WordNet

any of various antibiotics obtained from Penicillium molds (or produced synthetically) and used in the treatment of various infections and diseases
a unit of force equal to the force exerted by gravity; used to indicate the force to which a body is subjected when it is accelerated (同)gee, g-force
the 7th letter of the Roman alphabet (同)g

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ペニシリン(坑生物質の一種)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/05/23 01:27:29」(JST)

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2,400,000 units of Bicillin L-A brand of benzylpenicillin, for deep intramuscular injection

Benzylpenicillin (INN, AAN, BAN), commonly known as penicillin G, (USAN) is a narrow spectrum penicillin antibiotic that is given intravenously or intramuscularly as a treatment for syphilis, meningitis, endocarditis, pneumonia, lung abscesses and septicaemia in children.^[1] Penicillin G is typically given by injection parenterally, bypassing the intestines, because it is unstable in the highly acidic stomach. Because the drug is given parenterally, higher tissue concentrations of penicillin G can be achieved than is possible with phenoxymethylpenicillin. These higher concentrations translate to increased antibacterial activity.

It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, a list of the most important medications needed in a basic health system.^[2]

Medical uses

Specific indications for benzylpenicillin include:^[3]

Cellulitis
Infective endocarditis
Meningitis
Aspiration pneumonia, lung abscess
Community-acquired pneumonia
Syphilis
Septicemia in children
Septic Arthritis
Gangrene
Diphtheria

Antimicrobial potency

As an antibiotic, Penicillin G is noted to possess effectiveness mainly against Gram-positive organisms. Some Gram-negative organisms such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis are also reported to be susceptible to Penicillin G.^[4]

Adverse effects

Adverse effects can include hypersensitivity reactions including urticaria, fever, joint pains, rashes, angioedema, anaphylaxis, serum sickness-like reaction. Rarely CNS toxicity including convulsions (especially with high doses or in severe renal impairment), interstitial nephritis, haemolytic anaemia, leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, and coagulation disorders. Also reported diarrhoea (including antibiotic-associated colitis).

Toxicology

Benzylpenicillin serum concentrations can be monitored either by traditional microbiological assay or by more modern chromatographic techniques. Such measurements can be useful to avoid central nervous system toxicity in any patient receiving large doses of the drug on a chronic basis, but they are especially relevant to patients with renal failure, who may accumulate the drug due to reduced urinary excretion rates.^[5]^[6]

Compendial status

British Pharmacopoeia ^[7]

References

^ Rossi, S, ed. (2013). Australian Medicines Handbook (2013 ed.). Adelaide: The Australian Medicines Handbook Unit Trust. ISBN 978-0-9805790-9-3.
^ "WHO Model List of Essential Medicines" (PDF). World Health Organization. October 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
^ Rossi S, editor, ed. (2006). Australian Medicines Handbook. Adelaide: Australian Medicines Handbook. ISBN 0-9757919-2-3.
^ "Penicillin G" (PDF). Toku-E. 2010-10-10. Retrieved 2012-06-11.
^ Fossieck B Jr, Parker RH. Neurotoxicity during intravenous infusion of penicillin. A review. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 14: 504- 512, 1974.
^ R. Baselt, Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man, 8th edition, Biomedical Publications, Foster City, CA, 2008, pp. 1195-1196.
^ British Pharmacopoeia Commission Secretariat. "Index (BP 2009)" (PDF). Retrieved 26 March 2010.

UpToDate Contents

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1. ペニシリン penicillins
2. 連鎖球菌扁桃咽頭炎の治療および予防 treatment and prevention of streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis
3. タマゴテングタケなどのアマトキシン含有キノコによる中毒 amatoxin containing mushroom poisoning including ingestion of amanita phalloides
4. 早期梅毒の病因、臨床症状、および治療 pathogenesis clinical manifestations and treatment of early syphilis
5. ペニシリンの皮膚試験 penicillin skin testing

English Journal

Insights into the relationship between antimicrobial residues and bacterial populations in a hospital-urban wastewater treatment plant system.

Varela AR1, André S2, Nunes OC3, Manaia CM4.Author information 1CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.2Agência Portuguesa do Ambiente, I.P., 2610-124 Amadora, Portugal.3LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.4CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal. Electronic address: cmanaia@porto.ucp.pt.AbstractThe relationship between antimicrobial residues, antibiotic resistance prevalence and bacterial community composition in hospital effluent and in the receiving wastewater treatment plant was studied. Samples from hospital effluent, raw inflow and final effluent of the receiving wastewater treatment plant were characterized for amoxicillin and ciprofloxacin resistance prevalence, content of heavy metals and antimicrobial residues and bacterial community structure, based on 16S rRNA gene PCR-DGGE analysis. The concentration of fluoroquinolones, arsenic and mercury was in general higher in hospital effluent than in raw inflow, while the opposite was observed for tetracyclines, sulfonamides and penicillin G. The prevalence of ciprofloxacin resistance was significantly higher in hospital effluent than in raw inflow. The concentration of antimicrobial residues was observed to be significantly correlated with the prevalence of antibiotic resistant bacteria and with variations in the bacterial community. Hospital effluent was confirmed as a relevant, although not unique, source of antimicrobial residues and antibiotic resistant bacteria to the wastewater treatment plant. Moreover, given the high loads of antibiotic residues and antibiotic resistant bacteria that may occur in hospital effluents, these wastewater habitats may represent useful models to study and predict the impact of antibiotic residues on bacterial communities.
Water research.Water Res.2014 May 1;54:327-36. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.02.003. Epub 2014 Feb 11.
The relationship between antimicrobial residues, antibiotic resistance prevalence and bacterial community composition in hospital effluent and in the receiving wastewater treatment plant was studied. Samples from hospital effluent, raw inflow and final effluent of the receiving wastewater treatment
PMID 24583524

Stability of penicillin G sodium diluted with 0.9% sodium chloride injection or 5% dextrose injection and stored in polyvinyl chloride bag containers and elastomeric pump containers.

Hossain MA1, Friciu M, Aubin S, Leclair G.Author information 1Mirza Akram Hossain, B.Sc., is an M.Sc. candidate in pharmaceutics; and Mihaela Friciu, M.Sc., is Research Agent, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada. Sebastien Aubin, B.Pharm., is Pharmacist, Pharmacie Aubin-Lacasse, Wakefield, Quebec. Grégoire Leclair, B.Pharm., Ph.D., is Pharmacist, Assistant Professor of Pharmaceutics, and member of the Groupe de Recherche Universitaire sur le Médicament, Université de Montréal.AbstractPURPOSE: The stability of penicillin G sodium solutions stored in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) bags or elastomeric pump containers was studied.
American journal of health-system pharmacy : AJHP : official journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists.Am J Health Syst Pharm.2014 Apr 15;71(8):669-73. doi: 10.2146/ajhp130440.
PURPOSE: The stability of penicillin G sodium solutions stored in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) bags or elastomeric pump containers was studied.METHODS: Test samples were prepared by diluting powdered penicillin G sodium (10 million units/10-mL vial) to solutions of 2,500 or 50,000 units/mL with 0.9% sod
PMID 24688042

Hydrophilic interaction chromatography-mass spectrometry for anionic metabolic profiling of urine from antibiotic-treated rats.

Kok MG1, Swann JR2, Wilson ID3, Somsen GW4, de Jong GJ5.Author information 1Biomolecular Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands; Research group Analysis Techniques in Life Sciences, Avans Hogeschool, P.O. Box 90116, 4800 RA Breda, The Netherlands. Electronic address: M.G.M.Kok@uu.nl.2Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AP, United Kingdom.3Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.4AIMSS Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, VU University, de Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.5Biomolecular Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands; Research group Analysis Techniques in Life Sciences, Avans Hogeschool, P.O. Box 90116, 4800 RA Breda, The Netherlands.AbstractHydrophilic interaction chromatography-mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS) was used for anionic metabolic profiling of urine from antibiotic-treated rats to study microbial-host co-metabolism. Rats were treated with the antibiotics penicillin G and streptomycin sulfate for four or eight days and compared to a control group. Urine samples were collected at day zero, four and eight, and analyzed by HILIC-MS. Multivariate data analysis was applied to the urinary metabolic profiles to identify biochemical variation between the treatment groups. Principal component analysis found a clear distinction between those animals receiving antibiotics and the control animals, with twenty-nine discriminatory compounds of which twenty were down-regulated and nine up-regulated upon treatment. In the treatment group receiving antibiotics for four days, a recovery effect was observed for seven compounds after cessation of antibiotic administration. Thirteen discriminatory compounds could be putatively identified based on their accurate mass, including aconitic acid, benzenediol sulfate, ferulic acid sulfate, hippuric acid, indoxyl sulfate, penicillin G, phenol and vanillin 4-sulfate. The rat urine samples had previously been analyzed by capillary electrophoresis (CE) with MS detection and proton nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H NMR) spectroscopy. Using CE-MS and (1)H NMR spectroscopy seventeen and twenty-five discriminatory compounds were found, respectively. Both hippuric acid and indoxyl sulfate were detected across all three platforms. Additionally, eight compounds were observed with both HILIC-MS and CE-MS. Overall, HILIC-MS appears to be highly complementary to CE-MS and (1)H NMR spectroscopy, identifying additional compounds that discriminate the urine samples from antibiotic-treated and control rats.
Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis.J Pharm Biomed Anal.2014 Apr 15;92:98-104. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.01.008. Epub 2014 Jan 20.
Hydrophilic interaction chromatography-mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS) was used for anionic metabolic profiling of urine from antibiotic-treated rats to study microbial-host co-metabolism. Rats were treated with the antibiotics penicillin G and streptomycin sulfate for four or eight days and compared t
PMID 24503197

Japanese Journal

In vivo efficacy of KRP-109, a novel elastase inhibitor, in a murine model of severe pneumococcal pneumonia.

Yamada Koichi,Yanagihara Katsunori,Araki Nobuko,Harada Yosuke,Morinaga Yoshitomo,Izumikawa Koichi,Kakeya Hiroshi,Yamamoto Yoshihiro,Hasegawa Hiroo,Kohno Shigeru,Kamihira Shimeru
Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 24(6), 660-665, 2011-12
… Female mice (CBA/J, aged 5 weeks) were inoculated intranasally with penicillin-susceptible S. pneumoniae (ATCC49619 strain, 2.5 × 10(8) CFU/mouse). …
NAID 120003610033

Effect of penicillin G on the biliary excretion of cholephilic compounds in rats

FUKAMI Masako,TANKA Atsushi,TAKIKAWA Hajime
Journal of hepato-biliary-pancreatic sciences 18(5), 684-688, 2011-09-01
NAID 10029688455

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「ペニシリンG」「ベンジルペニシリン」「ペニシリン系抗菌薬」「benzathine benzylpenicillin」「benzylpenicillin」
拡張検索	「benzathine penicillin G」「penicillin-G intermediate resistant Streptococcus pneumonae」「procaine penicillin G」「penicillin G-resistant Staphylococcus aureus」
関連記事	「G」「Gd」「g」

「ペニシリンG」

Benzylpenicillin
Systematic (IUPAC) name
	(2S,5R,6R)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-6-(2-phenylacetamido)-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
Clinical data
Trade names	BenPen
AHFS/Drugs.com	Micromedex Detailed Consumer Information
MedlinePlus	a685013
Pregnancy; category	AU: A; US: B (No risk in non-human studies);
Legal status	℞ (Prescription only);
Routes of; administration	Intravenous, Intramuscular, formerly used orally
Pharmacokinetic data
Protein binding	60 %
Metabolism	hepatic
Half-life	30 min
Excretion	renal
Identifiers
CAS Registry Number	61-33-6 (free acid); 69-57-8 (sodium salt)
ATC code	J01CE01 S01AA14 QJ51CE01
PubChem	CID 5904
DrugBank	DB01053
ChemSpider	5693
UNII	Q42T66VG0C
KEGG	D02336
ChEBI	CHEBI:18208
ChEMBL	CHEMBL29
Chemical data
Formula	C16H18N2O4S
Molecular mass	334.4 g/mol
	SMILES CC1([C@@H](N2[C@H](S1)[C@@H](C2=O)NC(=O)Cc3ccccc3)C(=O)O)C;
	InChI InChI=1S/C16H18N2O4S/c1-16(2)12(15(21)22)18-13(20)11(14(18)23-16)17-10(19)8-9-6-4-3-5-7-9/h3-7,11-12,14H,8H2,1-2H3,(H,17,19)(H,21,22)/t11-,12+,14-/m1/s1 ; Key:JGSARLDLIJGVTE-MBNYWOFBSA-N ;
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英: penicillin G, PCG
同: ベンジルペニシリン benzylpenicillin
英: 注射用ペニシリンGカリウム
関: ペニシリンG、肺炎球菌

特徴

構造

肺炎球菌

		PCGのMIC値(μg/ml)
ペニシリン感受性肺炎球菌	PSSP	≦0.06
ペニシリン中等度耐性肺炎球菌	PISP	0.12-1.0
ペニシリン耐性肺炎球菌	PRSP	≧2.0