WordNet

place at intervals; "Space the interviews so that you have some time between the different candidates"
an empty area (usually bounded in some way between things); "the architect left space in front of the building"; "they stopped at an open space in the jungle"; "the space between his teeth"
the unlimited expanse in which everything is located; "they tested his ability to locate objects in space"; "the boundless regions of the infinite" (同)infinite
a blank character used to separate successive words in writing or printing; "he said the space is the most important character in the alphabet" (同)blank
a blank area; "write your name in the space provided" (同)blank space, place
an area reserved for some particular purpose; "the laboratorys floor space"
one of the areas between or below or above the lines of a musical staff; "the spaces are the notes F-A-C-E"
the time between occurrences of a repeating event; "some women do not control the spacing of their children"
the property possessed by an array of things that have space between them (同)spatial_arrangement
arranged with spaces between; often used as a combining form; "widely spaced eyes"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉『空間』,広がり / 〈U〉『宇宙』,地球の大気圏外(outer space) / 〈C〉〈U〉『間隔』,距離;《しばしば複数形で》空地 / 〈C〉(特定目的のための)『場所』 / 〈U〉《しばしばa~》時間 / 〈C〉〈U〉スペース,余白,余地 / 〈C〉線間(譜表において五線の間の部分) / …‘を'間隔をおいて配置する《+『out』+『名,』+『名』+『out』》
スペースをあけること,間隔をとること / (印刷された行・語・文の)スペース,間隔

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/01/08 17:25:18」(JST)

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Gram negative cell wall

The periplasm is a space bordered by two selective permeable barriers, i.e., biological membranes, which are the inner membrane (i.e., cytoplasmic membrane) and the outer membrane in Gram-negative bacteria. Strictly speaking, there is no periplasmic space in Gram-positive bacteria because there is only one biological membrane, the cytoplasmic membrane. A region termed "inner wall zone" (IWZ) has been observed between the cytoplasmic membrane and the mature cell wall.^[1]^[2]

The periplasm may constitute up to 40% of the total cell volume in Gram-negative species, whereas the IWZ is drastically smaller in Gram-positive species.^[3] Composition of the IWZ has not been as yet clearly determined.

Although the bacteria are conventionally divided into two main groups — Gram-positive and -negative, based upon their Gram-stain retention property — this classification system is ambiguous as it can refer to three distinct aspects (staining result, cell-envelope organization, taxonomic group), which do not necessarily coalesce for some bacterial species.^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7] However, although Gram-staining response of bacteria is an empirical criterion, its basis lies in the marked differences in the ultrastructure and chemical composition of the two main kinds of prokaryotic cells that are found in nature. These two kinds of cells are distinguished from each other based upon the presence or absence of an outer lipid membrane, which is a more reliable and fundamental characteristic of the bacterial cells.^[4]^[8]

All Gram-positive bacteria are bounded by a single unit lipid membrane; they generally contain a thick layer (20-80 nm) of peptidoglycan responsible for retaining the Gram-stain. A number of other bacteria which are bounded by a single membrane but stain Gram-negative due to either lack of the peptidoglycan layer (viz., mycoplasmas) or their inability to retain the Gram-stain due to their cell wall composition, also show close relationship to the gram-positive bacteria. For the bacterial (prokaryotic) cells that are bounded by a single cell membrane the term "monoderm bacteria" or "monoderm prokaryotes" has been proposed.^[4]^[8] In contrast to Gram-positive bacteria, all archetypical Gram-negative bacteria are bounded by a cytoplasmic membrane as well as an outer cell membrane; they contain only a thin layer of peptidoglycan (2-3 nm) between these membranes. The presence of both inner and outer cell membranes forms and define the periplasmic space or periplasmic compartment. These bacterial cells with two membranes have been designated as diderm bacteria.^[4]^[8] The distinction between the monoderm and diderm prokaryotes is supported by conserved signature indels in a number of important proteins (viz. DnaK, GroEL).^[4]^[5]^[8]^[9]

In diderm bacteria, the periplasm contains a thin cell wall composed of peptidoglycan. In addition, it includes solutes such as ions and proteins, which are involved in wide variety of functions ranging from nutrient binding, transport, folding, degradation, substrate hydrolysis, to peptidoglycan synthesis, electron transport, and alteration of substances toxic to the cell (xenobiotic metabolism).^[10] Importantly, the periplasm is devoid of ATP.

References

^ , Matias, V. R., and T. J. Beveridge. 2005. Cryo-electron microscopy reveals native polymeric cell wall structure in Bacillus subtilis 168 and the existence of a periplasmic space. Mol. Microbiol. 56:240-251. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04535.x.
^ , Zuber B, Haenni M, Ribeiro T, Minnig K, Lopes F, Moreillon P, Dubochet J. 2006. Granular layer in the periplasmic space of Gram-positive bacteria and fine structures of Enterococcus gallinarum and Streptococcus gordonii septa revealed by cryo-electron microscopy of vitreous sections. J Bacteriol. 188:6652-6660. doi:10.1128/JB.00391-06
^ Otto Holst; Guntram Seltmann. The Bacterial Cell Wall. Berlin: Springer. ISBN 3-540-42608-6.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Gupta, R.S. (1998) Protein phylogenies and signature sequences: A reappraisal of evolutionary relationships among archaebacteria, eubacteria and eukaryotes. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 62: 1435-1491.
^ ^a ^b Gupta, R.S.(2000) The natural evolutionary relationships among prokaryotes. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 26: 111-131.
^ , Desvaux M, Hébraud M, Talon R, Henderson IR. 2009. Secretion and subcellular localizations of bacterial proteins: a semantic awareness issue. Trends Microbiol. 17:139-145. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2009.01.004
^ , Sutcliffe IC. 2010. A phylum level perspective on bacterial cell envelope architecture. Trends Microbiol. 18:464-470. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2010.06.005
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Gupta, R. S. (1998). What are archaebacteria: life’s third domain or monoderm prokaryotes related to Gram-positive bacteria? A new proposal for the classification of prokaryotic organisms. Molecular Microbiology. 29(3):695-707.
^ Gupta, R. S. (2011). Origin of diderm (Gram-negative) bacteria: antibiotic selection pressure rather than endosymbiosis likely led to the evolution of bacterial cells with two membranes. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 100:171-182.
^ Klein, Donald W.; Prescott, Lansing M.; Harley, John (2005). Microbiology. Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. ISBN 0-07-295175-3.

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English Journal

Microbial host selection and periplasmic folding in Escherichia coli affect the biochemical characteristics of a cutinase from Fusarium oxysporum.

Nikolaivits E1, Kokkinou A2, Karpusas M2, Topakas E3.
Protein expression and purification.Protein Expr Purif.2016 Nov;127:1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.pep.2016.06.002. Epub 2016 Jun 11.
A cutinase from the mesophilic fungus Fusarium oxysporum (FoCut5a) was functionally expressed in different hosts and their recombinant products were characterized regarding their activity, thermostability and tolerance in organic solvents. The cutinase gene cut5a was expressed in the BL21 and Origam
PMID 27302766

Peptidoglycan-associated outer membrane protein Mep45 of rumen anaerobe Selenomonas ruminantium forms a non-specific diffusion pore via its C-terminal transmembrane domain.

Kojima S1,2, Hayashi K3, Tochigi S2, Kusano T2, Kaneko J3, Kamio Y3,4.
Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry.Biosci Biotechnol Biochem.2016 Oct;80(10):1954-9. doi: 10.1080/09168451.2016.1194185. Epub 2016 Jun 7.
The major outer membrane protein Mep45 of Selenomonas ruminantium, an anaerobic Gram-negative bacterium, comprises two distinct domains: the N-terminal S-layer homologous (SLH) domain that protrudes into the periplasm and binds to peptidoglycan, and the remaining C-terminal transmembrane domain, who
PMID 27310312
PMID 27098098

Japanese Journal

Cloning, purification, crystallization and X-ray crystallographic analysis of the periplasmic sensing domain of Pseudomonas fluorescens chemotactic transducer of amino acids type A (CtaA)