鰓裂
WordNet
- cut a slit into; "slit the throat of the victim"
- a long narrow opening
- a narrow fissure
- make a clean cut through; "slit her throat" (同)slice
- of or relating to the throat; "pharyngeal fricatives"
PrepTutorEJDIC
- 〈物〉‘を'切り開く,細長く切る(裂く) / 細長い切れ目,スリット(スカートなどの切り込み);細長いすきま(穴)
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/27 18:28:44」(JST)
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The presence of gill slits (in blue) in an acorn worm (left) and tunicate (right)
Pharyngeal slits are filter-feeding organs found in non-vertebrate chordates (lancelets and tunicates) and hemichordates living in aquatic environments. These repeated segments are controlled by similar developmental mechanisms. Some hemichordate species can have as many as 200 gill slits.[1] Pharyngeal slits resembling gill slits are transiently present during the embryonic stages of tetrapod development. The presence of gill-like slits in the neck of the developing human embryo famously led Ernst Haeckel to postulate that "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny"; this hypothesis, while false, contains elements of truth, as explored by Stephen Jay Gould in Ontogeny and Phylogeny.[2] However, it is now accepted that it is the vertebrate pharyngeal pouches and not the neck slits that are homologous to the pharyngeal slits of invertebrate chordates. Gill slits are, at some stage of life, found in all chordates.
Pharyngeal arches in Vertebrates
Main article: Pharyngeal arch
In vertebrates, the pharyngeal arches are derived from all three germ layers.[3] Neural crest cells enter these arches where they contribute to craniofacial features such as bone and cartilage.[3] However, the existence of pharyngeal structures before neural crest cells evolved is indicated by the existence of neural crest-independent mechanisms of pharyngeal arch development.[4] The first, most anterior pharyngeal arch gives rise to the oral jaw. The second arch becomes the hyoid and jaw support.[3] In fish, the other posterior arches contribute to the brachial skeleton, which support the gills; in tetrapods the anterior arches develop into components of the ear, tonsils, and thymus.[5] The genetic and developmental basis of pharyngeal arch development is well characterized. It has been shown that Hox genes and other developmental genes such as dlx are important for patterning the anterior/posterior and dorsal/ventral axes of the branchial arches.[6] Some fish species have jaws in their throat, known as pharyngeal jaws, which develop using the same genetic pathways involved in oral jaw formation.[7]
Evolution of pharyngeal slits
A phylogeny showing when gill slits may have arisen. It is thought that gill slits were subsequently lost in echinoderms.
The presence of pharyngeal slits in hemichordates led to debates of whether this structure was homologous to the slits found in chordates or a result of convergent evolution.[8] With the placement of hemichordates and echinoderms as a sister group to chordates, a new hypothesis has emerged-suggesting that pharyngeal gill slits were present in the deuterostome ancestor .[9] Intriguingly, extant echinoderms lack pharyngeal structures, but fossil records reveal that ancestral forms of echinoderms had gill-like structures.[10] Comparative developmental and genetic studies of these pharyngeal structures between hemichordates and urochordates have brought about important insights regarding the evolution of the deuterostome body plan.[11] Comparative molecular biology has revealed that the Pax1/9 genes (which encode for transcription factors) are expressed in similar patterns between hemichordates and urochordates; In vertebrates, Pax 1 and Pax 9 are expressed in the pharyngeal pouches and are important for thymus development.[12] applying excess retinoic acid (excess retincoic acid in vertebrates results in pharyngeal abnormalities) leads to the absence of gill slits in developing Amphioxus, suggesting that retinoic acid may act through the same mechanism in vertebrates and amphioxus.[13] These studies indicate that the pharyngeal slits found in hemichordates and chordates are indeed homologous in a molecular sense.
References
- ^ Gerhart J, Lowe C, Kirschner M (2005). "Hemichordates and the origin of chordates". Current Opinion in Genetics & Development 15 (4): 461–467. doi:10.1016/j.gde.2005.06.004. PMID 15964754.
- ^ Gould, S.J. (1977). Ontogeny and Phylogeny. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. vii–viii. ISBN 0-674-63940-5. . Also ISBN 0-674-63941-3 (paperback)
- ^ a b c Graham A (2003). "Development of the pharyngeal arches". Am J Med Genet A 199 (3): 251–256. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.10980. PMID 12784288.
- ^ Graham A, Smith A (2001). "Patterning the pharyngeal arches". BioEssays 23 (1): 54–61. doi:10.1002/1521-1878(200101)23:1<54::AID-BIES1007>3.0.CO;2-5. PMID 11135309.
- ^ Kardong KV (2003). "Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution". Third edition. New York (McGraw Hill).
- ^ Depew MJ, Lufkin T, Rubenstein JLR (2002). "Specification of jaw subdivisions by Dlx genes". Science 298 (5592): 381–385. doi:10.1126/science.1075703. PMID 12193642.
- ^ Fraser GJ, Hulsey D, Bloomquist RF, Uyesugi K, Manley NR, Streelman T (2009). Jernvall, Jukka, ed. "An Ancient Gene Network Is Co-opted for Teeth on Old and New Jaws". PLoS Biology 7 (2): 0233–0247. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000031. PMC 2637924. PMID 19215146.
- ^ Gee H (1996). "Before the backbone. Views on the origin of vertebrates". London (Chapman & hall).
- ^ Winchell CJ, Sullivan J, Cameron CB, Swalla BJ, Mallatt J (2002). "Evaluating hypotheses of deuterostome phylogeny and chordate evolution with new LSU and SSU ribosomal DNA data". Mol Biol Evol 19 (5): 762–776. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004134. PMID 11961109.
- ^ Shu D, Morris SC, Zhang ZF, Liu JN, Han J, Chen L, Zhang XL, Yasui K, Li Y (2003). "A new species of yunnanozoan with implications for deuterostome evolution". Science 299 (5611): 1380–1384. doi:10.1126/science.1079846. PMID 12610301.
- ^ Brown FD, Prendergast A, Swalla BJ (2008). "Man is but a worm: chordate origins". Genesis 46 (11): 605–613. doi:10.1002/dvg.20471. PMID 19003926.
- ^ Ogasawara M, Wada H, Peters H, Satoh N (1999). "Developmental expression of Pax 1/9 genes in urochordate and hemichordate gills: insight into function and evolution of the pharyngeal epithelium". Development 126 (11): 2539–2550. PMID 10226012.
- ^ Holland LZ, Holland N (1996). "Expression of AmphiHox-1 and AmphiPax-1 in amphioxus embryos treated with retinoic acid: insights into evolution and patterning of the chordate nerve cord and pharynx". Development 122 (6): 1829–1838. PMID 8674422.
UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- The structure of the gas bladder of the spotted gar, Lepisosteus oculatus.
- Icardo JM1, Colvee E, Lauriano ER, Capillo G, Guerrera MC, Zaccone G.
- Journal of morphology.J Morphol.2015 Jan;276(1):90-101. doi: 10.1002/jmor.20323. Epub 2014 Aug 18.
- We report here on the macroscopic, light microscopic, and electron microscopic structure of the gas bladder (GB) of the spotted gar, Lepisosteus oculatus. The GB opens into the pharynx, dorsal to the opening of the oesophagus, through a longitudinal slit bordered by two glottal ridges. Caudal to the
- PMID 25130402
- Description of Trichodorus iranicus sp. n. (Diphtherophorina, Trichodoridae) from Iran.
- Pedram M1, Pourjam E2.
- Zootaxa.Zootaxa.2014 May 14;3795:431-40. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.3795.4.3.
- Trichodorus iranicus sp. n. is described and illustrated based on morphological and molecular characters and morphometric data. It belongs to the T. lusitanicus morphospecies group based on the shape of the spicules and vaginal sclerotised pieces. Males have a body length of 844-942 µm, onchiostyle
- PMID 24870487
- Onset of buccal pumping in catshark embryos: how breathing develops in the egg capsule.
- Tomita T1, Nakamura M2, Sato K2, Takaoka H3, Toda M2, Kawauchi J4, Nakaya K5.
- PloS one.PLoS One.2014 Oct 20;9(10):e109504. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109504. eCollection 2014.
- Respiration in fishes involves buccal pumping, which is characterized by the generation of nearly continuous water flow over the gills because of the rhythmic expansion/compression of the pharyngeal cavity. This mechanism is achieved by the functions of the vascular, skeletal, and muscular systems.
- PMID 25329313
Japanese Journal
- Regeneration of the Pharynx in a Freshwater Planarian : An Electron-Microscopic Study with Special Reference to the Formation of the Pharyngeal Cavity and Pharyngeal Lumen(Morphology)
- Asai Etsuo
- Zoological science 8(4), 775-784, 1991-08-15
- … Formation of the pharynx, with special reference to the formation of the pharyngeal cavity and pharyngeal lumen, was studied by electron microscopy during regeneration of head fragments of planarians transected at the prepharyngeal region. … A slit occurs on the third-day at the proximal region of the blastema, which is then enlarged to become the pharyngeal cavity. …
- NAID 110003372998
- 楊 光宗
- 耳鼻咽喉科臨床 78(1), 123-144, 1985
- … The pharyngeal orifice of frogs and lizards resembled that of 2 month old human fetuses.The mammalian pharyngeal orifice was a slit, and the torus tubaris was not clear except in cats and pigs.2. … Phylogenetically, the pharyngeal orifice of the lower mammals is situated below the hard palate, while in the higher mammals, it is situated above the hard palate.3. …
- NAID 130001809040
- 造影レ線法による耳管機能の研究--実験的・臨床的観察
- 牛呂 公一
- 耳鼻咽喉科臨床 74(4), 511-529, 1981
- … The levator stimulation produced a dilation of the pharyngeal orifice, but no tubal opening. … On the other hand, the pharyngeal orifice of the tube dilated for a relatively long time (ca. … Second, the slit-like tubal lumen was a little oblique at rest, and it opened through outward displacement of the lateral wall of the tube. …
- NAID 130001814413
Related Links
- Pharyngeal slits are openings through which water is taken into the pharynx, or throat. ... "Jaws are believed to have evolved from the first pair of gill arches of agnathans. The second pair of gill arches became support structures for ...
- Pharyngeal slits are filter-feeding organs found in non-vertebrate chordates (lancelets and tunicates) and hemichordates living in aquatic environments. These repeated segments are controlled by similar developmental mechanisms.
Related Pictures
★リンクテーブル★
[★]
- 関
- pharynx、throat
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