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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/08/01 20:48:25」(JST)

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Otic vesicle, or auditory vesicle, consists of either of the two sac-like invaginations formed and subsequently closed off during embryonic development. It is part of the neural ectoderm, which will develop into the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear. This labyrinth is a continuous epithelium, giving rise to the vestibular system and auditory components of the inner ear.^[1] During the earlier stages of embryogenesis, the otic placode invaginates to produce the otic cup. Thereafter, the otic cup closes off, creating the otic vesicle. Once formed, the otic vesicle will reside next to the neural tube medially, and on the lateral side will be paraxial mesoderm. Neural crest cells will migrate rostral and caudal to the placode.

The general sequence in formation of the otic vesicle is relatively conserved across vertebrates, although there is much variation in timing and stages.^[2] Patterning during morphogenesis into the distinctive inner ear structures is determined by homeobox transcription factors including PAX2, DLX5 and DLX6, with the former specifying for ventral otic vesicle derived auditory structures and the latter two specifying for dorsal vestibular structures.

Gene signaling

The FGF, Bmp, Wnt and Pax genes are likely to be involved in otic induction.^[3] Ffg and BMP signals help control patterning in the early otic vesicle. Fgf3 and Fgf10 are suggested to play a role in otic induction in mice, as were Msx genes suggested to play a role in otic vesicle formation in chicks. Pax8 is expressed during the entirety of otic vesicle formation. Other genes found in the otic vesicle across species that may play a role in patterning include Hmx, Fox, Dlx, and Gbx genes.

Divisions and fates

The otic vesicle is uniquely derived from the neural ectoderm.^[4] The early otic vesicle is characterized as having broad competence and can be subdivided into sensory, non-sensory, and neurogenic components. Sensory epithelial cells and neurons are derived from the proneurosensory domain. This domain can be further sub-categorized into the neurogenic sub-domain and prosensory sub-domain. Prosensory sub-domain eventually gives rise to the support cells and hair cells while the neurogenic sub-domain gives rise to the auditory neuron and vestibular neuron.

The middle part of the otic vesicle develops into the ductus and saccus endolymphaticus.^[5] The anterior end of the otic vesicle gradually elongates as a tube and coils upon itself forming the beginnings of the cochlear duct. The vestibular extremity subsequently constricts to form the canalis reuniens. The central part of the otic vesicle represents the membranous vestibule, and is subdivided by a constriction into a smaller ventral part, the saccule, and a larger dorsal and posterior part, the utricle. The dorsal component of the inner ear also consists of what will become the semicircular canals. The utricle and saccule communicate with each other by means of a Y-shaped canal.

Variation across species

Formation of the otic vesicle has been studied extensively in developmental model organisms including chick, Xenopus, zebrafish, axolotyl, & mouse.^[6] The transition from the otic placode to the otic vesicle occurs during the 19th somite stage in Zebrafish, Xenopus, and chick. In chick, invagination of the otic placode occurs passively due to the movements of the surrounding placode. The otic placode in zebrafish, on the other hand, occurs by cavitation; the ectodermal placode condenses and forms an ovoid ball directly below the embryo surface. Otic vesicle formation occurs later, during the 25-30 somite stage in mice.

Additional images

Lateral views of membranous labyrinth and acoustic complex. X 25 dia.
Median views of membranous labyrinth and acoustic complex in human embryos. X 25 dia.

References

References:

^ Freyer L, Aggarwal V, Morrow BE. Dual embryonic origin of the mammalian otic vesicle forming the inner ear. Development (Cambridge, England). 2011;138(24):5403-5414. doi:10.1242/dev.069849.
^ Park BY, Saint-Jeannet JP. 2008. Hindbrain-derived Wnt and Fgf signals cooperate to specify the otic placode in Xenopus. Dev Biol 324:108–121.
^ Chatterjee S, Krausl P, Lufkin T: A symphony of inner ear developmental control genes. BMC Genet 2010, 11:68 doi:10.1186/1471-2156-11-68
^ Appler JM, Goodrich LV. Connecting the ear to the brain: molecular mechanisms of auditory circuit assembly. Progress in neurobiology. 2011;93(4):488-508. doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.01.004.
^ Brigande JV, Amy EK, Gao X, Iten LE, and Fekete DM. Molecular genetics of pattern formation in the inner ear: Do compartment boundaries play a role? PNAS 2000 97 (22) 11700-11706; doi:10.1073/pnas.97.22.11700
^ Noramly, S. and Grainger, R. M. (2002), Determination of the embryonic inner ear. J. Neurobiol., 53: 100–128. doi: 10.1002/neu.10131.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 耳の先天異常 congenital anomalies of the ear

English Journal

[Protective effect of peperphentonamine injection through the otocyst against gentamicin- induced cochlear damage in guinea pigs].

Li BB1, Wu J, Chen J, Chen H, Li YH.
Nan fang yi ke da xue xue bao = Journal of Southern Medical University.Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao.2016 Apr 20;36(4):557-61.
OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship of gentamicin-induced cochlear damage with autophagy-related protein LC3, beclin1, Na(+-)K(+-)2Cl(-) cotransporter (NKCC1) mRNA and endothelin-1 (ET-1), and investigate the protective mechanism of PPTA against gentamicin-induced cochlear damage.METHODS: Sixty g
PMID 27113187

Lineage tracing of Sox2-expressing progenitor cells in the mouse inner ear reveals a broad contribution to non-sensory tissues and insights into the origin of the organ of Corti.

Gu R1, Brown RM 2nd2, Hsu CW3, Cai T1, Crowder AL1, Piazza VG3, Vadakkan TJ3, Dickinson ME4, Groves AK5.
Developmental biology.Dev Biol.2016 Apr 14. pii: S0012-1606(15)30233-5. doi: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.03.027. [Epub ahead of print]
The transcription factor Sox2 is both necessary and sufficient for the generation of sensory regions of the inner ear. It regulates expression of the Notch ligand Jag1 in prosensory progenitors, which signal to neighboring cells to up-regulate Sox2 and sustain prosensory identity. However, the expre
PMID 27090805

Methionine Sulfoxide Reductase B3-Targeted In Utero Gene Therapy Rescues Hearing Function in a Mouse Model of Congenital Sensorineural Hearing Loss.

Kim MA1,2, Cho HJ1, Bae SH1,2, Lee B1,2, Oh SK1,2,3, Kwon TJ4, Ryoo ZY5, Kim HY6, Cho JH7, Kim UK1,2, Lee KY8.
Antioxidants & redox signaling.Antioxid Redox Signal.2016 Apr 10;24(11):590-602. doi: 10.1089/ars.2015.6442. Epub 2016 Jan 21.
AIMS: Methionine sulfoxide reductase B3 (MsrB3), which stereospecifically repairs methionine-R-sulfoxide, is an important Msr protein that is associated with auditory function in mammals. MsrB3 deficiency leads to profound congenital hearing loss due to the degeneration of stereociliary bundles and
PMID 26649646

Japanese Journal

Three-dimensional observation of the mouse embryo by micro-computed tomography : Meckel's cartilage, otocyst, and/or muscle of tongue

AOYAGI Hidekazu,IWASAKI Shin-ichi,YOSHIZAWA Hideki,TSUCHIKAWA Kohzo
Odontology : Official journal of the Society of the Nippon Dental University = 歯学 100(2), 137-143, 2012-07-01
NAID 10030958301

神経堤細胞と先天性心疾患

山岸敬幸
日本小児循環器学会雑誌 28(2), 110-116, 2012
心臓神経堤細胞とは, 神経管の耳胞から体節3までのセグメントに起源し, 多分化能を有する細胞である. 間葉細胞として体の前後軸に対して分節的に移動し, 第III, IV, VI咽頭弓に分布して, 各咽頭弓動脈(胸部大動脈)の平滑筋に分化する. 流出路の発生には, 臓側中胚葉の二次心臓領域細胞と心臓神経堤細胞の相互作用が必要で, 二次心臓領域細胞は流出路心筋・平滑筋層を形成し, 流出路まで移動してき …
NAID 130002591120

内耳感覚上皮細胞の分散培養法の確立 : 胎仔ラット耳胞細胞の選択的初代培養

小島憲,村上信五,伊藤壽一
Otology Japan 11(3), 175-178, 2001-07-25
Cell cultures of fetal inner ear sensory epithelial cells have not been established because of difficulties inisolating a sufficient number of cells required. We succeeded in establishing a culture sy …
NAID 10009609119

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元

「耳胞」

Otic vesicle
	Embryo between eighteen and twenty-one days
	General formation of the otic vesicle
Details
Latin	vesicula otica
Precursor	otic placode, auditory pit or otic pit, otic cup,
Identifiers
Gray's	p.1030
Code	TE E5.15.1.0.0.0.4
	Anatomical terminology

　　[★]

英: otic vesicle, otocyst
ラ: vesicula otica

[1] Freyer L, Aggarwal V, Morrow BE. Dual embryonic origin of the mammalian otic vesicle forming the inner ear. Development (Cambridge, England). 2011;138(24):5403-5414. doi:10.1242/dev.069849.

[2] Park BY, Saint-Jeannet JP. 2008. Hindbrain-derived Wnt and Fgf signals cooperate to specify the otic placode in Xenopus. Dev Biol 324:108–121.

[3] Chatterjee S, Krausl P, Lufkin T: A symphony of inner ear developmental control genes. BMC Genet 2010, 11:68 doi:10.1186/1471-2156-11-68

[4] Appler JM, Goodrich LV. Connecting the ear to the brain: molecular mechanisms of auditory circuit assembly. Progress in neurobiology. 2011;93(4):488-508. doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.01.004.

[5] Brigande JV, Amy EK, Gao X, Iten LE, and Fekete DM. Molecular genetics of pattern formation in the inner ear: Do compartment boundaries play a role? PNAS 2000 97 (22) 11700-11706; doi:10.1073/pnas.97.22.11700

[6] Noramly, S. and Grainger, R. M. (2002), Determination of the embryonic inner ear. J. Neurobiol., 53: 100–128. doi: 10.1002/neu.10131.

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案内

otocyst