Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/01/11 15:19:37」(JST)

wiki en

A solution of riboflavin.

Riboflavin (vitamin B₂) is part of the vitamin B group. It is the central component of the cofactors FAD and FMN and as such required for a variety of flavoprotein enzyme reactions including activation of other vitamins. It was formerly known as vitamin G.^[2]

Riboflavin is a yellow-orange solid substance with poor solubility in water. It is best known visually as it imparts the color to vitamin supplements and the yellow color to the urine of persons taking it.

The name "riboflavin" comes from "ribose" (the sugar whose reduced form, ribitol, forms part of its structure) and "flavin", the ring-moiety which imparts the yellow color to the oxidized molecule (from Latin flavus, "yellow"). The reduced form, which occurs in metabolism along with the oxidized form, is colorless.

1 Function
2 Nutrition
- 2.1 Food sources
- 2.2 Dietary reference intakes
3 Deficiency
- 3.1 Signs and symptoms
  - 3.1.1 In humans
  - 3.1.2 In other animals
- 3.2 Diagnosis
- 3.3 Causes
- 3.4 Treatment
4 Medical uses
5 Industrial uses
6 Toxicity
7 Industrial synthesis
8 Research
9 History
10 See also
11 References
12 Further reading
13 External links

Function

The active forms Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) function as cofactors for a variety of flavoproteine enzyme reactions:

Flavoproteins of electron transport chain, including FMN in Complex I and FAD in Complex II
FAD is required for the production of pyridoxic acid from pyridoxal (vitamin B₆) by pyridoxine 5'-phosphate oxidase
The primary coenzyme form of vitamin B₆ (pyridoxal phosphate) is FMN dependent
Oxidation of pyruvate, α-ketoglutarate, and branched-chain amino acids requires FAD in the shared E3 portion of their respective dehydrogenase complexes
Fatty acyl CoA dehydrogenase requires FAD in fatty acid oxidation
FAD is required to convert retinol (vitamin A) to retinoic acid via cytosolic retinal dehydrogenase
Synthesis of an active form of folate (5-methyltetrahydrofolate) from 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate by Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase is FADH₂ dependent
FAD is required to convert tryptophan to niacin (vitamin B₃)
Reduction of the oxidized form of glutathione (GSSG) to its reduced form (GSH) by Glutathione reductase is FAD dependent

For the molecular mechanism of action see main articles Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

Nutrition

Food sources

Sources of riboflavin are milk, cheese, leaf vegetables, liver, kidneys, legumes, yeast, mushrooms, and almonds.^[3]

Yeast extract is considered to be exceptionally rich in vitamin B₂. Cereals contain relatively low concentrations of flavins, but are important sources in those parts of the world where cereals constitute the staple diet.^[4]^[5]

The milling of cereals results in considerable loss (up to 60%) of vitamin B₂, so white flour is enriched in some countries such as USA by addition of the vitamin. The enrichment of bread and ready-to-eat breakfast cereals contributes significantly to the dietary supply of vitamin B₂. Polished rice is not usually enriched, because the vitamin’s yellow color would make the rice visually unacceptable to the major rice-consumption populations. However, most of the flavin content of whole brown rice is retained if the rice is steamed (parboiled) prior to milling. This process drives the flavins in the germ and aleurone layers into the endosperm. Free riboflavin is naturally present in foods along with protein-bound FMN and FAD. Bovine milk contains mainly free riboflavin, with a minor contribution from FMN and FAD.^[5] In whole milk, 14% of the flavins are bound noncovalently to specific proteins.^[6] Egg white and egg yolk contain specialized riboflavin-binding proteins, which are required for storage of free riboflavin in the egg for use by the developing embryo.

It is used in baby foods, breakfast cereals, pastas, sauces, processed cheese, fruit drinks, vitamin-enriched milk products, and some energy drinks. It is difficult to incorporate riboflavin into many liquid products because it has poor solubility in water, hence the requirement for riboflavin-5'-phosphate (E101a), a more soluble form of riboflavin. Riboflavin is also used as a food coloring and as such is designated in Europe as the E number E101.^[7]

Riboflavin is generally stable during the heat processing and normal cooking of foods if light is excluded. The alkaline conditions in which riboflavin is unstable are rarely encountered in foodstuffs. Riboflavin degradation in milk can occur slowly in dark during storage in the refrigerator.^[8]

Dietary reference intakes

The latest (1998) RDA recommendations for vitamin B₂ are similar to the 1989 RDA, which for adults, suggested a minimum intake of 1.2 mg for persons whose caloric intake may be > 2,000 Kcal.^[9] The current RDAs for riboflavin for adult men and women are 1.3 mg/day and 1.1 mg/day, respectively; the estimated average requirement for adult men and women are 1.1 mg and 0.9 mg, respectively. Recommendations for daily riboflavin intake increase with pregnancy and lactation to 1.4 mg and 1.6 mg, respectively (1in advanced). For infants, the RDA is 0.3-0.4 mg/day and for children it is 0.6-0.9 mg/day.^[10]

Deficiency

Signs and symptoms

In humans

Riboflavin deficiency (also called ariboflavinosis) results in stomatitis including painful red tongue with sore throat, chapped and fissured lips (cheilosis), and inflammation of the corners of the mouth (angular stomatitis). There can be oily scaly skin rashes on the scrotum, vulva, philtrum of the lip, or the nasolabial folds. The eyes can become itchy, watery, bloodshot and sensitive to light.^[11] Due to interference with iron absorption, riboflavin deficiency results in an anemia with normal cell size and normal hemoglobin content (i.e. normochromic normocytic anemia). This is distinct from anemia caused by deficiency of folic acid (B₉) or cyanocobalamin (B₁₂), which causes anemia with large blood cells (megaloblastic anemia).^[12] Deficiency of riboflavin during pregnancy can result in birth defects including congenital heart defects^[13] and limb deformities.^[14]

The stomatitis symptoms are similar to those seen in pellagra, which is caused by niacin (B₃) deficiency. Therefore, riboflavin deficiency is sometimes called "pellagra sine pellagra" (pellagra without pellagra), because it causes stomatitis but not widespread peripheral skin lesions characteristic of niacin deficiency.^[11]

Riboflavin deficiency has been implicated in cancer,^[15] and has been noted to prolong recovery from malaria,^[16] despite preventing growth of plasmodium.^[17]

In other animals

In other animals, riboflavin deficiency results in lack of growth,^[18] failure to thrive, and eventual death. Experimental riboflavin deficiency in dogs results in growth failure, weakness, ataxia, and inability to stand. The animals collapse, become comatose, and die. During the deficiency state, dermatitis develops together with hair loss. Other signs include corneal opacity, lenticular cataracts, hemorrhagic adrenals, fatty degeneration of the kidney and liver, and inflammation of the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract.^[19] Post-mortem studies in rhesus monkeys fed a riboflavin-deficient diet revealed about one-third the normal amount of riboflavin was present in the liver, which is the main storage organ for riboflavin in mammals.^[20] Riboflavin deficiency in birds results in low egg hatch rates.^[21]

Diagnosis

Overt clinical signs are rarely seen among inhabitants of the developed countries. The assessment of Riboflavin status is essential for confirming cases with unspecific symptoms where deficiency is suspected.

Glutathione reductase is a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and FAD-dependent enzyme, and the major flavoprotein in erythrocyte. The measurement of the activity coefficient of erythrocyte glutathione reductase (EGR) is the preferred method for assessing riboflavin status.^[22] It provides a measure of tissue saturation and long-term riboflavin status. In vitro enzyme activity in terms of activity coefficients (AC) is determined both with and without the addition of FAD to the medium. ACs represent a ratio of the enzyme’s activity with FAD to the enzyme’s activity without FAD. An AC of 1.2 to 1.4, riboflavin status is considered low when FAD is added to stimulate enzyme activity. An AC > 1.4 suggests riboflavin deficiency. On the other hand, if FAD is added and AC is < 1.2, then riboflavin status is considered acceptable.^[10] Tillotson and Bashor^[23] reported that a decrease in the intakes of riboflavin was associated with increase in EGR AC. In the UK study of Norwich elderly,^[24] initial EGR AC values for both males and females were significantly correlated with those measured 2 years later, suggesting that EGR AC may be a reliable measure of long-term biochemical riboflavin status of individuals. These findings are consistent with earlier studies.^[25]

Experimental balance studies indicate that urinary riboflavin excretion rates increase slowly with increasing intakes, until intake level approach 1.0 mg/d, when tissue saturation occurs. At higher intakes, the rate of excretion increases dramatically.^[26] Once intakes of 2.5 mg/d are reached, excretion becomes approximately equal to the rate of absorption (Horwitt et al., 1950) (18). At such high intake a significant proportion of the riboflavin intake is not absorbed. If urinary riboflavin excretion is <19 µg/g creatinine (without recent riboflavin intake) or < 40 µg per day are indicative of deficiency.

Causes

Riboflavin is continuously excreted in the urine of healthy individuals,^[27] making deficiency relatively common when dietary intake is insufficient.^[27] Riboflavin deficiency is usually found together with other nutrient deficiencies, particularly of other water-soluble vitamins. A deficiency of riboflavin can be primary - poor vitamin sources in one's daily diet - or secondary, which may be a result of conditions that affect absorption in the intestine, the body not being able to use the vitamin, or an increase in the excretion of the vitamin from the body. Subclinical deficiency has also been observed in women taking oral contraceptives, in the elderly, in people with eating disorders, chronic alcoholism and in diseases such as HIV, inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes and chronic heart disease. Phototherapy to treat jaundice in infants can cause increased degradation of riboflavin, leading to deficiency if not monitored closely.

Treatment

Treatment involves a diet which includes an adequate amount of riboflavin usually in form of commercially available supplements.

Medical uses

Riboflavin has been used in several clinical and therapeutic situations. For over 30 years, riboflavin supplements have been used as part of the phototherapy treatment of neonatal jaundice. The light used to irradiate the infants breaks down not only bilirubin, the toxin causing the jaundice, but also the naturally occurring riboflavin within the infant's blood, so extra supplementation is necessary.

One clinical trial found that high dose riboflavin appears to be useful alone or along with beta-blockers in the prevention of migraine.^[28]^[29] A dose of 400 mg daily has been used effectively in the prophylaxis of migraines, especially in combination with a daily supplement of magnesium citrate 500 mg and, in some cases, a supplement of coenzyme Q10.^[30] However, two other clinical studies have failed to find any significant results for the effectiveness of B2 as a treatment for migraine.^[31]^[32]

Riboflavin in combination with UV light has been shown to be effective in reducing the ability of harmful pathogens found in blood products to cause disease.^[33]^[34]^[35] When UV light is applied to blood products containing riboflavin, the nucleic acids in pathogens are damaged, rendering them unable to replicate and cause disease.^[35]^[36] Riboflavin and UV light treatment has been shown to be effective for inactivating pathogens in platelets and plasma, and is under development for application to whole blood. Because platelets and red blood cells do not contain a nucleus (i.e. they have no DNA to be damaged) the technique is well-suited for destroying nucleic acid containing pathogens (including viruses, bacteria, parasites, and white blood cells) in blood products.^[37]

Treatment for Brown vialetto van laere, fazio londe, and the myopathic form of adult onset coenzyme q10 deficiency.

Industrial uses

Fluorescent spectra of riboflavin

A solution of riboflavin in water (right) is yellow with chartreuse fluorescence under fluorescent room lighting. The beaker prepared at left holds a detergent in water, forming micelles that will show the passage of a visible laser beam.

A 473 nm 200 mW blue laser beam is directed into the two beakers from the left. The detergent shows the path of the beam by blue scattered light. The light from the riboflavin solution is intense green fluorescence showing along the path of this laser beam.

Because riboflavin is fluorescent under UV light, dilute solutions (0.015-0.025% w/w) are often used to detect leaks or to demonstrate coverage in an industrial system such a chemical blend tank or bioreactor. (See the ASME BPE section on Testing and Inspection for additional details.)

Toxicity

In humans, there is no evidence for riboflavin toxicity produced by excessive intakes, as its low solubility keeps it from being absorbed in dangerous amounts within the digestive tract. Even when 400 mg of riboflavin per day was given orally to subjects in one study for three months to investigate the efficacy of riboflavin in the prevention of migraine headache, no short-term side effects were reported.^[10]^[38]^[39] Although toxic doses can be administered by injection,^[38] any excess at nutritionally relevant doses is excreted in the urine,^[40] imparting a bright yellow color when in large quantities.

Industrial synthesis

Large cultures of Micrococcus luteus growing on pyridine (left) and succinic acid (right). The yellow pigment being produced in the presence of pyridine is riboflavin.

Various biotechnological processes have been developed for industrial scale riboflavin biosynthesis using different microorganisms, including filamentous fungi such as Ashbya gossypii, Candida famata and Candida flaveri, as well as the bacteria Corynebacterium ammoniagenes and Bacillus subtilis.^[41] The latter organism has been genetically modified to both increase the bacteria's production of riboflavin and to introduce an antibiotic (ampicillin) resistance marker, and is now successfully employed at a commercial scale to produce riboflavin for feed and food fortification purposes. The chemical company BASF has installed a plant in South Korea, which is specialized on riboflavin production using Ashbya gossypii. The concentrations of riboflavin in their modified strain are so high, that the mycelium has a reddish/brownish color and accumulates riboflavin crystals in the vacuoles, which will eventually burst the mycelium. Riboflavin is sometimes overproduced, possibly as a protective mechanism, by certain bacteria in the presence of high concentrations of hydrocarbons or aromatic compounds. One such organism is Micrococcus luteus (American Type Culture Collection strain number ATCC 49442), which develops a yellow color due to production of riboflavin while growing on pyridine, but not when grown on other substrates, such as succinic acid.^[42]

Research

An animal model of riboflavin kinase deficiency has been identified.^[43] Since riboflavin cannot be converted into the catalytically active cofactors without this enzyme, a vitamin deficiency syndrome is generated in the model.

History

Vitamin B was originally considered to have two components, a heat-labile vitamin B₁ and a heat-stable vitamin B₂. In the 1920s, vitamin B₂ was thought to be the factor necessary for preventing pellagra. In 1923^{[chronology citation needed]}, Paul Gyorgy in Heidelberg was investigating egg-white injury in rats; the curative factor for this condition was called vitamin H (which is now called biotin or vitamin B7). Since both pellagra and vitamin H deficiency were associated with dermatitis, Gyorgy decided to test the effect of vitamin B₂ on vitamin H deficiency in rats. He enlisted the service of Wagner-Jauregg in Kuhn’s laboratory.^{[citation needed]} In 1933,^{[chronology citation needed]} Kuhn, Gyorgy, and Wagner found that thiamin-free extracts of yeast, liver, or rice bran prevented the growth failure of rats fed a thiamin-supplemented diet.

Further, the researchers noted that a yellow-green fluorescence in each extract promoted rat growth, and that the intensity of fluorescence was proportional to the effect on growth. This observation enabled them to develop a rapid chemical and bioassay to isolate the factor from egg white in 1933^{[chronology citation needed]}, they called it Ovoflavin. The same group then isolated the same preparation (a growth-promoting compound with yellow-green fluorescence) from whey using the same procedure (lactoflavin). In 1934^{[chronology citation needed]} Kuhn’s group identified the structure of so-called flavin and synthesized vitamin B₂.

References

^ CID 493570 from PubChem
^ David Bennett (27 July 2013). "Every Vitamin Page: All Vitamins and Pseudo-Vitamins" (PDF). lifeinyouryears.net. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
^ Higdon, Jane; Victoria J. Drake (2007). "Riboflavin". Micronutrient Information Center. Linus Pauling Institute at Oregon State University. Retrieved December 3, 2009.
^ Food Standards Agency, McCance and Widdowson’s The Composition of Foods, 6th summary ed, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, 2002
^ ^a ^b Ball F.M. George, Riboflavin in Vitamins in Foods, Analysis, Bioavailability, and Stability. Taylor and Francis Group, New York, 2006. P168-175
^ Kanno, C., Kanehara, N., Shirafuji, K., and et al. Binding Form of Vitamin B₂ in Bovine Milk: its concentration, distribution, and binding linkage, J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol., 37, 15, 1991
^ "Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers". UK Food Standards Agency. July 27, 2007. Retrieved December 3, 2009.
^ Faron G, Drouin R, Pedneault L, Poulin LD, Laframboise R, Garrido-Russo M, Fraser WD (Mar 2001). "Recurrent cleft lip and palate in siblings of a patient with malabsorption syndrome, probably caused by hypovitaminosis a associated with folic acid and vitamin B(2) deficiencies". Teratology 63 (3): 161–3. doi:10.1002/tera.1027. PMID 11283973.
^ National Research Council. RDAs, 10th ed. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1989, PP.132-37
^ ^a ^b ^c Gropper, SS; Smith, JL; Groff, JL (2009). "Ch. 9: Riboflavin". Advanced Nutrition and Human Metabolism (5th ed.). Wadsworth: CENGAG Learning. pp. 329–33.
^ ^a ^b Sebrell, W. H.; R. E. Butler (1939). "Riboflavin Deficiency in Man (Ariboflavinosis)". Public Health Reports 54 (48): 2121–2131. doi:10.2307/4583104. ISSN 0094-6214. JSTOR 4583104.
^ Lane M, Alfrey CP (Apr 1965). "THE ANEMIA OF HUMAN RIBOFLAVIN DEFICIENCY". Blood 25: 432–442. PMID 14284333.
^ Smedts HP, Rakhshandehroo M, Verkleij-Hagoort AC, de Vries JH, Ottenkamp J, Steegers EA, Steegers-Theunissen RP (Oct 2008). "Maternal intake of fat, riboflavin and nicotinamide and the risk of having offspring with congenital heart defects". European Journal of Nutrition 47 (7): 357–365. doi:10.1007/s00394-008-0735-6. PMID 18779918.
^ Robitaille J, Carmichael SL, Shaw GM, Olney RS (Sep 2009). "Maternal nutrient intake and risks for transverse and longitudinal limb deficiencies: data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997-2003". Birth Defects Research. Part A, Clinical and Molecular Teratology 85 (9): 773–779. doi:10.1002/bdra.20587. PMID 19350655.
^ Rivlin RS (Sep 1973). "Riboflavin and cancer: a review". Cancer Research 33 (9): 1977–1986. PMID 4579772.
^ Das BS, Das DB, Satpathy RN, Patnaik JK, Bose TK (Apr 1988). "Riboflavin deficiency and severity of malaria". European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 42 (4): 277–283. PMID 3293996.
^ Dutta, Purabi; John Pinto; Richard Rivlin (1985). "ANTIMALARIAL EFFECTS OF RIBOFLAVIN DEFICIENCY". The Lancet. Originally published as Volume 2, Issue 8463 326 (8463): 1040–1043. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(85)90909-2. ISSN 0140-6736. Retrieved 2015-02-14.
^ Patterson BE, Bates CJ (May 1989). "Riboflavin deficiency, metabolic rate and brown adipose tissue function in sucking and weanling rats". The British Journal of Nutrition 61 (3): 475–483. doi:10.1079/bjn19890137. PMID 2547428.
^ Sebrell, W. H.; R. H. Onstott (1938). "Riboflavin Deficiency in Dogs". Public Health Reports 53 (3): 83–94. doi:10.2307/4582435. ISSN 0094-6214. JSTOR 4582435.
^ Waisman, Harry A. (1944). "Production of Riboflavin Deficiency in the Monkey.". Experimental Biology and Medicine 55 (1): 69–71. doi:10.3181/00379727-55-14462. ISSN 1535-3702. Retrieved 2015-02-14.
^ Romanoff, Alexis L.; J. C. Bauernfeind (1942). "Influence of riboflavin-deficiency in eggs on embryonic development (gallus domesticus)". The Anatomical Record 82 (1): 11–23. doi:10.1002/ar.1090820103. ISSN 1097-0185. Retrieved 2015-02-14.
^ 10. Gibson S. Rosalind, Riboflavin in Principles of Nutritional Assessment, 2nd ed. OXFORD university press, 2005
^ Tilloston JA, Bashor EM. An enzymatic measurement of the riboflavin status in man. American J. Of Clin. Nutr., 1972; 72:251-261
^ Bailey AL, Maisey S, Southon S, Wright AJ, Finglas PM, Fulcher RA (Feb 1997). "Relationships between micronutrient intake and biochemical indicators of nutrient adequacy in a "free-living' elderly UK population". The British Journal of Nutrition 77 (2): 225–42. doi:10.1079/BJN19970026. PMID 9135369.
^ Rutishauser IHE, Bates CJ, Paul AA, and et al. Long term vitamin status and dietary intake of health elderly subjects. I. Riboflavin. British J. of Nutr. , 1979; 42:33-42
^ Gibson S. Rosalind, Riboflavin in Principles of Nutritional Assessment, 2nd ed. OXFORD university press, 2005.
^ ^a ^b Brody, Tom (1999). Nutritional Biochemistry. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-134836-9. OCLC 162571066 212425693 39699995 51091036.
^ Sándor PS, Afra J, Ambrosini A, Schoenen J. Prophylactic treatment of migraine with beta-blockers and riboflavin: differential effects on the intensity dependence of auditory evoked cortical potentials. Headache. 2000 Jan;40(1):30-5.
^ Schoenen J, Jacquy J, Lenaerts, M. Effectiveness of high-dose riboflavin in migraine prophylaxis. A randomized controlled trial. Neurology. 1998 Feb;50(2):466-70.
^ Migraine Action UK^{[full citation needed]}
^ Bruijn J, Duivenvoorden H, Passchier J, Locher H, Dijkstra N, Arts WF (Dec 2010). "Medium-dose riboflavin as a prophylactic agent in children with migraine: a preliminary placebo-controlled, randomised, double-blind, cross-over trial". Cephalalgia 30 (12): 1426–1434. doi:10.1177/0333102410365106. PMID 20974610.
^ Maizels M, Blumenfeld A, Burchette R (Oct 2004). "A combination of riboflavin, magnesium, and feverfew for migraine prophylaxis: a randomized trial". Headache 44 (9): 885. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2004.04170.x.
^ Ruane PH, Edrich R, Gampp D, Keil SD, Leonard RL, Goodrich RP (Jun 2004). "Photochemical inactivation of selected viruses and bacteria in platelet concentrates using riboflavin and light". Transfusion 44 (6): 877–885. doi:10.1111/j.1537-2995.2004.03355.x. PMID 15157255.
^ Goodrich RP, et al., “The Mirasol PRT System for Pathogen Reduction of Platelets and Plasma: An Overview of Current Status and Future Trends.” Transfusion and Apheresis Science 2006; 35 (1): 5-17.
^ ^a ^b Goodrich RP, et.al,Chapter 5:“The Antiviral and Antibacterial Properties of Riboflavin and Light: Applications to Blood Safety and Transfusion Medicine.”Flavins: Photochemistry and Photobiology, Vol. 6, 2006, Royal Society of Chemistry; Cambridge, United Kingdom. E Silva and AM Edwards, editors.
^ Kumar V, Lockerbie O, Keil SD, Ruane PH, Platz MS, Martin CB, Ravanat JL, Cadet J, Goodrich RP (2004). "Riboflavin and UV-light based pathogen reduction: extent and consequence of DNA damage at the molecular level". Photochemistry and Photobiology 80: 15–21. doi:10.1562/2003-12-23-RA-036.1. PMID 15339215.
^ Hardwick CC, Herivel TR, Hernandez SC, Ruane PH, Goodrich RP (2004). "Separation, identification and quantification of riboflavin and its photoproducts in blood products using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection: a method to support pathogen reduction technology". Photochemistry and Photobiology 80 (3): 609–615. doi:10.1562/0031-8655(2004)080<0609:TNSIAQ>2.0.CO;2. PMID 15382964.
^ ^a ^b Unna, K; Greslin, JG (1942). "Studies on the toxicity and pharmacology of riboflavin". J Pharmacol Exp Ther 76 (1): 75–80.
^ Boehnke, C; Reuter, U; Flach, U; Schuh-Hofer, S; et al. (July 2004). "High-dose riboflavin treatment is efficacious in migraine prophylaxis: an open study in a tertiary care centre". European Journal of Neurology 11 (7): 475–7. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2004.00813.x. PMID 15257686.
^ Zempleni J, Galloway JR, McCormick DB (Jan 1996). "Pharmacokinetics of orally and intravenously administered riboflavin in healthy humans". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (The American Society for Nutrition) 63 (1): 54–66. PMID 8604671.
^ Stahmann KP, Revuelta JL, Seulberger H (May 2000). "Three biotechnical processes using Ashbya gossypii, Candida famata, or Bacillus subtilis compete with chemical riboflavin production". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 53 (5): 509–516. doi:10.1007/s002530051649. PMID 10855708.
^ Sims GK, O'loughlin EJ (Oct 1992). "Riboflavin Production during Growth of Micrococcus luteus on Pyridine". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 58 (10): 3423–3425. PMC 183117. PMID 16348793.
^ Yazdanpanah B, Wiegmann K, Tchikov V, Krut O, Pongratz C, Schramm M, Kleinridders A, Wunderlich T, Kashkar H, Utermöhlen O, Brüning JC, Schütze S, Krönke M (Aug 2009). "Riboflavin kinase couples TNF receptor 1 to NADPH oxidase". Nature 460 (7259): 1159–1163. doi:10.1038/nature08206. PMID 19641494.

External links

USDA website, Nutritional Database
Jane Higdon, "Riboflavin", Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University
Riboflavin bound to proteins in the PDB

Japanese Journal

皮膚疾患のビタミンB2代謝の研究　第1報　特に皮膚疾患の血中ビタミンB2値に関する若干の考察

日本皮膚科学会雑誌 69(9), 1230, 1959
NAID 130004685931

Related Pictures

ovoflavin nematoda boped jointly.In Traditional World Cuisine traditional jar of Marmite, and a jar of , ovoflavin, laktoflavin, FAD, FMN as vitamin B2, lactoflavin, ovoflavin B2: Riboflavin, Lactoflavin, Ovoflavin Omschrijving additief E-101[i] Riboflavine

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元

「オボフラビン」

Riboflavin
Names
	IUPAC name 7,8-Dimethyl-10-[(2S,3S,4R)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentyl]benzo[g]pteridine-2,4-dione
Identifiers
CAS Number	83-88-5
3DMet	B01201
Beilstein Reference	97825
ChEBI	CHEBI:17015
ChEMBL	ChEMBL1534
ChemSpider	431981
DrugBank	DB00140
EC Number	201-507-1
IUPHAR/BPS	6578
Jmol interactive 3D	Image
KEGG	D00050
MeSH	Riboflavin
PubChem	493570
UNII	TLM2976OFR
	InChI InChI=1S/C17H20N4O6/c1-7-3-9-10(4-8(7)2)21(5-11(23)14(25)12(24)6-22)15-13(18-9)16(26)20-17(27)19-15/h3-4,11-12,14,22-25H,5-6H2,1-2H3,(H,20,26,27)/t11-,12+,14-/m0/s1 Key: AUNGANRZJHBGPY-SCRDCRAPSA-N ;
	SMILES O=C2/N=C\1/N(c3cc(c(cc3/N=C/1C(=O)N2)C)C)C[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO ;
Properties
Chemical formula	C17H20N4O6
Molar mass	376.37 g·mol−1
Appearance	Orange crystals
log P	0.095
Acidity (pKa)	9.888
Basicity (pKb)	4.109
Pharmacology
ATC code	A11HA04
Hazards
NFPA 704	1 1 0
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
	verify (what is ?)
	Infobox references

　　[★]

英: ovoflavin
関: リボフラビン

[1] CID 493570 from PubChem

[2] David Bennett (27 July 2013). "Every Vitamin Page: All Vitamins and Pseudo-Vitamins" (PDF). lifeinyouryears.net. Retrieved 17 May 2014.

[Higdon_2007-3] Higdon, Jane; Victoria J. Drake (2007). "Riboflavin". Micronutrient Information Center. Linus Pauling Institute at Oregon State University. Retrieved December 3, 2009.

[4] Food Standards Agency, McCance and Widdowson’s The Composition of Foods, 6th summary ed, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, 2002

[Ball_F.M._George_2006._P168-175-5] Ball F.M. George, Riboflavin in Vitamins in Foods, Analysis, Bioavailability, and Stability. Taylor and Francis Group, New York, 2006. P168-175

[6] Kanno, C., Kanehara, N., Shirafuji, K., and et al. Binding Form of Vitamin B₂ in Bovine Milk: its concentration, distribution, and binding linkage, J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol., 37, 15, 1991

[7] "Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers". UK Food Standards Agency. July 27, 2007. Retrieved December 3, 2009.

[8] Faron G, Drouin R, Pedneault L, Poulin LD, Laframboise R, Garrido-Russo M, Fraser WD (Mar 2001). "Recurrent cleft lip and palate in siblings of a patient with malabsorption syndrome, probably caused by hypovitaminosis a associated with folic acid and vitamin B(2) deficiencies". Teratology 63 (3): 161–3. doi:10.1002/tera.1027. PMID 11283973.

[9] National Research Council. RDAs, 10th ed. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1989, PP.132-37

[Gropper_S.S._2009.2C_P329-333-10] Gropper, SS; Smith, JL; Groff, JL (2009). "Ch. 9: Riboflavin". Advanced Nutrition and Human Metabolism (5th ed.). Wadsworth: CENGAG Learning. pp. 329–33.

[Sebrell_1939_2121.E2.80.932131-11] Sebrell, W. H.; R. E. Butler (1939). "Riboflavin Deficiency in Man (Ariboflavinosis)". Public Health Reports 54 (48): 2121–2131. doi:10.2307/4583104. ISSN 0094-6214. JSTOR 4583104.

[12] Lane M, Alfrey CP (Apr 1965). "THE ANEMIA OF HUMAN RIBOFLAVIN DEFICIENCY". Blood 25: 432–442. PMID 14284333.

[13] Smedts HP, Rakhshandehroo M, Verkleij-Hagoort AC, de Vries JH, Ottenkamp J, Steegers EA, Steegers-Theunissen RP (Oct 2008). "Maternal intake of fat, riboflavin and nicotinamide and the risk of having offspring with congenital heart defects". European Journal of Nutrition 47 (7): 357–365. doi:10.1007/s00394-008-0735-6. PMID 18779918.

[14] Robitaille J, Carmichael SL, Shaw GM, Olney RS (Sep 2009). "Maternal nutrient intake and risks for transverse and longitudinal limb deficiencies: data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997-2003". Birth Defects Research. Part A, Clinical and Molecular Teratology 85 (9): 773–779. doi:10.1002/bdra.20587. PMID 19350655.

[15] Rivlin RS (Sep 1973). "Riboflavin and cancer: a review". Cancer Research 33 (9): 1977–1986. PMID 4579772.

[16] Das BS, Das DB, Satpathy RN, Patnaik JK, Bose TK (Apr 1988). "Riboflavin deficiency and severity of malaria". European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 42 (4): 277–283. PMID 3293996.

[17] Dutta, Purabi; John Pinto; Richard Rivlin (1985). "ANTIMALARIAL EFFECTS OF RIBOFLAVIN DEFICIENCY". The Lancet. Originally published as Volume 2, Issue 8463 326 (8463): 1040–1043. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(85)90909-2. ISSN 0140-6736. Retrieved 2015-02-14.

[18] Patterson BE, Bates CJ (May 1989). "Riboflavin deficiency, metabolic rate and brown adipose tissue function in sucking and weanling rats". The British Journal of Nutrition 61 (3): 475–483. doi:10.1079/bjn19890137. PMID 2547428.

[19] Sebrell, W. H.; R. H. Onstott (1938). "Riboflavin Deficiency in Dogs". Public Health Reports 53 (3): 83–94. doi:10.2307/4582435. ISSN 0094-6214. JSTOR 4582435.

[20] Waisman, Harry A. (1944). "Production of Riboflavin Deficiency in the Monkey.". Experimental Biology and Medicine 55 (1): 69–71. doi:10.3181/00379727-55-14462. ISSN 1535-3702. Retrieved 2015-02-14.

[21] Romanoff, Alexis L.; J. C. Bauernfeind (1942). "Influence of riboflavin-deficiency in eggs on embryonic development (gallus domesticus)". The Anatomical Record 82 (1): 11–23. doi:10.1002/ar.1090820103. ISSN 1097-0185. Retrieved 2015-02-14.

[22] 10. Gibson S. Rosalind, Riboflavin in Principles of Nutritional Assessment, 2nd ed. OXFORD university press, 2005

[23] Tilloston JA, Bashor EM. An enzymatic measurement of the riboflavin status in man. American J. Of Clin. Nutr., 1972; 72:251-261

[24] Bailey AL, Maisey S, Southon S, Wright AJ, Finglas PM, Fulcher RA (Feb 1997). "Relationships between micronutrient intake and biochemical indicators of nutrient adequacy in a "free-living' elderly UK population". The British Journal of Nutrition 77 (2): 225–42. doi:10.1079/BJN19970026. PMID 9135369.

[25] Rutishauser IHE, Bates CJ, Paul AA, and et al. Long term vitamin status and dietary intake of health elderly subjects. I. Riboflavin. British J. of Nutr. , 1979; 42:33-42

[26] Gibson S. Rosalind, Riboflavin in Principles of Nutritional Assessment, 2nd ed. OXFORD university press, 2005.

[Brody-27] Brody, Tom (1999). Nutritional Biochemistry. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-134836-9. OCLC 162571066 212425693 39699995 51091036.

[28] Sándor PS, Afra J, Ambrosini A, Schoenen J. Prophylactic treatment of migraine with beta-blockers and riboflavin: differential effects on the intensity dependence of auditory evoked cortical potentials. Headache. 2000 Jan;40(1):30-5.

[29] Schoenen J, Jacquy J, Lenaerts, M. Effectiveness of high-dose riboflavin in migraine prophylaxis. A randomized controlled trial. Neurology. 1998 Feb;50(2):466-70.

[30] Migraine Action UK^{[full citation needed]}

[31] Bruijn J, Duivenvoorden H, Passchier J, Locher H, Dijkstra N, Arts WF (Dec 2010). "Medium-dose riboflavin as a prophylactic agent in children with migraine: a preliminary placebo-controlled, randomised, double-blind, cross-over trial". Cephalalgia 30 (12): 1426–1434. doi:10.1177/0333102410365106. PMID 20974610.

[32] Maizels M, Blumenfeld A, Burchette R (Oct 2004). "A combination of riboflavin, magnesium, and feverfew for migraine prophylaxis: a randomized trial". Headache 44 (9): 885. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2004.04170.x.

[33] Ruane PH, Edrich R, Gampp D, Keil SD, Leonard RL, Goodrich RP (Jun 2004). "Photochemical inactivation of selected viruses and bacteria in platelet concentrates using riboflavin and light". Transfusion 44 (6): 877–885. doi:10.1111/j.1537-2995.2004.03355.x. PMID 15157255.

[34] Goodrich RP, et al., “The Mirasol PRT System for Pathogen Reduction of Platelets and Plasma: An Overview of Current Status and Future Trends.” Transfusion and Apheresis Science 2006; 35 (1): 5-17.

[Goodrich_RP.2C_et_al.2CChapter_5:-35] Goodrich RP, et.al,Chapter 5:“The Antiviral and Antibacterial Properties of Riboflavin and Light: Applications to Blood Safety and Transfusion Medicine.”Flavins: Photochemistry and Photobiology, Vol. 6, 2006, Royal Society of Chemistry; Cambridge, United Kingdom. E Silva and AM Edwards, editors.

[36] Kumar V, Lockerbie O, Keil SD, Ruane PH, Platz MS, Martin CB, Ravanat JL, Cadet J, Goodrich RP (2004). "Riboflavin and UV-light based pathogen reduction: extent and consequence of DNA damage at the molecular level". Photochemistry and Photobiology 80: 15–21. doi:10.1562/2003-12-23-RA-036.1. PMID 15339215.

[37] Hardwick CC, Herivel TR, Hernandez SC, Ruane PH, Goodrich RP (2004). "Separation, identification and quantification of riboflavin and its photoproducts in blood products using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection: a method to support pathogen reduction technology". Photochemistry and Photobiology 80 (3): 609–615. doi:10.1562/0031-8655(2004)080<0609:TNSIAQ>2.0.CO;2. PMID 15382964.

[Unna-38] Unna, K; Greslin, JG (1942). "Studies on the toxicity and pharmacology of riboflavin". J Pharmacol Exp Ther 76 (1): 75–80.

[39] Boehnke, C; Reuter, U; Flach, U; Schuh-Hofer, S; et al. (July 2004). "High-dose riboflavin treatment is efficacious in migraine prophylaxis: an open study in a tertiary care centre". European Journal of Neurology 11 (7): 475–7. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2004.00813.x. PMID 15257686.

[40] Zempleni J, Galloway JR, McCormick DB (Jan 1996). "Pharmacokinetics of orally and intravenously administered riboflavin in healthy humans". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (The American Society for Nutrition) 63 (1): 54–66. PMID 8604671.

[Stahmann-41] Stahmann KP, Revuelta JL, Seulberger H (May 2000). "Three biotechnical processes using Ashbya gossypii, Candida famata, or Bacillus subtilis compete with chemical riboflavin production". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 53 (5): 509–516. doi:10.1007/s002530051649. PMID 10855708.

[42] Sims GK, O'loughlin EJ (Oct 1992). "Riboflavin Production during Growth of Micrococcus luteus on Pyridine". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 58 (10): 3423–3425. PMC 183117. PMID 16348793.

[pmid19641494-43] Yazdanpanah B, Wiegmann K, Tchikov V, Krut O, Pongratz C, Schramm M, Kleinridders A, Wunderlich T, Kashkar H, Utermöhlen O, Brüning JC, Schütze S, Krönke M (Aug 2009). "Riboflavin kinase couples TNF receptor 1 to NADPH oxidase". Nature 460 (7259): 1159–1163. doi:10.1038/nature08206. PMID 19641494.

匿名

検索

案内

案内

ovoflavin