関: PPAR-beta

WordNet

to remain unmolested, undisturbed, or uninterrupted -- used only in infinitive form; "let her be"
work in a specific place, with a specific subject, or in a specific function; "He is a herpetologist"; "She is our resident philosopher" (同)follow
have life, be alive; "Our great leader is no more"; "My grandfather lived until the end of war" (同)live
be identical to; be someone or something; "The president of the company is John Smith"; "This is my house"
happen, occur, take place; "I lost my wallet; this was during the visit to my parents house"; "There were two hundred people at his funeral"; "There was a lot of noise in the kitchen"
have the quality of being; (copula, used with an adjective or a predicate noun); "John is rich"; "This is not a good answer"
occupy a certain position or area; be somewhere; "Where is my umbrella?" "The toolshed is in the back"; "What is behind this behavior?"
spend or use time; "I may be an hour"
stake on the outcome of an issue; "I bet $100 on that new horse"; "She played all her money on the dark horse" (同)wager, play
the act of gambling; "he did it on a bet" (同)wager
maintain with or as if with a bet; "I bet she will be there!" (同)wager
aerate (sewage) so as to favor the growth of organisms that decompose organic matter (同)aerate
make (substances) radioactive
make active or more active; "activate an old file"
make more adsorptive; "activate a metal"
rendered active; e.g. rendered radioactive or luminescent or photosensitive or conductive
(of e.g. a molecule) made reactive or more reactive (同)excited
(military) set up and placed on active assignment; "a newly activated unit"
(of sewage) treated with aeration and bacteria to aid decomposition
second in order of importance; "the candidate, considered a beta male, was perceived to be unable to lead his party to victory"
the 2nd letter of the Greek alphabet
preliminary or testing stage of a software or hardware product; "a beta version"; "beta software"

PrepTutorEJDIC

《連結語として補語を伴なって…『である』,…だ,…です / 《位置・場所を表す語句を伴って》(…に)『ある』,いる(occupy a place or situation) / 〈物事が〉『存在する』,ある(exist);〈生物が〉生存する,生きている(live) / 行われる,起こる,発生する(take place, occur) / 存続する,そのままでいる(remain as before) / 《『be to』 do》 / …する予定である,…することになっている / …すべきだ / 《受動態の不定詞を伴って》…できる / 《命令》…するのだ / 《条件節に》…する意図がある / 《『if…were to』 do》…するとしたなら / 《『be』 do『ing』》《進行形》 / 《進行中の動作》…している,しつつある / 《近い未来》…しようとしている,するつもり / 《動作の反復》(いつも)…している / 《『be』+『他動詞の過去分詞』》《受動態》…される,されている / 《『be』+『自動詞の過去分詞』》《完了形》…した[状態にある]
『かけ』・(…との)かけ《+『with』+『名』》 / かけた物(金) / かけの対象 / 〈金・物〉'を'『かける』 / (かけ事・ゲームなどで)〈人〉‘と'『かけをする』《+『名』〈人〉+『on』+『名』》 / (…に)『かける』《+『on』(『against』)+『名』(one's do『ing』)》
…'を'活動的にする / …‘に'放射能を与える / 〈物質〉'を'活性化する
ベータ(ギリシア語アルファベットの第2文字;B,β;英語のB,b に遭当)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/02/14 19:08:45」(JST)

wiki en

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta or delta (PPAR-β or PPAR-δ), also known as NR1C2 (nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group C, member 2) is a nuclear receptor that in humans is encoded by the PPARD gene.^[1]

This gene encodes a member of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) family. It was first identified in Xenopus in 1993.^[2]

Function[edit]

PPARδ is a nuclear hormone receptor that governs a variety of biological processes and may be involved in the development of several chronic diseases, including diabetes, obesity, atherosclerosis, and cancer.^[3]^[4]

PPARδ may function as an integrator of transcription repression and nuclear receptor signaling. It activates transcription of a variety of target genes by binding to specific DNA elements. Well described target genes of PPARδ include PDK4, ANGPTL4, PLIN2, and CD36. The expression of this gene is found to be elevated in colorectal cancer cells.^[5] The elevated expression can be repressed by adenomatosis polyposis coli (APC), a tumor suppressor protein involved in the APC/beta-catenin signaling pathway. Knockout studies in mice suggested the role of this protein in myelination of the corpus callosum, epidermal cell proliferation, and glucose^[6] and lipid metabolism.^[7]

This protein has been shown to be involved in differentiation, lipid accumulation,^[8] directional sensing, polarization, and migration in keratinocytes.^[9]

Role in cancer[edit]

Studies into the role of PPARδ in cancer have produced contradictory results and there is no scientific consensus on whether it promotes or prevents cancer formation.^[10]^[11]

Pharmacology[edit]

Several high affinity ligands for PPARδ have been developed, including GW501516 and GW0742, which play an important role in research. In one study utilizing such a ligand, it has been shown that agonism of PPARδ changes the body's fuel preference from glucose to lipids.^[12]

Tissue distribution[edit]

PPARδ is highly expressed in many tissues, including colon, small intestine, liver and keratinocytes, as well as in heart, spleen, skeletal muscle, lung, brain and thymus.^[13]

Knockout studies[edit]

Knockout mice lacking the ligand binding domain of PPARδ are viable. However these mice are smaller than the wild type both neo and postnatally. In addition, fat stores in the gonads of the mutants are smaller. The mutants also display increased epidermal hyperplasia upon induction with TPA.^[14]

Ligands[edit]

PPARδ is activated in the cell by various fatty acids and fatty acid derivatives. Several synthetic ligands have been identified that selectively bind PPARδ.

Agonists[edit]

GW501516
GW0742^[15]

Interactions[edit]

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta has been shown to interact with HDAC3^[16]^[17] and NCOR2.^[17]

References[edit]

^ Schmidt A, Endo N, Rutledge SJ, Vogel R, Shinar D, Rodan GA (1992). "Identification of a new member of the steroid hormone receptor superfamily that is activated by a peroxisome proliferator and fatty acids". Mol. Endocrinol. 6 (10): 1634–41. doi:10.1210/me.6.10.1634. PMID 1333051.
^ Krey G, Keller H, Mahfoudi A, Medin J, Ozato K, Dreyer C, Wahli W (1993). "Xenopus peroxisome proliferator activated receptors: genomic organization, response element recognition, heterodimer formation with retinoid X receptor and activation by fatty acids". J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 47 (1–6): 65–73. doi:10.1016/0960-0760(93)90058-5. PMID 8274443.
^ Berger J, Moller DE (2002). "The mechanisms of action of PPARs". Annu. Rev. Med. 53: 409–35. doi:10.1146/annurev.med.53.082901.104018. PMID 11818483.
^ Feige JN, Gelman L, Michalik L, Desvergne B, Wahli W (2006). "From molecular action to physiological outputs: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors are nuclear receptors at the crossroads of key cellular functions". Prog. Lipid Res. 45 (2): 120–59. doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2005.12.002. PMID 16476485.
^ Takayama O, Yamamoto H, Damdinsuren B, Sugita Y, Ngan CY, Xu X, Tsujino T, Takemasa I, Ikeda M, Sekimoto M, Matsuura N, Monden M (2006). "Expression of PPARδ in multistage carcinogenesis of the colorectum: implications of malignant cancer morphology". Br. J. Cancer 95 (7): 889–95. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6603343. PMC 2360534. PMID 16969348.
^ Lee CH, Olson P, Hevener A, Mehl I, Chong LW, Olefsky JM, Gonzalez FJ, Ham J, Kang H, Peters JM, Evans RM (2006). "PPARδ regulates glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103 (9): 3444–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.0511253103. PMC 1413918. PMID 16492734.
^ "Entrez Gene: PPARD peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta".
^ Schmuth M, Haqq CM, Cairns WJ, Holder JC, Dorsam S, Chang S, Lau P, Fowler AJ, Chuang G, Moser AH, Brown BE, Mao-Qiang M, Uchida Y, Schoonjans K, Auwerx J, Chambon P, Willson TM, Elias PM, Feingold KR (April 2004). "Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-beta/delta stimulates differentiation and lipid accumulation in keratinocytes". J. Invest. Dermatol. 122 (4): 971–83. doi:10.1111/j.0022-202X.2004.22412.x. PMID 15102088.
^ Tan NS, Icre G, Montagner A, Bordier-ten-Heggeler B, Wahli W, Michalik L (October 2007). "The Nuclear Hormone Receptor Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor β/δ Potentiates Cell Chemotactism, Polarization, and Migration". Mol. Cell. Biol. 27 (20): 7161–75. doi:10.1128/MCB.00436-07. PMC 2168901. PMID 17682064.
^ Tachibana K, Yamasaki D, Ishimoto K, Doi T (2008). "The Role of PPARs in Cancer". PPAR Res 2008: 102737. doi:10.1155/2008/102737. PMC 2435221. PMID 18584037.
^ Peters JM, Shah YM, Gonzalez FJ (March 2012). "The role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in carcinogenesis and chemoprevention". Nat. Rev. Cancer 12 (3): 181–95. doi:10.1038/nrc3214. PMC 3322353. PMID 22318237.
^ Brunmair B, Staniek K, Dörig J, Szöcs Z, Stadlbauer K, Marian V, Gras F, Anderwald C, Nohl H, Waldhäusl W, Fürnsinn C (November 2006). "Activation of PPAR-δ in isolated rat skeletal muscle switches fuel preference from glucose to fatty acids". Diabetologia 49 (11): 2713–22. doi:10.1007/s00125-006-0357-6. PMID 16960684.
^ Girroir EE, Hollingshead HE, He P, Zhu B, Perdew GH, Peters JM (July 2008). "Quantitative expression patterns of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β/δ (PPARβ/δ) protein in mice". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 371 (3): 456–61. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.04.086. PMC 2586836. PMID 18442472.
^ Peters JM, Lee SS, Li W, Ward JM, Gavrilova O, Everett C, Reitman ML, Hudson LD, Gonzalez FJ. (1993). "Growth, Adipose, Brain, and Skin Alterations Resulting from Targeted Disruption of the Mouse Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor β(δ)". Mol Cell Biol. 20 (14): 5119–28. doi:10.1128/MCB.20.14.5119-5128.2000. PMC 85961. PMID 10866668.
^ van der Veen JN, Kruit JK, Havinga R, Baller JF, Chimini G, Lestavel S, Staels B, Groot PH, Groen AK, Kuipers F (March 2005). "Reduced cholesterol absorption upon PPAR-δ activation coincides with decreased intestinal expression of NPC1L1". J. Lipid Res. 46 (3): 526–34. doi:10.1194/jlr.M400400-JLR200. PMID 15604518.
^ Franco PJ, Li G, Wei LN (August 2003). "Interaction of nuclear receptor zinc finger DNA binding domains with histone deacetylase". Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 206 (1–2): 1–12. doi:10.1016/S0303-7207(03)00254-5. PMID 12943985.
^ ^a ^b Shi Y, Hon M, Evans RM (March 2002). "The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ, an integrator of transcriptional repression and nuclear receptor signaling". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (5): 2613–8. doi:10.1073/pnas.052707099. PMC 122396. PMID 11867749.

External links[edit]

PPAR delta at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.

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Cooperative Synthesis of Ultra Long-Chain Fatty Acid and Ceramide during Keratinocyte Differentiation

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Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「PPAR-beta」「ペルオキシソーム増殖剤活性化受容体β」
関連記事	「activated」「activate」「peroxisome proliferator」「proliferator」「beta」

「PPAR-beta」

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta
	; PDB rendering based on 1gwx.
Available structures
PDB	Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB
List of PDB id codes
	1GWX, 1Y0S, 2AWH, 2B50, 2BAW, 2ENV, 2GWX, 2J14, 2Q5G, 2XYJ, 2XYW, 2XYX, 2ZNP, 2ZNQ, 3D5F, 3DY6, 3ET2, 3GWX, 3GZ9, 3OZ0, 3PEQ, 3SP9, 3TKM
Identifiers
Symbols	PPARD; FAAR; NR1C2; NUC1; NUCI; NUCII; PPARB
External IDs	OMIM: 600409 MGI: 101884 HomoloGene: 4544 IUPHAR: NR1C2 ChEMBL: 3979 GeneCards: PPARD Gene
Gene Ontology
Molecular function	• DNA binding; • sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity; • steroid hormone receptor activity; • ligand-activated sequence-specific DNA binding RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity; • fatty acid binding; • drug binding; • zinc ion binding; • lipid binding; • sequence-specific DNA binding; • linoleic acid binding;
Cellular component	• nucleus; • nucleoplasm;
Biological process	• negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter; • glucose metabolic process; • generation of precursor metabolites and energy; • regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter; • transcription initiation from RNA polymerase II promoter; • lipid metabolic process; • fatty acid beta-oxidation; • apoptotic process; • embryo implantation; • cholesterol metabolic process; • cell proliferation; • positive regulation of cell proliferation; • axon ensheathment; • fatty acid catabolic process; • gene expression; • positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade; • glucose transport; • fatty acid transport; • cell differentiation; • intracellular receptor signaling pathway; • cell-substrate adhesion; • wound healing; • anagen; • keratinocyte proliferation; • positive regulation of fat cell differentiation; • negative regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent; • positive regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent; • decidualization; • negative regulation of epithelial cell proliferation; • keratinocyte migration; • adipose tissue development;
	Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
RNA expression pattern
	More reference expression data
Orthologs
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