicline
- Cotinine
- Cytisine
- Dianicline
- Epibatidine
- Epiboxidine
- GTS-21
- Ispronicline
- Nicotine
- PHA-543,613
- PNU-120,596
- PNU-282,987
- Pozanicline
- Rivanicline
- Sazetidine A
- SIB-1553A
- SSR-180,711
- TC-1698
- TC-1827
- TC-2216
- Tebanicline
- UB-165
- Varenicline
- WAY-317,538
|
|
| Convulsants |
- Anatoxin-a
- Bicuculline
- DMCM
- Flurothyl
- Gabazine
- Pentetrazol
- Picrotoxin
- Strychnine
- Thujone
|
|
| Eugeroics |
- Adrafinil
- Armodafinil
- CRL-40,941
- Fluorenol
- JZ-IV-10
- Modafinil
|
|
| Oxazolines |
- 4-Methylaminorex
- Aminorex
- Clominorex
- Cyclazodone
- Fenozolone
- Fluminorex
- Pemoline
- Thozalinone
|
|
| Phenethylamines |
|
|
| Phenmetrazines |
- Fenbutrazate
- Fenmetramide
- G-130
- Manifaxine
- Morazone
- Oxaflozane
- PD-128,907
- Phendimetrazine
- Phenmetrazine
- 2-Phenyl-3,6-dimethylmorpholine
- Pseudophenmetrazine
- Radafaxine
|
|
| Piperazines |
- 2C-B-BZP
- BZP
- CM156
- DBL-583
- GBR-12783
- GBR-12935
- GBR-13069
- GBR-13098
- GBR-13119
- MeOPP
- MBZP
- Vanoxerine
|
|
| Piperidines |
- 1-Benzyl-4-(2-(diphenylmethoxy)ethyl)piperidine
- 1-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-1-(piperidin-2-yl)butane
- 2-Benzylpiperidine
- 2-Methyl-3-phenylpiperidine
- 3,4-Dichloromethylphenidate
- 4-Benzylpiperidine
- 4-Methylmethylphenidate
- Desoxypipradrol
- Difemetorex
- Diphenylpyraline
- Ethylphenidate
- Methylnaphthidate
- Methylphenidate (Dexmethylphenidate)
- N-Methyl-3β-propyl-4β-(4-chlorophenyl)piperidine
- Nocaine
- Phacetoperane
- Pipradrol
- SCH-5472
|
|
| Pyrrolidines |
- 2-Diphenylmethylpyrrolidine
- a-PPP
- a-PBP
- a-PVP
- Diphenylprolinol
- MDPPP
- MDPBP
- MDPV
- MPBP
- MPHP
- MPPP
- MOPPP
- Naphyrone
- PEP
- Prolintane
- Pyrovalerone
|
|
| Tropanes |
- 3-CPMT
- 3'-Chloro-3a-(diphenylmethoxy)tropane
- 4-fluorotropacocaine
- 4'-Fluorococaine
- AHN-1055
- Altropane (IACFT)
- Brasofensine
- CFT (WIN 35,428)
- β-CIT (RTI-55)
- Cocaethylene
- Cocaine
- Dichloropane (RTI-111)
- Difluoropine
- FE-β-CPPIT
- FP-β-CPPIT
- Ioflupane (123I)
- Norcocaine
- PIT
- PTT
- RTI-31
- RTI-32
- RTI-51
- RTI-105
- RTI-112
- RTI-113
- RTI-117
- RTI-120
- RTI-121 (IPCIT)
- RTI-126
- RTI-150
- RTI-154
- RTI-171
- RTI-177
- RTI-183
- RTI-193
- RTI-194
- RTI-199
- RTI-202
- RTI-204
- RTI-229
- RTI-241
- RTI-336
- RTI-354
- RTI-371
- RTI-386
- Salicylmethylecgonine
- Tesofensine
- Troparil (β-CPT, WIN 35,065-2)
- Tropoxane
- WF-23
- WF-33
- WF-60
|
|
| Racetams |
- Oxiracetam
- Phenylpiracetam
|
|
| Others |
- 2-MDP
- 2-Phenylcyclohexylamine
- 3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine
- Amfonelic acid
- Amineptine
- Amiphenazole
- Atipamezole
- Atomoxetine
- Bemegride
- Benzydamine
- BTQ
- BTS 74,398
- Ciclazindol
- Clofenciclan
- Cropropamide
- Crotetamide
- D-161
- Diclofensine
- Dimethocaine
- Efaroxan
- Etamivan
- EXP-561
- Fenpentadiol
- Gamfexine
- Gilutensin
- GSK1360707F
- GYKI-52895
- Hexacyclonate
- Idazoxan
- Indanorex
- Indatraline
- JNJ-7925476
- Lazabemide
- Leptacline
- Levopropylhexedrine
- Lomevactone
- LR-5182
- Mazindol
- Meclofenoxate
- Medifoxamine
- Mefexamide
- Methastyridone
- Methiopropamine
- N-Methyl-3-phenylnorbornan-2-amine
- Nefopam
- Nikethamide
- Nomifensine
- O-2172
- Oxaprotiline
- PNU-99,194
- Propylhexedrine
- PRC200-SS
- Rasagiline
- Rauwolscine
- Rubidium chloride
- Setazindol
- Tametraline
- Tandamine
- Thiopropamine
- Trazium
- UH-232
- Yohimbine
|
|
|
Anesthetic: General anesthetics (N01A)
|
|
| Inhalation |
|
Ethers
|
- Diethyl ether
- Methoxypropane
- Vinyl ether
- halogenated ethers
- Desflurane
- Enflurane
- Isoflurane
- Methoxyflurane
- Sevoflurane
|
|
|
Haloalkanes
|
- Chloroform
- Halothane#
- Trichloroethylene
|
|
|
Others
|
- Cyclopropane
- Ethylene
- Nitrous oxide#
- Xenon
|
|
|
| Injection |
|
Barbiturates
|
- Hexobarbital
- Methohexital
- Narcobarbital
- Thiopental#
- Thiotetrabarbital
|
|
|
Opioids
|
- Alfentanil
- Anileridine
- Fentanyl
- Phenoperidine
- Remifentanil
- Sufentanil
|
|
|
Neuroactive steroids
|
|
|
|
Others
|
- Droperidol
- Etomidate
- Fospropofol
- gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid
- Ketamine# /Esketamine
- Midazolam
- Propanidid
- Propofol
|
|
|
- #WHO-EM
- ‡Withdrawn from market
- Clinical trials:
- †Phase III
- §Never to phase III
|
|
|
|
anat (n/s/m/p/4/e/b/d/c/a/f/l/g)/phys/devp
|
noco (m/d/e/h/v/s)/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr
|
proc, drug (N1A/2AB/C/3/4/7A/B/C/D)
|
|
|
|
|
Neurotoxins
|
|
| Animal |
- Batrachotoxin
- Bestoxin
- Birtoxin
- Bungarotoxin
- Charybdotoxin
- Conotoxin
- Saxitoxin
- Tetrodotoxin
- Vanillotoxin
- Huwentoxin
|
|
| Bacterial |
- Botulinum toxin
- Tetanospasmin
|
|
| Plant |
- Penitrem A
- Picrotoxin
- Bicuculline
|
|
| Pesticides |
|
|
| Nerve agents |
- Cyclosarin
- EA-3148
- Novichok agent
- Sarin
- Soman
- Tabun
- VE
- VG
- VM
- VR
- VX
|
|
| Neurotoxic drugs |
- 1,4-BD
- 5,7-DHT
- 6-OHDA
- αET
- αMT
- Dizocilpine (MK-801)
- DSP-4
- Ethanol
- GBL
- GHB
- Ibotenic acid
- Ketamine
- Methamphetamine
- MBDB
- MDA
- MDEA
- MDMA (Ecstasy)
- MPP+
- MPTP
- Norsalsolinol
- PBA
- PCA
- PIA
- Phencyclidine (PCP)
|
|
| Denaturants |
Methanol
|
|
|
Cholinergics
|
|
|
Receptor ligands
|
|
|
mAChR
|
- Agonists: 77-LH-28-1
- AC-42
- AC-260,584
- Aceclidine
- Acetylcholine
- AF30
- AF150(S)
- AF267B
- AFDX-384
- Alvameline
- AQRA-741
- Arecoline
- Bethanechol
- Butyrylcholine
- Carbachol
- CDD-0034
- CDD-0078
- CDD-0097
- CDD-0098
- CDD-0102
- Cevimeline
- Choline
- cis-Dioxolane
- Ethoxysebacylcholine
- LY-593,039
- L-689,660
- LY-2,033,298
- McNA343
- Methacholine
- Milameline
- Muscarine
- NGX-267
- Ocvimeline
- Oxotremorine
- PD-151,832
- Pilocarpine
- RS86
- Sabcomeline
- SDZ 210-086
- Sebacylcholine
- Suberylcholine
- Talsaclidine
- Tazomeline
- Thiopilocarpine
- Vedaclidine
- VU-0029767
- VU-0090157
- VU-0152099
- VU-0152100
- VU-0238429
- WAY-132,983
- Xanomeline
- YM-796
Antagonists: 3-Quinuclidinyl Benzilate
- 4-DAMP
- Aclidinium Bromide
- Anisodamine
- Anisodine
- Atropine
- Atropine Methonitrate
- Benactyzine
- Benzatropine/Benztropine
- Benzydamine
- BIBN 99
- Biperiden
- Bornaprine
- CAR-226,086
- CAR-301,060
- CAR-302,196
- CAR-302,282
- CAR-302,368
- CAR-302,537
- CAR-302,668
- CS-27349
- Cyclobenzaprine
- Cyclopentolate
- Darifenacin
- DAU-5884
- Dimethindene
- Dexetimide
- DIBD
- Dicyclomine/Dicycloverine
- Ditran
- EA-3167
- EA-3443
- EA-3580
- EA-3834
- Etanautine
- Etybenzatropine/Ethylbenztropine
- Flavoxate
- Himbacine
- HL-031,120
- Ipratropium bromide
- J-104,129
- Hyoscyamine
- Mamba Toxin 3
- Mamba Toxin 7
- Mazaticol
- Mebeverine
- Methoctramine
- Metixene
- N-Ethyl-3-Piperidyl Benzilate
- N-Methyl-3-Piperidyl Benzilate
- Orphenadrine
- Otenzepad
- Oxybutynin
- PBID
- PD-102,807
- PD-0298029
- Phenglutarimide
- Phenyltoloxamine
- Pirenzepine
- Piroheptine
- Procyclidine
- Profenamine
- RU-47,213
- SCH-57,790
- SCH-72,788
- SCH-217,443
- Scopolamine/Hyoscine
- Solifenacin
- Telenzepine
- Tiotropium bromide
- Tolterodine
- Trihexyphenidyl
- Tripitamine
- Tropatepine
- Tropicamide
- WIN-2299
- Xanomeline
- Zamifenacin; Others: 1st Generation Antihistamines (Brompheniramine
- chlorphenamine
- cyproheptadine
- dimenhydrinate
- diphenhydramine
- doxylamine
- mepyramine/pyrilamine
- phenindamine
- pheniramine
- tripelennamine
- triprolidine, etc)
- Tricyclic Antidepressants (Amitriptyline
- doxepin
- trimipramine, etc)
- Tetracyclic Antidepressants (Amoxapine
- maprotiline, etc)
- Typical Antipsychotics (Chlorpromazine
- thioridazine, etc)
- Atypical Antipsychotics (Clozapine
- olanzapine, etc.)
|
|
|
nAChR
|
- Agonists: 5-HIAA
- A-84,543
- A-366,833
- A-582,941
- A-867,744
- ABT-202
- ABT-418
- ABT-560
- ABT-894
- Acetylcholine
- Altinicline
- Anabasine
- Anatoxin-a
- AR-R17779
- Butinoline
- Butyrylcholine
- Carbachol
- Choline
- Cotinine
- Cytisine
- Decamethonium
- Desformylflustrabromine
- Dianicline
- Dimethylphenylpiperazinium
- Epibatidine
- Epiboxidine
- Ethanol
- Ethoxysebacylcholine
- EVP-4473
- EVP-6124
- Galantamine
- GTS-21
- Ispronicline
- Lobeline
- MEM-63,908/RG-3487
- Nicotine
- NS-1738
- PHA-543,613
- PHA-709,829
- PNU-120,596
- PNU-282,987
- Pozanicline
- Rivanicline
- RJR-2429
- Sazetidine A
- Sebacylcholine
- SIB-1508Y
- SIB-1553A
- SSR-180,711
- Suberylcholine
- Suxamethonium/Succinylcholine
- TC-1698
- TC-1734
- TC-1827
- TC-2216
- TC-5214
- TC-5619
- TC-6683
- Tebanicline
- Tropisetron
- UB-165
- Varenicline
- WAY-317,538
- XY-4083
Antagonists: 18-Methoxycoronaridine
- α-Bungarotoxin
- α-Conotoxin
- Alcuronium
- Amantadine
- Anatruxonium
- Atracurium
- Bupropion
- Chandonium
- Chlorisondamine
- Cisatracurium
- Coclaurine
- Coronaridine
- Dacuronium
- Decamethonium
- Dextromethorphan
- Dextropropoxyphene
- Dextrorphan
- Diadonium
- DHβE
- Dihydrochandonium
- Dimethyltubocurarine/Metocurine
- Dipyrandium
- Dizocilpine/MK-801
- Doxacurium
- Esketamine
- Fazadinium
- Gallamine
- Hexafluronium
- Hexamethonium/Benzohexonium
- Ibogaine
- Isoflurane
- Ketamine
- Kynurenic acid
- Laudexium/Laudolissin
- Levacetylmethadol
- Malouetine
- Mecamylamine
- Memantine
- Methadone (Levomethadone)
- Methorphan/Racemethorphan
- Methyllycaconitine
- Metocurine
- Mivacurium
- Morphanol/Racemorphan
- Neramexane
- Nitrous Oxide
- Pancuronium
- Pempidine
- Pentamine
- Pentolinium
- Phencyclidine
- Pipecuronium
- Radafaxine
- Rapacuronium
- Rocuronium
- Surugatoxin
- Thiocolchicoside
- Toxiferine
- Trimethaphan
- Tropeinium
- Tubocurarine
- Vecuronium
- Xenon
|
|
|
|
|
Reuptake inhibitors
|
|
|
Plasmalemmal
|
|
CHT Inhibitors
|
- Hemicholinium-3/Hemicholine
- Triethylcholine
|
|
|
|
Vesicular
|
|
|
|
|
|
Enzyme inhibitors
|
|
|
Anabolism
|
|
ChAT inhibitors
|
- 1-(-Benzoylethyl)pyridinium
- 2-(α-Naphthoyl)ethyltrimethylammonium
- 3-Chloro-4-stillbazole
- 4-(1-Naphthylvinyl)pyridine
- Acetylseco hemicholinium-3
- Acryloylcholine
- AF64A
- B115
- BETA
- CM-54,903
- N,N-Dimethylaminoethylacrylate
- N,N-Dimethylaminoethylchloroacetate
|
|
|
|
Catabolism
|
|
AChE inhibitors
|
|
|
|
BChE inhibitors
|
- Cymserine * Many of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitors listed above act as butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Others
|
|
|
Precursors
|
- Choline (Lecithin)
- Citicoline
- Cyprodenate
- Dimethylethanolamine
- Glycerophosphocholine
- Meclofenoxate/Centrophenoxine
- Phosphatidylcholine
- Phosphatidylethanolamine
- Phosphorylcholine
- Pirisudanol
|
|
|
Cofactors
|
- Acetic acid
- Acetylcarnitine
- Acetyl-coA
- Vitamin B5 (Pantethine
- Pantetheine
- Panthenol)
|
|
|
Others
|
- Acetylcholine releasing agents: α-Latrotoxin
- β-Bungarotoxin; Acetylcholine release inhibitors: Botulinum toxin (Botox); Acetylcholinesterase reactivators: Asoxime
- Obidoxime
- Pralidoxime
|
|
|
|
|
Dopaminergics
|
|
|
Receptor ligands
|
|
|
Agonists
|
- Adamantanes: Amantadine
- Memantine
- Rimantadine; Aminotetralins: 7-OH-DPAT
- 8-OH-PBZI
- Rotigotine
- UH-232; Benzazepines: 6-Br-APB
- Fenoldopam
- SKF-38,393
- SKF-77,434
- SKF-81,297
- SKF-82,958
- SKF-83,959; Ergolines: Bromocriptine
- Cabergoline
- Dihydroergocryptine
- Epicriptine
- Lisuride
- LSD
- Pergolide; Dihydrexidine derivatives: 2-OH-NPA
- A-86,929
- Ciladopa
- Dihydrexidine
- Dinapsoline
- Dinoxyline
- Doxanthrine; Others: A-68,930
- A-77636
- A-412,997
- ABT-670
- ABT-724
- Aplindore
- Apomorphine
- Aripiprazole
- Bifeprunox
- BP-897
- CY-208,243
- Dizocilpine
- Etilevodopa
- Flibanserin
- Ketamine
- Melevodopa
- Modafinil
- Pardoprunox
- Phencyclidine
- PD-128,907
- PD-168,077
- PF-219,061
- Piribedil
- Pramipexole
- Propylnorapomorphine
- Pukateine
- Quinagolide
- Quinelorane
- Quinpirole
- RDS-127
- Ro10-5824
- Ropinirole
- Rotigotine
- Roxindole
- Salvinorin A
- SKF-89,145
- Sumanirole
- Terguride
- Umespirone
- WAY-100,635
|
|
|
Antagonists
|
- Typical antipsychotics: Acepromazine
- Azaperone
- Benperidol
- Bromperidol
- Clopenthixol
- Chlorpromazine
- Chlorprothixene
- Droperidol
- Flupentixol
- Fluphenazine
- Fluspirilene
- Haloperidol
- Levosulpiride
- Loxapine
- Mesoridazine
- Methotrimeprazine
- Nemonapride
- Penfluridol
- Perazine
- Periciazine
- Perphenazine
- Pimozide
- Prochlorperazine
- Promazine
- Sulforidazine
- Sulpiride
- Sultopride
- Thioridazine
- Thiothixene
- Trifluoperazine
- Triflupromazine
- Trifluperidol
- Zuclopenthixol; Atypical antipsychotics: Amisulpride
- Asenapine
- Blonanserin
- Cariprazine
- Carpipramine
- Clocapramine
- Clorotepine
- Clozapine
- Gevotroline
- Iloperidone
- Lurasidone
- Melperone
- Molindone
- Mosapramine
- Olanzapine
- Paliperidone
- Perospirone
- Piquindone
- Quetiapine
- Remoxipride
- Risperidone
- Sertindole
- Tiospirone
- Zicronapine
- Ziprasidone
- Zotepine; Antiemetics: AS-8112
- Alizapride
- Bromopride
- Clebopride
- Domperidone
- Metoclopramide
- Thiethylperazine; Others: Amoxapine
- Buspirone
- Butaclamol
- Ecopipam
- EEDQ
- Eticlopride
- Fananserin
- Hydroxyzine
- L-745,870
- Nafadotride
- Nuciferine
- PNU-99,194
- Raclopride
- Sarizotan
- SB-277,011-A
- SCH-23,390
- SKF-83,959
- Sonepiprazole
- Spiperone
- Spiroxatrine
- Stepholidine
- Tetrahydropalmatine
- Tiapride
- UH-232
- Yohimbine
|
|
|
|
|
Reuptake inhibitors
|
|
|
Plasmalemmal
|
|
DAT inhibitors
|
- Piperazines: DBL-583
- GBR-12,935
- Nefazodone
- Vanoxerine; Piperidines: BTCP
- Desoxypipradrol
- Dextromethylphenidate
- Difemetorex
- Ethylphenidate
- Methylnaphthidate
- Methylphenidate
- Phencyclidine
- Pipradrol; Pyrrolidines: Diphenylprolinol
- MDPV
- Naphyrone
- Prolintane
- Pyrovalerone; Tropanes: Altropane
- Brasofensine
- CFT
- Cocaine
- Dichloropane
- Difluoropine
- FE-β-CPPIT
- FP-β-CPPIT
- Ioflupane (123I)
- Iometopane
- RTI-112
- RTI-113
- RTI-121
- RTI-126
- RTI-150
- RTI-177
- RTI-229
- RTI-336
- Tenocyclidine
- Tesofensine
- Troparil
- Tropoxane
- WF-11
- WF-23
- WF-31
- WF-33; Others: Adrafinil
- Armodafinil
- Amfonelic acid
- Amphetamine
- Amineptine
- Benzatropine
- Bromantane
- BTQ
- BTS-74,398
- Bupropion
- Ciclazindol
- Diclofensine
- Dimethocaine
- Diphenylpyraline
- Dizocilpine
- DOV-102,677
- DOV-21,947
- DOV-216,303
- Etybenzatropine
- EXP-561
- Fencamine
- Fencamfamine
- Fezolamine
- Fluorenol
- GYKI-52,895
- Indatraline
- Ketamine
- Lefetamine
- Levophacetoperane
- LR-5182
- Manifaxine
- Mazindol
- Medifoxamine
- Mesocarb
- Modafinil
- Nefopam
- Nomifensine
- NS-2359
- O-2172
- Pridefrine
- Propylamphetamine
- Radafaxine
- SEP-225,289
- SEP-227,162
- Sertraline
- Sibutramine
- Tametraline
- Tedatioxetine
- Tripelennamine
|
|
|
|
Vesicular
|
|
VMAT inhibitors
|
- Deserpidine
- Ibogaine
- Reserpine
- Tetrabenazine
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allosteric modulators
|
|
- Quinazolinamines: SoRI-9804
- SoRI-20040
- SoRI-20041
|
|
|
|
Enzyme inhibitors
|
|
|
Anabolism
|
|
PAH inhibitors
|
|
|
|
TH inhibitors
|
- 3-Iodotyrosine
- Aquayamycin
- Bulbocapnine
- Metirosine
- Oudenone
|
|
|
AAAD/DDC inhibitors
|
- Benserazide
- Carbidopa
- DFMD
- Genistein
- Methyldopa
|
|
|
|
Catabolism
|
|
MAO inhibitors
|
- Nonselective: Benmoxin
- Caroxazone
- Echinopsidine
- Furazolidone
- Hydralazine
- Indantadol
- Iproclozide
- Iproniazid
- Isocarboxazid
- Isoniazid
- Linezolid
- Mebanazine
- Metfendrazine
- Nialamide
- Octamoxin
- Paraxazone
- Phenelzine
- Pheniprazine
- Phenoxypropazine
- Pivalylbenzhydrazine
- Procarbazine
- Safrazine
- Tranylcypromine; MAO-A selective: Amiflamine
- Bazinaprine
- Befloxatone
- Brofaromine
- Cimoxatone
- Clorgiline
- Eprobemide
- Esuprone
- Harmala alkaloids
- Methylene Blue
- Metralindole
- Minaprine
- Moclobemide
- Pirlindole
- Sercloremine
- Tetrindole
- Toloxatone
- Tyrima; MAO-B selective: D-Deprenyl
- Ethanol
- L-Deprenyl (Selegiline)
- Ladostigil
- Lazabemide
- Milacemide
- Nicotine
- Pargyline
- Rasagiline
- Safinamide
|
|
|
COMT inhibitors
|
- Entacapone
- Nitecapone
- Tolcapone
|
|
|
DBH inhibitors
|
- Disulfiram
- Dopastin
- Fusaric acid
- Nepicastat
- Tropolone
|
|
|
|
|
|
Others
|
|
|
Precursors
|
- L-Phenylalanine → L-Tyrosine → L-DOPA (Levodopa)
|
|
|
Cofactors
|
- Ferrous iron (Fe2+)
- Tetrahydrobiopterin
- Vitamin B3 (Niacin
- Nicotinamide → NADPH)
- Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine
- Pyridoxamine
- Pyridoxal → Pyridoxal phosphate)
- Vitamin B9 (Folic acid → Tetrahydrofolic acid)
- Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)
- Zinc (Zn2+)
|
|
|
Others
|
- Activity enhancers: BPAP * PPAP; Toxins: 6-OHDA; Steroids: Anabolic-androgenic steroids
|
|
|
|
|
List of dopaminergic drugs
|
|
|
Glutamatergics
|
|
| Ionotropic |
|
AMPA
|
- Agonists: 5-Fluorowillardiine
- AMPA
- Domoic acid
- Quisqualic acid; Positive allosteric modulators: Aniracetam
- Cyclothiazide
- CX-516
- CX-546
- CX-614
- CX-691
- CX-717
- Diazoxide
- HCTZ
- IDRA-21
- LY-392,098
- LY-404,187
- LY-451,395
- LY-451,646
- LY-503,430
- Org 26576
- Oxiracetam
- PEPA
- Piracetam
- Pramiracetam
- S-18986
- Sunifiram
- Unifiram
Antagonists: ATPO
- Barbiturates
- BGG492
- Caroverine
- CNQX
- DNQX
- GYKI-52466
- NBQX
- Perampanel
- Talampanel
- Tezampanel
- Topiramate; Negative allosteric modulators: GYKI-53,655
|
|
|
NMDA
|
- Agonists: Glutamate/acite site competitive agonists: Aspartate
- Glutamate
- Homoquinolinic acid
- Ibotenic acid
- NMDA
- Quinolinic acid
- Tetrazolylglycine; Glycine site agonists: ACBD
- ACPC
- ACPD
- Alanine
- CCG
- Cycloserine
- DHPG
- Fluoroalanine
- Glycine
- GLYX-13
- HA-966
- L-687,414
- Milacemide
- Sarcosine
- Serine
- Tetrazolylglycine; Polyamine site agonists: Acamprosate
- Spermidine
- Spermine
Antagonists: Competitive antagonists: AP5 (APV)
- AP7
- CGP-37849
- CGP-39551
- CGP-39653
- CGP-40116
- CGS-19755
- CPP
- LY-233,053
- LY-235,959
- LY-274,614
- MDL-100,453
- Midafotel (d-CPPene)
- NPC-12,626
- NPC-17,742
- PBPD
- PEAQX
- Perzinfotel
- PPDA
- SDZ-220581
- Selfotel; Noncompetitive antagonists: ARR-15,896
- Caroverine
- Dexanabinol
- FPL-12495
- FR-115,427
- Hodgkinsine
- Magnesium
- MDL-27,266
- NPS-1506
- Psychotridine
- Zinc; Uncompetitive pore blockers: 2-MDP
- 3-MeO-PCP
- 8A-PDHQ
- Alaproclate
- Amantadine
- Aptiganel
- ARL-12,495
- ARL-15,896-AR
- ARL-16,247
- Budipine
- Delucemine
- Dexoxadrol
- Dextrallorphan
- Dieticyclidine
- Dizocilpine
- Endopsychosin
- Esketamine
- Etoxadrol
- Eticyclidine
- Gacyclidine
- Ibogaine
- Indantadol
- Ketamine
- Ketobemidone
- Lanicemine
- Loperamide
- Memantine
- Meperidine (Pethidine)
- Methadone (Levomethadone)
- Methorphan (Dextromethorphan
- Levomethorphan)
- Methoxetamine
- Milnacipran
- Morphanol (Dextrorphan
- Levorphanol)
- NEFA
- Neramexane
- Nitromemantine
- Nitrous oxide
- Noribogaine
- Orphenadrine
- PCPr
- Phencyclamine
- Phencyclidine
- Propoxyphene
- Remacemide
- Rhynchophylline
- Riluzole
- Rimantadine
- Rolicyclidine
- Sabeluzole
- Tenocyclidine
- Tiletamine
- Tramadol
- Xenon; Glycine site antagonists: ACEA-1021
- ACEA-1328
- ACC
- Carisoprodol
- CGP-39653
- CKA
- DCKA
- Felbamate
- Gavestinel
- GV-196,771
- Kynurenic acid
- L-689,560
- L-701,324
- Lacosamide
- Licostinel
- LU-73,068
- MDL-105,519
- Meprobamate
- MRZ 2/576
- PNQX
- ZD-9379; NR2B subunit antagonists: Besonprodil
- CO-101,244 (PD-174,494)
- CP-101,606
- Eliprodil
- Haloperidol
- Ifenprodil
- Isoxsuprine
- Nylidrin
- Ro8-4304
- Ro25-6981
- Traxoprodil; Polyamine site antagonists: Arcaine
- Co 101676
- Diaminopropane
- Acamprosate
- Diethylenetriamine
- Huperzine A
- Putrescine
- Ro 25-6981; Unclassified/unsorted antagonists: Chloroform
- Diethyl ether
- Diphenidine
- Enflurane
- Ethanol (alcohol)
- Halothane
- Isoflurane
- Methoxyflurane
- Toluene
- Trichloroethane
- Trichloroethanol
- Trichloroethylene
- Xylene
|
|
|
Kainate
|
- Agonists: 5-Iodowillardiine
- ATPA
- Domoic acid
- Kainic acid
- LY-339,434
- SYM-2081
Antagonists: BGG492
- CNQX
- DNQX
- LY-382,884
- NBQX
- NS102
- Tezampanel
- Topiramate
- UBP-302; Negative allosteric modulators: NS-3763
|
|
|
| Metabotropic |
|
Group I
|
- Agonists: Non-selective: ACPD
- DHPG
- Quisqualic acid; mGlu1-selective: Ro01-6128
- Ro67-4853
- Ro67-7476
- VU-71; mGlu5-selective: ADX-47273
- CDPPB
- CHPG
- DFB
- VU-1545
Antagonists: Non-selective: MCPG
- NPS-2390; mGlu1-selective: BAY 36-7620
- CPCCOEt
- LY-367,385
- LY-456,236; mGlu5-selective: CTEP
- Dipraglurant
- DMeOB
- LY-344,545
- SIB-1757
- SIB-1893; Negative allosteric modulators: Fenobam
- MPEP
- MTEP
- GRN-529
|
|
|
Group II
|
- Agonists: Non-selective: CBiPES
- DCG-IV
- Eglumegad
- LY-379,268
- LY-404,039
- LY-487,379
- MGS-0028; mGlu2-selective: BINA
- LY-566,332
Antagonists: Non-selective: APICA
- EGLU
- HYDIA
- LY-307,452
- LY-341,495
- MCPG
- MGS-0039; mGlu2-selective: PCCG-4
- mGlu3-selective: CECXG; Negative allosteric modulators: RO4491533
|
|
|
Group III
|
- Agonists: Non-selective: L-AP4; mGlu4-selective: PHCCC
- VU-001,171
- VU-0155,041; mGlu7-selective: AMN082; mGlu8-selective: DCPG
Antagonists: Non-selective: CPPG
- MAP4
- MSOP
- MPPG
- MTPG
- UBP-1112; mGlu7-selective: MMPIP
|
|
|
Transporter
inhibitors |
|
|
| Others |
|
Precursors
|
|
|
|
Cofactors
|
- α-Ketoglutaric acid
- Iron
- Sulfur
- Vitamin B2 (as FAD and FMN)
- Vitamin B3 (as NADPH)
|
|
|
Others
|
|
|
|
|
Opioids
|
|
Opium and
poppy straw
derivatives |
Crude opiate
extracts /
whole opium
products |
- B&O Supprettes
- Diascordium
- Dover's powder
- Kendal Black Drop
- Laudanum
- Mithridate
- Opium
- Paregoric
- Polish heroin (compote/kompot)
- Poppy straw
- Poppy tea
- Smoking opium
- Theriac
|
|
| Natural opiates |
Opium
alkaloids |
- Codeine
- Morphine
- Oripavine
- Pseudomorphine
- Thebaine
|
|
Alkaloid
salts mixtures |
- Pantopon
- Papaveretum (Omnopon)
|
|
|
Semisynthetics
including
Bentley
compounds |
Morphine
family |
- 2,4-Dinitrophenylmorphine
- 6-MDDM
- Azidomorphine
- Chlornaltrexamine
- Desocodeine
- Desomorphine
- Dihydromorphine
- Hydromorphinol
- Methyldesorphine
- N-Phenethylnormorphine
- RAM-378
|
|
3,6-diesters
of morphine |
- Acetylpropionylmorphine
- Diacetyldihydromorphine
- Dibenzoylmorphine
- Dipropanoylmorphine
- Heroin
- Nicomorphine
|
|
Codeine-dionine
family |
- 6-Monoacetylcodeine
- Benzylmorphine
- Codeine methylbromide
- Ethylmorphine
- Heterocodeine
- Isocodeine
- Myrophine
- Pholcodine
|
|
Morphinones
and morphols |
- 14-Cinnamoyloxycodeinone
- 14-Ethoxymetopon
- 14-Methoxymetopon
- 14-Phenylpropoxymetopon
- 3-Acetyloxymorphone
- 3,14-Diacetyloxymorphone
- 6-MDDM
- 7-Spiroindanyloxymorphone
- Acetylmorphone
- Codeinone
- Codoxime
- Conorfone
- Hydrocodone
- Hydromorphone
- IBNtxA
- Methyldihydromorphine
- Metopon
- Morphinone
- N-Phenethyl-14-ethoxymetopon
- Nalmexone
- Oxycodone
- Oxymorphol
- Oxymorphone
- Pentamorphone
- Semorphone
- Thebacon
|
|
| Morphides |
- α-Chlorocodide
- Chloromorphide
|
|
Dihydrocodeine
series |
- 14-Hydroxydihydrocodeine
- Acetyldihydrocodeine
- Dihydrocodeine
- Nicocodeine
- Nicodicodeine
|
|
Nitrogen
morphine
derivatives |
- Codeine-N-oxide
- Morphine-N-oxide
|
|
| Hydrazones |
|
|
Halogenated
morphine
derivatives |
|
|
|
Active opiate
metabolites |
- 6-Monoacetylmorphine
- Morphine-6-glucuronide
- Norcodeine
- Normorphine
|
|
|
| Morphinans |
- 3-Hydroxymorphinan
- Butorphanol
- Cyclorphan
- Cyprodime
- Dextrallorphan
- Drotebanol
- Ketorfanol
- Levallorphan
- Levomethorphan
- Levophenacylmorphan
- Levorphanol
- Nalbuphine
- Norlevorphanol
- Oxilorphan
- Phenomorphan
- Proxorphan
- Racemethorphan/Methorphan
- Racemorphanol/Morphanol
- Ro4-1539
- Sinomenine/Cocculine
- Xorphanol
|
|
| Benzomorphans |
- 8-CAC
- Alazocine
- Anazocine
- Bremazocine
- Butinazocine
- Carbazocine
- Cogazocine
- Dezocine
- Eptazocine
- Etazocine
- Ethylketazocine
- Fluorophen
- Ibazocine
- Ketazocine
- Metazocine
- Moxazocine
- Pentazocine
- Phenazocine
- Tonazocine
- Volazocine
- Zenazocine
|
|
| 4-Phenylpiperidines |
Pethidines
(Meperidines) |
- 4-Fluoropethidine
- Allylnorpethidine
- Anileridine
- Benzethidine
- Carperidine
- Difenoxin
- Diphenoxylate
- Etoxeridine (Carbetidine)
- Furethidine
- Hydroxypethidine (Bemidone)
- Morpheridine
- Oxpheneridine (Carbamethidine)
- Pethidine (Meperidine)
- Pethidine intermediate A
- Pethidine intermediate B (Norpethidine)
- Pethidine intermediate C (Pethidinic Acid)
- Pheneridine
- Phenoperidine
- Piminodine
- Properidine (Ipropethidine)
- Sameridine
|
|
| Prodines |
- Allylprodine
- Meprodine (α-meprodine / β-meprodine)
- MPPP (Desmethylprodine)
- PEPAP
- Prodine (α-prodine / β-prodine)
- Prosidol
- Trimeperidine (Promedol)
|
|
| Ketobemidones |
- Acetoxyketobemidone
- Droxypropine
- Ketobemidone
- Methylketobemidone
- Propylketobemidone
|
|
| Others |
- Alvimopan
- Loperamide
- Picenadol
|
|
|
Open chain
opioids |
| Amidones |
- Dipipanone
- Isomethadone
- Levomethadone
- Methadone
- Normethadone
- Norpipanone
- Phenadoxone (Heptazone)
|
|
| Methadols |
- Acetylmethadol
- Alphacetylmethadol
- Alphamethadol
- Betacetylmethadol
- Betamethadol
- Dimepheptanol (methadol)
- Isomethadol
- Levacetylmethadol
- Noracymethadol
|
|
| Moramides |
- Desmethylmoramide
- Dextromoramide
- Levomoramide
- Moramide/Racemoramide
|
|
| Thiambutenes |
- Diethylthiambutene
- Dimethylthiambutene
- Ethylmethylthiambutene
- Piperidylthiambutene
- Pyrrolidinylthiambutene
- Tipepidine
|
|
| Phenalkoxams |
- Dextropropoxyphene
- Dimenoxadol
- Dioxaphetyl butyrate
- Levopropoxyphene
- Norpropoxyphene
|
|
| Ampromides |
- Diampromide
- Phenampromide
- Propiram
|
|
| Others |
- Alimadol
- IC-26
- Isoaminile
- Lefetamine
- R-4066
|
|
|
| Anilidopiperidines |
- 3-Allylfentanyl
- 3-Methylfentanyl
- 3-Methylthiofentanyl
- 4-Phenylfentanyl
- α-Methylacetylfentanyl
- α-Methylfentanyl
- α-methylthiofentanyl
- β-hydroxyfentanyl
- β-hydroxythiofentanyl
- β-methylfentanyl
- Alfentanil
- Brifentanil
- Carfentanil
- Fentanyl
- Lofentanil
- Mirfentanil
- Ocfentanil
- Ohmefentanyl
- Parafluorofentanyl
- Phenaridine
- Remifentanil
- Sufentanil
- Thiofentanyl
- Trefentanil
|
|
Oripavine
derivatives |
- 7-PET
- Acetorphine
- Alletorphine
- BU-48
- Buprenorphine
- Cyprenorphine
- Dihydroetorphine
- Etorphine
- Homprenorphine
- Norbuprenorphine
|
|
| Phenazepanes |
- Ethoheptazine
- Meptazinol
- Metethoheptazine
- Metheptazine
- Proheptazine
|
|
| Pirinitramides |
|
|
| Benzimidazoles |
|
|
| Indoles |
- 18-MC
- 7-Hydroxymitragynine
- Akuammine
- Eseroline
- Hodgkinsine
- Ibogaine
- Mitragynine
- Noribogaine
- Pericine
|
|
Diphenylmethyl-
piperazines |
- BW373U86
- DPI-221
- DPI-287
- DPI-3290
- SNC-80
|
|
| Opioid peptides |
- Adrenorphin
- Amidorphin
- Biphalin
- Casokefamide
- Casomorphin
- Cytochrophin
- DADLE
- DAMGO
- Deltorphin
- Dermorphin
- Dynorphin
- Endomorphin
- Endorphins
- Enkephalin
- Frakefamide
- Gliadorphin
- Hemorphin
- Leumorphin
- Metkefamide
- Morphiceptin
- Neoendorphin
- Nociceptin
- Octreotide
- Opiorphin
- Rubiscolin
- Spinorphin
- TRIMU 5
- Tynorphin
- Valorphin
|
|
| Others |
- AD-1211
- AH-7921
- Azaprocin
- BRL-52537
- Bromadol
- Bromadoline
- C-8813
- Ciprefadol
- Ciramadol
- Doxpicomine
- Enadoline
- Ethanol
- Faxeladol
- GR-89696
- Herkinorin
- ICI-199,441
- ICI-204,448
- J-113,397
- JTC-801
- LPK-26
- MCOPPB
- Metofoline
- MT-45
- N-Desmethylclozapine
- NNC 63-0532
- Nortilidine
- O-Desmethyltramadol
- Phenadone
- Phencyclidine
- Prodilidine
- Profadol
- Ro64-6198
- Salvinorin A
- SB-612,111
- SC-17599
- RWJ-394,674
- TAN-67
- Tapentadol
- Tifluadom
- Tilidine
- Tramadol
- Trimebutine
- U-50,488
- U-69,593
- Viminol
- W-18
|
|
Opioid
antagonists &
inverse agonists |
- 5'-Guanidinonaltrindole
- Alvimopan
- Chlornaltrexamine
- Chloroxymorphamine
- Conorfone
- Cyclazocine
- Cyprodime
- Diacetylnalorphine
- Difenamizole
- Diprenorphine (M5050)
- Gemazocine
- JDTic
- Levallorphan
- LY-255,582
- Methylnaltrexone
- Nalbuphine
- Naldemedine
- Nalmefene
- Nalmexone
- Nalorphine
- Nalorphine dinicotinate
- Naloxazone
- Naloxegol
- Naloxonazine
- Naloxone
- Naltrexol-d4
- Naltrexone
- Naltriben
- Naltrindole
- Norbinaltorphimine
- Oxilorphan
- Quadazocine
- Samidorphan
- Tonazocine
- Zenazocine
|
|
| Biased ligands |
- TRV130
- Herkinorin
- 6'-GNTI
|
|
Uncategorized
opioids |
- Anilopam
- Asimadoline
- Axomadol
- FE 200665
- Fedotozine
- Nalfurafine
- Nalorphine
- Nalorphine dinicotinate
- SoRI-9409
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sigmaergics
|
|
Receptor
Ligands |
|
Agonists
|
- 3-PPP
- 4-IBP
- 4-PPBP
- Afobazole
- Alazocine
- Amitriptyline
- BD-1,008
- Berberine
- Citalopram
- Clorgiline
- Cocaine
- Cyclazocine
- Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
- Desipramine
- Dextrallorphan
- Dextromethorphan
- Dextrorphan
- Dimemorfan
- Dimethyltryptamine (DMT)
- Ditolylguanidine (DTG)
- EMD-57,445
- Escitalopram
- Fluoxetine
- Fluvoxamine
- Heroin
- Igmesine
- Imipramine
- JO-1,784
- L-687,384
- Lu 28-179
- MDMA
- Morphine
- Naluzotan
- Noscapine
- OPC-14,523
- Opipramol
- PB-28
- PD-144,415
- Pentazocine
- Pentoxyverine
- Phencyclidine
- PRE-084
- Pregnenolone
- RTI-55
- SA-4503
- Siramesine
- Venlafaxine
|
|
|
Antagonists
|
- BD-1,047
- BD-1,063
- BMY-14,802
- E-5,842
- Haloperidol
- Lamotrigine
- NE-100
- Progesterone
- Rimcazole
- Sertraline
- SM-21
|
|
|
Unknown
|
|
|
|