ペプチドホルモン

WordNet

the secretion of an endocrine gland that is transmitted by the blood to the tissue on which it has a specific effect (同)endocrine, internal_secretion
amide combining the amino group of one amino acid with the carboxyl group of another; usually obtained by partial hydrolysis of protein

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ホルモン

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/10/18 09:53:28」(JST)

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This article is about animal peptide hormones. For plant peptide hormones, see plant peptide hormones.

Peptide hormones are a class of peptides that are secreted into the blood stream and have endocrine functions in living animals.^[1]

Like other proteins, peptide hormones are synthesized in cells from amino acids according to an mRNA template, which is itself synthesized from a DNA template inside the cell nucleus. Peptide hormone precursors (pre-prohormones) are then processed in several stages, typically in the endoplasmic reticulum, including removal of the N-terminal signal sequence and sometimes glycosylation, resulting in prohormones. The prohormones are then packaged into membrane-bound secretory vesicles, which can be secreted from the cell by exocytosis in response to specific stimuli e.g. increase of calcium and cAMP concentration in cytoplasm..^[2]

These prohormones often contain superfluous amino acid residues that were needed to direct folding of the hormone molecule into its active configuration but have no function once the hormone folds. Specific endopeptidases in the cell cleave the prohormone just before it is released into the bloodstream, generating the mature hormone form of the molecule. Mature peptide hormones then diffuse through the blood to all of the cells of the body, where they interact with specific receptors on the surface of their target cells. Some peptide/protein hormones (angiotensin II, basic fibroblast growth factor-2, parathyroid hormone-related protein) also interact with intracellular receptors located in the cytoplasm or nucleus by an intracrine mechanism.^[3]

Notable peptide hormones

Several important peptide hormones are secreted from the pituitary gland. The anterior pituitary secretes prolactin, which acts on the mammary gland, adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), which acts on the adrenal cortex to regulate the secretion of glucocorticoids, and growth hormone, which acts on bone, muscle, and the liver. The posterior pituitary gland secretes antidiuretic hormone, also called vasopressin, and oxytocin. Peptide hormones are produced by many different organs and tissues, however, including the heart (atrial-natriuretic peptide (ANP) or atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)) and pancreas (insulin and somatostatin), the gastrointestinal tract (cholecystokinin, gastrin), and adipose tissue stores (leptin).^[4]^[5]

Some neurotransmitters are secreted and released in a similar fashion to peptide hormones, and some 'neuropeptides' may be used as neurotransmitters in the nervous system in addition to acting as hormones when released into the blood. When a peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of the cell, a second messenger appears in the cytoplasm, which triggers intracellular responses.^[6]

References

^ Peptide Hormone Secretion/Peptide Hormone Action: A Practical Approach, K. Siddle, J. C. Hutton, Oxford University Press, 1991, ISBN 0-19-963073-9.
^ Peptide Hormone Secretion: A Practical Approach, J. C. Hutton, Hull University Press, 1991, ISBN 0-19-963068-2.
^ The Endocrine System in Sports and Exercise, William J. Kraemer, Alan D. Rogol, Blackwell Publishing, 2005, ISBN 1-4051-3017-2.
^ Dictionary of Biological Psychology, Philip Winn, Taylor and Francis, 2001, ISBN 0-415-13606-7.
^ McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology, Sybil P. Parker, McGraw-Hill, 1997, ISBN 0-07-911504-7.
^ The Practice of Medicinal Chemistry, C. G. Wermuth, Academic Press, 2003, ISBN 0-12-744481-5.

UpToDate Contents

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1. ペプチドホルモンのシグナル伝達および調節 peptide hormone signal transduction and regulation
2. 健常者および疾患を有する患者における消化管ホルモンの概要 overview of gastrointestinal peptides in health and disease
3. 血管作動性腸管ポリペプチド vasoactive intestinal polypeptide
4. 胎盤の発達および生理学 placental development and physiology
5. ガストリンの生理学 physiology of gastrin

English Journal

GLP-2 as Beneficial Factor in the Glucose Homeostasis in Mice Fed a High Fat Diet.

Baldassano S1, Rappa F2,3, Amato A1, Cappello F2,3, Mulè F1.
Journal of cellular physiology.J Cell Physiol.2015 Dec;230(12):3029-36. doi: 10.1002/jcp.25039.
Glucagon like peptide-2 (GLP-2) is a gastrointestinal hormone released in response to dietary nutrients, which acts through a specific receptor, the GLP-2 receptor (GLP-2R). The physiological effects of GLP-2 are multiple, involving also the intestinal adaptation to high fat diet (HFD). In considera
PMID 25967277

The effects of periodontal therapy on serum and salivary leptin levels in chronic periodontitis patients with normal body mass index.

Purwar P1, Khan MA, Gupta A, Mahdi AA, Pandey S, Singh B, Dixit J, Rai P.
Acta odontologica Scandinavica.Acta Odontol Scand.2015 Nov;73(8):633-41. doi: 10.3109/00016357.2015.1030768. Epub 2015 Apr 8.
SUMMARY: Leptin concentrations are altered in favour of pro health after periodontal therapy.BACKGROUND: Leptin, a non-glycosylated peptide hormone, not only maintains fat stores, but is also an integral part of host defense repertoire. Leptin levels have been found to be altered in an array of infl
PMID 25854413

Urocortin 2 protects heart and kidney structure and function in an ovine model of acute decompensated heart failure: Comparison with dobutamine.

Rademaker MT1, Ellmers LJ2, Charles CJ2, Mark Richards A2.
International journal of cardiology.Int J Cardiol.2015 Oct 15;197:56-65. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.06.011. Epub 2015 Jun 15.
BACKGROUND: Renal dysfunction is a frequent complication and crucial determinant of outcome in acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). The aim of the study was to assess urocortin 2 (Ucn2) as a short-term therapy in ADHF with a focus on its renal effects. Comparison was made with dobutamine to dis
PMID 26113475

Japanese Journal

今月の症例高Ca血症を伴ったPTHrP産生食道小細胞癌の1剖検例

渥美義大,岩崎栄典,星野舞 [他]
日本内科学会雑誌 103(3), 741-743, 2014-03-10
NAID 40020025027

長鎖脂肪酸受容体G protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40) を介した docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) の抗侵害作用機構

中本賀寿夫,西中崇,里尚也,万倉三正,小山豊,徳山尚吾
YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 134(3), 397-403, 2014
… Recently, we have also demonstrated that the release of an endogenous opioid peptide, β-endorphin, plays an important role in the induction of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-induced antinociception. … In the peripheral area, GPR40 is preferentially expressed in pancreatic β-cells and is known to relate to the secretion of hormone and peptides. …
NAID 130003391182

Elevated Arterial Stiffness and Diastolic Dysfunction in Subclinical Hypothyroidism

Masaki Mitsuru,Komamura Kazuo,Goda Akiko,Hirotani Shinichi,Otsuka Misato,Nakabo Ayumi,Fukui Miho,Fujiwara Shohei,Sugahara Masataka,Lee-Kawabata Masaaki,Tsujino Takeshi,Koshiba Masahiro,Masuyama Tohru
Circulation Journal, 2014
… Background: Thyroid hormone is associated with arterial stiffness and left ventricular diastolic function in hypothyroid disease. … The relationship of thyroid hormone level to cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) and left ventricular diastolic function, however, remains unclear in subjects with subclinical hypothyroidism. … Log N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and arterial stiffness were measured. …
NAID 130003391115