WordNet

the act of examining something closely (as for mistakes) (同)scrutiny
the act of giving students or candidates a test (as by questions) to determine what they know or have learned (同)testing
a set of questions or exercises evaluating skill or knowledge; "when the test was stolen the professor had to make a new set of questions" (同)exam, test
of or relating to the pelvis; "pelvic exam"; "pelvic inflammation"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉(…の)『試験』《+『in』(『on』)+『名』ofを用いない》 / 〈U〉〈C〉(…の)『調査』,検討《+『into』(『of』)+『名』》 / 〈C〉〈U〉『診察』,診断 / 〈C〉詩験問題[用紙];詩験答案[用紙]
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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/11/28 11:51:47」(JST)

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An image that shows the introitus (the opening of the vagina) in relation to its surrounding structures, when the labia are displaced by digits during a pelvic examination.

A pelvic examination, also pelvic exam, is a physical examination of the female pelvic organs.

Broadly, it can be divided into the external examination and internal examination.^[1]

It is also called "Bimanual Exam" & "Manual Uterine Palpation".

External examination

examination of anatomy
skin lesion
palpation of stomach area

Internal examination

Speculum Exam

Use of speculum^[2] to locate external cervical os. Examination for foreign bodies and cervical swabs are taken at this point in the exam. These swabs of the epitelium layer of the cervix are known as a Pap smear. Other vaginal swabs can be taken at this time or STI testing.

Bimanual Exam

Two fingers are inserted into the vagina until they isolate the cervix. Then the health care professional tests for cervical motion tenderness, as classically seen in pelvic inflammatory disease. The examiner palpates the uterus, including location of the fundus of the uterus and the adnexal structures.

Discomfort

The exam should not be excessively uncomfortable, but a woman with a vaginal infection may feel pain when the speculum is inserted. During the bimanual exam, the palpating of the ovaries may be painful. The pap test may cause some cramping as well.

Informed consent

For educational purposes, trainee doctors have performed pelvic exams on unconscious women. The subjects are those undergoing surgery for unrelated causes, and they were rarely informed the examination had occurred. This practice was forbidden in the United States and the United Kingdom, which now require the patient to consent in advance. The practice still continues in Canada according to a study published in the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology.^[3] The director of the Medical Health program at the University of Manitoba claimed in response that the revised 2006 guidelines of the Society of Obstetricians and Gynecologists of Canada forbade pelvic exams without consent,^[4] though the original impetus for the study of pelvic exams and consent was an incident in 2007.^[3]

References

^ "Examination of the Female Pelvis". http://medinfo.ufl.edu/year1/bcs/clist/pelvic.html. Retrieved 2007-12-09.
^ "Pelvic exam - MayoClinic.com". http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/pelvic-exam/WO00129. Retrieved 2007-12-09.
^ ^a ^b . Toronto. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/health/time-to-end-pelvic-exams-done-without-consent/article1447337/.^{[dead link]}
^ http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/life/health/Women-must-give-consent-for-pelvic-exam-MD-83085377.html

External links

Your First Pelvic Exam
Pregnancy Symptoms
Pelvic Examination Video

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UpToDate Contents

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1. 婦人科歴および内診 the gynecologic history and pelvic examination
2. 麻酔下での内診 pelvic examination under anesthesia
3. クラミジア・トラコマティス感染症の臨床症状および診断 clinical manifestations and diagnosis of chlamydia trachomatis infections
4. 避妊：思春期に固有の問題の概要 contraception overview of issues specific to adolescents
5. 新生児および小児の婦人科検査 gynecologic examination of the newborn and child

English Journal

Ischial ostectomy in direct end-to-end anastomosis of the pelvic urethra in male dogs.

Srithunyarat T, Pankhum S, Chuthatep S, Kalpravidh M.SourceDepartment of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
Research in veterinary science.Res Vet Sci.2012 Aug;93(1):473-7. Epub 2011 Jul 30.
Ischial ostectomy in conjunction with direct end-to-end anastomosis of the pelvic urethra was performed after prostatectomy in cadavers of 10 male dogs with normal bladder and urethra, and in a mongrel dog with an enlarged prostrate and transection injury of the pelvic urethra. In the cadavers, tens
PMID 21803387

Prevention of lymphocele in female pelvic lymphadenectomy by a collagen patch coated with the human coagulation factors: A pilot study.

Tinelli A, Giorda G, Manca C, Pellegrino M, Prudenzano R, Guido M, Dell'edera D, Malvasi A.SourceDivision of Experimental Endoscopic Surgery, Imaging, Minimally Invasive Therapy & Technology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Vito Fazzi Hospital, Lecce, Italy. andreatinelli@gmail.com.
Journal of surgical oncology.J Surg Oncol.2012 Jun 15;105(8):835-40. doi: 10.1002/jso.22110. Epub 2011 Oct 10.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The prevention of lymphoceles was tested using collagen patch coated with the human coagulation factors (TachoSil) on 58 consecutive patients with endometrial cancer who had undergone hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy (PL).METHODS: Patients were randomized in two gro
PMID 21987409

Japanese Journal

助産実習における分娩第1期の学生の学び

清水嘉子,宮澤美知留,松原美和,藤原聡子,上森友記子
母性衛生 52(4), 584-592, 2012-01
本研究は,助産師教育の主たる教育内容として位置づけられている助産実習における教育の工夫を検討するための一歩として取り組んだ。助産実習の教育指導について示唆を得るために,分娩第1期における例数ごとの学びを明らかにすることを目的として,過去5年間の助産選択を履修したA大学生22名を対象として分娩第1期ケア評価表の自由記述で記載された内容を質的に分析した。結果として,202事例の自由記述から695件の学 …
NAID 110008898054

New Phylogenetic Proposal for the Family Leptoscopidae (Perciformes: Trachinoidei)

Odani Kenji,Imamura Hisashi
北海道大学水産科学研究彙報 61(2-3), 49-63, 2011-12-26
… Examination of taxa closely related to the family Leptoscopidae resulted in 61 apomorphic characters recognized within the family, based on morphological comparisons with the suborder Percoidei, the following being determined as autapomorphic for the former: U-shaped arrangement of infraorbitals; …
NAID 120003898291