| Pelvic cavity |
|
| Details |
| Lymph |
Primarily internal iliac lymph nodes |
| Identifiers |
| Latin |
Cavitas pelvis |
| TA |
A01.1.00.052
A10.1.00.002 |
| FMA |
9738 |
| Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
|
The pelvic cavity is a body cavity that is bounded by the bones of the pelvis. Its oblique roof is the pelvic inlet (the superior opening of the pelvis). Its lower boundary is the pelvic floor.
The pelvic cavity primarily contains reproductive organs, the urinary bladder, the pelvic colon, and the rectum. The rectum is placed at the back of the pelvis, in the curve of the sacrum and coccyx; the bladder is in front, behind the pubic symphysis. In the female, the uterus and vagina occupy the interval between these viscera. The pelvic cavity also contains major arteries, veins, muscles, and nerves. These structures have to work together in a little crowded space. They can be affected by many different diseases and by many drugs in many different ways. One part may impact upon another, for example constipation may overload the rectum and compress the urinary bladder, or childbirth might damage the pudendal nerves and later lead to anal weakness.
Contents
- 1 Borders
- 1.1 Lesser pelvis
- 1.2 Greater pelvis
- 2 Ligaments
- 3 Measurements
- 4 Arteries
- 5 Nerves
- 6 Additional images
- 7 References
- 8 External links
Borders
The pelvis has an anteroinferior, a posterior, and two lateral pelvic walls; and an inferior pelvic wall, also called the pelvic floor.[1][2] The parietal peritoneum is attached here and to the abdominal wall.[3]
Lesser pelvis
The lesser pelvis (or "true pelvis") is the space enclosed by the pelvic girdle and below the pelvic brim: between the pelvic inlet and the pelvic floor. This cavity is a short, curved canal, deeper on its posterior than on its anterior wall. Some consider this region to be the entirety of the pelvic cavity. Others define the pelvic cavity as the larger space including the greater pelvis, just above the pelvic inlet.
The lesser pelvis is bounded in front and below by the pubic symphysis and the superior rami of the pubes; above and behind, by the sacrum and coccyx; and laterally, by a broad, smooth, quadrangular area of bone, corresponding to the inner surfaces of the body and superior ramus of the ischium, and the part of the ilium below the arcuate line.
|
roof: pelvic brim[4]
|
| posterior: sacrum, coccyx |
lateral: obturator internus |
anterior: pubic symphysis |
|
floor: pelvic floor
|
The lesser pelvis contains the pelvic colon, rectum, bladder, and some of the sex organs. The rectum is at the back, in the curve of the sacrum and coccyx; the bladder is in front, behind the pubic symphysis. In the female, the uterus and vagina occupy the interval between these viscera.
The pelvic splanchnic nerves arising at S2-S4 are in the lesser pelvis.
Greater pelvis
The greater pelvis (or "false pelvis") is the space enclosed by the pelvic girdle above and in front of the pelvic brim. It is bounded on either side by the ilium; in front it is incomplete, presenting a wide interval between the anterior borders of the ilia, which is filled by the muscles and fascia of the anterior abdominal wall; behind is a deep notch on either side between the ilium and the base of the sacrum that is filled by the thoracolumbar fascia and associated muscles.
It is generally considered part of the abdominal cavity (this is why it is sometimes called the false pelvis).[5] Some[who?] consider this region part of the pelvic cavity,[citation needed] while others reframe the classification question by calling the combination the abdominopelvic cavity.
The greater pelvis supports the intestines (specifically, the ileum and sigmoid colon), and transmits part of their weight to the anterior wall of the abdomen.
The femoral nerve from L2-L4 is in the greater pelvis, but not in the lesser pelvis.
Ligaments
| Ligament |
From |
To |
| broad ligament of the uterus |
uterus |
side of pelvis |
| * mesovarium |
ovary |
|
| * mesosalpinx |
Fallopian tube |
broad ligament of the uterus |
| * mesometrium |
|
|
| cardinal ligament |
cervix & vagina |
pelvic wall |
| ovarian ligament |
ovary |
uterus |
| round ligament of the uterus |
ovary |
travels through inguinal canal, ends at mons pubis |
| suspensory ligament of the ovary |
ovary |
pelvic wall |
Measurements
The pelvis can be classified into four main types by measuring the pelvic diameters and conjugates at the pelvic inlet and outlet and as oblique diameters.
Pelvic measurements[6]
| Measurement |
From |
To |
Length |
Transverse diameter
(of inlet) |
Between extreme lateral points of pelvic inlet |
13.5–14 cm |
| Oblique diameter I |
Right sacroiliac joint |
Left iliopubic eminence |
12-12.5 cm |
| Oblique diameter II |
Left sacroiliac joint |
Right iliopubic eminence |
11.5–12 cm |
Anatomical conjugate
(true conjugate) |
Pubic symphysis |
Promontory |
~12 cm |
| Obstetric conjugate |
Retropubic eminence
(posterior surface
of symphysis) |
Promontory |
>10 cm |
| Diagonal conjugate* |
Inferior pubic ligament |
Promontory |
11.5–12 cm |
| Straight conjugate |
Lower border of symphysis |
Tip of coccyx |
9.5–10 cm |
| Median conjugate |
Lower border of symphysis |
Lower border of sacrum |
11.5 cm |
Transverse diameter
(of outlet) |
Between ischial tuberosities |
10–11 cm |
| Interspinous distance |
Between anterior superior iliac spines |
26 cm
(female) |
| Intercristal distance |
Between furthest lateral points of iliac crest |
29 cm
(female) |
| External conjugate |
Spinous process of fifth lumbar vertebra |
Upper edge of symphysis |
~20 cm |
| Intertrochanteric distance |
Between femurs |
31 cm |
| *Because the true conjugate can not be measured directly it is derived from the diagonal conjugate which is measured through the vagina. |
Arteries
- internal iliac artery
- median sacral artery
- ovarian artery
Nerves
- sacral plexus
- splanchnic nerves
- femoral nerve (greater pelvis)
Additional images
-
-
Articulations of pelvis. Anterior view.
-
The arteries of the pelvis.
-
Dissection of side wall of pelvis showing sacral and pudendal plexuses.
-
Sacral plexus of the right side.
-
-
-
References
This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)
- ^ Moore, Keith L. et al. (2010) Clinically Oriented Anatomy 6th Ed, ch.3 Pelvis and perineum, p.339
- ^ Richard S. Snell Clinical Anatomy By Regions, Pelvic cavity p.242
- ^ Tank, P. (2013) Grants Dissector 15th ed., ch.4 The abdomen, p.99
- ^ "Anatomy of the Female Pelvis - D. El-Mowafi". Retrieved 2007-12-03.
- ^ Drake et al. (2009) Grays Anatomy for Students, 2nd Edition, ch.5 Pelvis and perineum - general description, p.406
- ^ Platzer, Werner (2004). Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol. 1: Locomotor System (5th ed.). Thieme. p. 190. ISBN 3-13-533305-1.
External links
- Overview at buffalo.edu
- Diagram at southwest.tn.edu
- Photo of model (female)
- Anatomy photo:44:os-0502 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center - "The Male Pelvis: Articulated bones of male pelvis"
- Anatomy photo:44:os-0503 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center
|
Bones of the pelvis
|
|
| General |
|
|
| Ilium |
| body |
|
|
| wing |
| gluteal lines |
- posterior
- anterior
- inferior
|
|
| iliac spines |
- anterior superior
- anterior inferior
- posterior superior
- posterior inferior
|
|
| other: |
- crest
- tuberosity
- tubercle
- fossa
|
|
|
|
| Ischium |
| body |
- ischial spine
- lesser sciatic notch
|
|
| superior ramus |
- tuberosity of the ischium
|
|
| inferior ramus |
|
|
|
| Pubis |
| body |
|
|
| superior ramus |
- pubic tubercle
- obturator crest
|
|
| inferior ramus |
|
|
|
| Compound |
- acetabulum
- iliopubic eminence / iliopectineal line
- linea terminalis
- ischiopubic ramus / pubic arch
- Foramina
- obturator foramen
- greater sciatic foramen / greater sciatic notch
- lesser sciatic foramen
- Landmarks
- pelvic inlet
- pelvic brim
- pelvic outlet
|
|
Anatomy of the peritoneum and mesentery
|
|
| General |
|
|
| Abdominal |
From
ventral
mesentery |
- Lesser omentum
- Hepatoduodenal ligament
- Hepatogastric ligament
- Liver
- Coronary ligament
- (Left triangular ligament
- Right triangular ligament
- Hepatorenal ligament)
- Falciform ligament (Round ligament of liver and Ligamentum venosum in it, but not of it)
|
|
From
dorsal
mesentery |
- Greater omentum
- Gastrophrenic ligament
- Gastrocolic ligament
- Gastrosplenic ligament
- Mesentery
- Transverse mesocolon
- Sigmoid mesocolon
- Mesoappendix
- Root of the mesentery
- Splenorenal ligament
- Phrenicocolic ligament
- Folds
- Umbilical folds
- Supravesical fossa
- Medial inguinal fossa
- Lateral umbilical fold
- Lateral inguinal fossa
- Ileocecal fold
|
|
Abdominal
cavity |
- Greater sac
- Lesser sac
- Omental foramen
|
|
| General |
- Cystohepatic triangle
- Hepatorenal recess of subhepatic space
- Abdominal wall
- Peritoneal recesses
- Paracolic gutters
- Paramesenteric gutters
|
|
|
| Pelvic |
| Uterus/ovaries |
- Broad ligament of the uterus
- Mesovarium
- Mesosalpinx
- Mesometrium)
- Ovarian ligament
- Suspensory ligament of ovary
|
|
| Recesses |
- Male
- Recto-vesical pouch
- Pararectal fossa
- Female
- Recto-uterine pouch
- Recto-uterine fold (Uterosacral ligament)
- Vesico-uterine pouch
- Ovarian fossa
- Paravesical fossa
- Retroperitonium
|
|
|
| Spaces |
- Extraperitoneal space
- Retroperitoneal space
- Retropubic space
|
