| Perinatal mortality |
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Infant, neonatal, and postneonatal mortality rates: United States, 1940-2005
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| Classification and external resources |
| DiseasesDB |
24405 |
See also: Infant mortality
Perinatal mortality (PNM), also perinatal death, refers to the death of a fetus or neonate and is the basis to calculate the perinatal mortality rate. Variations in the precise definition of the perinatal mortality exist specifically concerning the issue of inclusion or exclusion of early fetal and late neonatal fatalities. The World Health Organization defines perinatal mortality as the "number of stillbirths and deaths in the first week of life per 1,000 live births, the perinatal period commences at 22 completed weeks (154 days) of gestation and ends seven completed days after birth",[1] but other definitions have been used.[2]
The UK figure is about 8 per 1,000 and varies markedly by social class with the highest rates seen in Asian women. Globally about 2.6 million neonates died in 2013 before the first month of age down from 4.5 million in 1990.[3]
Contents
- 1 Causes
- 2 Fetal mortality
- 3 Neonatal mortality
- 4 Perinatal mortality rate
- 5 See also
- 6 References
- 7 External links
Causes
Further information: Preterm birth § Specific risks for the preterm neonate
Preterm birth is the most common cause of perinatal mortality, causing almost 30 percent of neonatal deaths.[4] Infant respiratory distress syndrome, in turn, is the leading cause of death in preterm infants, affecting about 1% of newborn infants.[5] Birth defects cause about 21 percent of neonatal death.[4]
Fetal mortality
Fetal mortality refers to stillbirths or fetal death. It encompasses any death of a fetus after 20 weeks of gestation or 500 gm. In some definitions of the PNM early fetal mortality (week 20-27 gestation) is not included, and the PNM may only include late fetal death and neonatal death. Fetal death can also be divided into death prior to labor, antenatal (antepartum) death, and death during labor, intranatal (intrapartum) death.
Neonatal mortality
Early neonatal mortality refers to a death of a live-born baby within the first seven days of life, while late neonatal mortality covers the time after 7 days until before 28 days. The sum of these two represents the neonatal mortality. Some definitions of the PNM include only the early neonatal mortality. Neonatal mortality is affected by the quality of in-hospital care for the neonate. Neonatal mortality and postneonatal mortality (covering the remaining 11 months of the first year of life) are reflected in the Infant Mortality Rate.
Perinatal mortality rate
Top ten countries
with the highest perinatal mortality rates - 2012[6][7][8] |
| Rank |
Country |
PNMR |
Rank |
Country |
PNMR |
| 1 |
Pakistan |
40.7 |
6 |
Afghanistan |
29.0 |
| 2 |
Niger |
32.7 |
7 |
Bangladesh |
28.9 |
| 3 |
Sierra Leone |
30.8 |
8 |
Republic of the Congo |
28.3 |
| 4 |
Somalia |
29.7 |
9 |
Lesotho |
27.5 |
| 5 |
Guinea-Bissau |
29.4 |
10 |
Angola |
27.4 |
As per 2014 "Save the Children" report for intrapartum stillbirths
and neonatal deaths on first day of birth (per 1,000 total births) |
The PNMR refers to the number of perinatal deaths per 1,000 total births. It is usually reported on an annual basis. It is a major marker to assess the quality of health care delivery. Comparisons between different rates may be hampered by varying definitions, registration bias, and differences in the underlying risks of the populations.
PNMRs vary widely and may be below 10 for certain developed countries and more than 10 times higher in developing countries [1]. The WHO has not published contemporary data.
See also
- Neonatal intensive care unit
- Maternal death
- Neonaticide
References
- ^ http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/topics/maternal/maternal_perinatal/en/
- ^ Richardus JH, Graafmans WC, Verloove-Vanhorick SP, Mackenbach JP (January 1998). "The perinatal mortality rate as an indicator of quality of care in international comparisons". Medical Care 36 (1): 54–66. doi:10.1097/00005650-199801000-00007. PMID 9431331.
- ^ GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators (17 December 2014). "Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.". Lancet 385 (9963): 117–71. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. PMC 4340604. PMID 25530442.
- ^ a b March of Dimes --> Neonatal Death Retrieved on November 10, 2014
- ^ Rodriguez RJ, Martin RJ, and Fanaroff, AA. Respiratory distress syndrome and its management. Fanaroff and Martin (eds.) Neonatal-perinatal medicine: Diseases of the fetus and infant; 7th ed. (2002):1001-1011. St. Louis: Mosby.
- ^ http://www.savethechildren.org/atf/cf/%7B9def2ebe-10ae-432c-9bd0-df91d2eba74a%7D/ENDING-NEWBORN-DEATHS.PDF
- ^ http://www.iol.co.za/lifestyle/family/birth/million-babies-die-a-year-charity-1.1653041#.Uw791uNUCKU
- ^ http://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2014/02/25/nigeria-pakistan-india-lead-the-world-in-infant-deaths/
External links
- WHO 2005 report
- European Perinatal Health Report 2010
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Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period / fetal disease (P, 760–779)
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Maternal factors and
complications of pregnancy,
labour and delivery |
| placenta: |
- Placenta praevia
- Placental insufficiency
- Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
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| chorion/amnion: |
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| umbilical cord: |
- Umbilical cord prolapse
- Nuchal cord
- Single umbilical artery
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Length of gestation
and fetal growth |
- Small for gestational age/Large for gestational age
- Preterm birth/Postmature birth
- Intrauterine growth restriction
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| Birth trauma |
- scalp
- Cephalhematoma
- Chignon
- Caput succedaneum
- Subgaleal hemorrhage
- Brachial plexus lesion
- Erb's palsy
- Klumpke paralysis
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| By system |
| Respiratory |
- Intrauterine hypoxia
- Infant respiratory distress syndrome
- Transient tachypnea of the newborn
- Meconium aspiration syndrome
- pleural disease
- Pneumothorax
- Pneumomediastinum
- Wilson–Mikity syndrome
- Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
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| Cardiovascular |
- Pneumopericardium
- Persistent fetal circulation
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Haemorrhagic and
hematologic disease |
- Vitamin K deficiency
- Haemorrhagic disease of the newborn
- HDN
- ABO
- Anti-Kell
- Rh c
- Rh D
- Rh E
- Hydrops fetalis
- Hyperbilirubinemia
- Kernicterus
- Neonatal jaundice
- Velamentous cord insertion
- Intraventricular hemorrhage
- Germinal matrix hemorrhage
- Anemia of prematurity
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| Digestive |
- Ileus
- Necrotizing enterocolitis
- Meconium peritonitis
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Integument and
thermoregulation |
- Erythema toxicum
- Sclerema neonatorum
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| Nervous system |
- Periventricular leukomalacia
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| Musculoskeletal |
- Gray baby syndrome
- muscle tone
- Congenital hypertonia
- Congenital hypotonia
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| Infectious |
- Vertically transmitted infection
- Congenital rubella syndrome
- Neonatal herpes simplex
- Mycoplasma hominis infection
- Omphalitis
- Neonatal sepsis
- Group B streptococcal infection
- Neonatal conjunctivitis
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| Other |
- Perinatal mortality
- Stillbirth
- Infant mortality
- Neonatal withdrawal
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Index of developmental medicine
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| Description |
- Embryology
- Cell lines
- endoderm
- mesoderm
- ectoderm
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| Disease |
- Due to toxins
- Syndromes
- Chromosomal
- Neonate
- Twins
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Index of obstetrics
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| Description |
- Pregnancy
- Development
- Anatomy
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| Disease |
- Pregnancy and childbirth
- Placenta and neonate
- Infections
- Symptoms and signs
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| Treatment |
- Procedures
- Drugs
- oxytocins
- labor repressants
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