WordNet

a substance that exerts some force or effect
a businessman who buys or sells for another in exchange for a commission (同)factor, broker
any agent or representative of a federal agency or bureau (同)federal agent
a representative who acts on behalf of other persons or organizations
an active and efficient cause; capable of producing a certain effect; "their research uncovered new disease agents"
how long something has existed; "it was replaced because of its age"
a time of life (usually defined in years) at which some particular qualification or power arises; "she was now of school age"; "tall for his eld" (同)eld
begin to seem older; get older; "The death of his wife caused him to age fast"
make older; "The death of his child aged him tremendously"
of or relating to osmosis; "osmotic pressure"

PrepTutorEJDIC

『代理人』;周旋人 / 働き(作用)を起こすもの;作用物,薬剤 / (政府機関,特にFBI,CIAなどの)部員,機関員
〈U〉(一般に)『年齢』,寿命;〈C〉(個々の)『年齢』,年 / 〈U〉成年(おとなとしての資格・権利を得る年齢;通例18または21歳) / 〈U〉『老齢』;《集合的に》老人たち / 〈U〉(人生の)『一時期』;〈C〉世代(generation) / 〈U〉〈C〉《しばしばA-》(歴史上の)『時代』 / 〈C〉《話》長い間 / 年をとる,ふける;〈物が〉古くなる / 〈年〉'を'とらせる;〈物〉'を'古びさせる
浸透する;浸透性の

UpToDate Contents

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1. 成人における頭蓋内圧亢進の評価およびマネージメント evaluation and management of elevated intracranial pressure in adults
2. 腹膜透析液 peritoneal dialysis solutions
3. 小児における細菌性髄膜炎の神経学的合併症を予防するデキサメタゾンおよびその他の対策 dexamethasone and other measures to prevent neurologic complications of bacterial meningitis in children
4. 浸透圧性脱髄症候群と低ナトリウム血症の過度に急速な補正 osmotic demyelination syndrome and overly rapid correction of hyponatremia
5. 肝硬変患者における低ナトリウム血症 hyponatremia in patients with cirrhosis

English Journal

Multiple physical stresses induce γ-globin gene expression and fetal hemoglobin production in erythroid cells.

Schaeffer EK1, West RJ1, Conine SJ1, Lowrey CH2.Author information 1Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA; Program in Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.2Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA; Program in Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA. Electronic address: Christopher.H.Lowrey@dartmouth.edu.AbstractIncreased fetal hemoglobin (HbF) expression is beneficial for β-hemoglobinopathy patients; however, current inducing agents do not possess the ideal combination of efficacy, safety and ease of use. Better understanding the mechanisms involved in γ-globin gene induction is critical for designing improved therapies, as no complete mechanism for any inducing agent has been identified. Given the cytotoxic nature of most known inducing drugs, we hypothesized that γ-globin is a cell stress response gene, and that induction occurs via activation of cell stress signaling pathways. We tested this hypothesis by investigating the ability of physical stresses including heat-shock (HS), UV- and X-irradiation and osmotic shock to increase γ-globin gene expression in erythroid cells. Experiments in K562 and KU812 cells showed that each of these stresses increased steady-state γ-globin mRNA levels, but only after 3-5days of treatments. HS and UV also increased γ-globin mRNA and HbF levels in differentiating primary human erythroid cells. Mechanistic studies showed that HS affects γ-globin mRNA at multiple levels, including nascent transcription and transcript stability, and that induction is dependent on neither the master regulator of the canonical HS response, HSF1, nor p38 MAPK. Inhibitor panel testing identified PI3K inhibitor LY294002 as a novel inducing agent and revealed potential roles for NFκB and VEGFR/PDGFR/Raf kinases in HS-mediated γ-globin gene induction. These findings suggest that cell stress signaling pathways play an important role in γ-globin gene induction and may provide novel targets for the pharmacologic induction of fetal hemoglobin.
Blood cells, molecules & diseases.Blood Cells Mol Dis.2014 Apr;52(4):214-24. doi: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2013.10.007. Epub 2013 Dec 5.
Increased fetal hemoglobin (HbF) expression is beneficial for β-hemoglobinopathy patients; however, current inducing agents do not possess the ideal combination of efficacy, safety and ease of use. Better understanding the mechanisms involved in γ-globin gene induction is critical for designing im
PMID 24314748

Polyxylitol-based gene carrier improves the efficiency of gene transfer through enhanced endosomal osmolysis.

Lee WS1, Kim YK2, Zhang Q1, Park TE1, Kang SK1, Kim DW3, Cho CS4, Choi YJ5.Author information 1Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.2Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.3National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, South Korea.4Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea. Electronic address: chocs@plaza.snu.ac.kr.5Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea. Electronic address: cyjcow@snu.ac.kr.AbstractEndosomal escape is one of the important processes for efficient non-viral gene delivery. In this study, we synthesized a novel non-viral vector called polyxylitol-based gene carrier (XGC) through a Miachael addition reaction between xylitol diacrylate as a crosslinking agent and low molecular weight polyethylenimine (PEI 1.2kDa). The small amount of xylitol integrated into XGC (3.9% w/w) contributed 50% of the osmotic pressure of XGC, and enhaned the osmolysis of endosome cooperatively with the proton sponge effect, thus improving endosomal escape. Furthermore, XGC showed higher transfection efficiency in vivo in muscle tissue than pDNA alone or PEI 25kDa. In conclusion, our results show that XGC enhanced transfection efficiency compared with PEI 25kDa, the golden standard non-viral gene carrier, by enhancing endosomal escape without increasing the number of transfected cells.
Nanomedicine : nanotechnology, biology, and medicine.Nanomedicine.2014 Apr;10(3):525-34. doi: 10.1016/j.nano.2013.10.005. Epub 2013 Oct 30.
Endosomal escape is one of the important processes for efficient non-viral gene delivery. In this study, we synthesized a novel non-viral vector called polyxylitol-based gene carrier (XGC) through a Miachael addition reaction between xylitol diacrylate as a crosslinking agent and low molecular weigh
PMID 24184000

The history of urea as a hyperosmolar agent to decrease brain swelling.

Otvos B1, Kshettry VR, Benzel EC.Author information 1Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine; and.AbstractIn 1919, it was observed that intravascular osmolar shifts could collapse the thecal sac and diminish the ability to withdraw CSF from the lumbar cistern. This led to the notion that hyperosmolar compounds could ameliorate brain swelling. Since then, various therapeutic interventions have been used for the reduction of intracranial pressure and brain volume. Urea was first used as an osmotic agent for the reduction of brain volume in 1950. It was associated with greater efficacy and consistency than alternatives such as hyperosmolar glucose. Its use became the standard of clinical practice by 1957, in both the intensive care unit and operating room, to reduce intracranial pressure and brain bulk and was the first hyperosmolar compound to have widespread use. However, the prime of urea was rather short lived. Reports of side effects and complications associated with urea emerged. These included coagulopathy, hemoglobinuria, electrocardiography changes, tissue necrosis with extravasation, and a significant potential for rebound intracranial hypertension. Mannitol was introduced in 1961 as a comparable and potentially superior alternative to urea. However, mannitol was initially purported to be less effective at rapidly reducing intracranial pressure. The debate over the two compounds continued for a decade until mannitol eventually replaced urea by the late 1960s and early 1970s as the hyperosmolar agent of choice due to the ease of preparation, chemical stability, and decreased side effect profile. Although urea is not currently the standard of care today, its rise and eventual replacement by mannitol played a seminal role in both our understanding of cerebral edema and the establishment of strategies for its management.
Neurosurgical focus.Neurosurg Focus.2014 Apr;36(4):E3. doi: 10.3171/2014.1.FOCUS13558.
In 1919, it was observed that intravascular osmolar shifts could collapse the thecal sac and diminish the ability to withdraw CSF from the lumbar cistern. This led to the notion that hyperosmolar compounds could ameliorate brain swelling. Since then, various therapeutic interventions have been used
PMID 24684336

Japanese Journal

未破裂脳動脈瘤コイル塞栓後に症候性造影剤脳症を認めた2 例

川崎敏生,早瀬睦,宮腰明典,多喜純也,中村威彦,波多野武人
脳神経血管内治療 advpub(0), 2015
【目的】未破裂脳動脈瘤コイル塞栓術後に造影剤脳症と考えられる2 症例を経験したので報告する．【症例】症例1 は75 歳男性．右前大脳動脈に未破裂動脈瘤を認め，コイル塞栓術を施行直後から左上下肢不全麻痺を認めた．症例2は65 歳女性．未破裂左内頚動脈後交通動脈に対するコイル塞栓術直後から右上下肢不全麻痺と失語を認めた．2 症例共にCT にて患側大脳半球に高吸収域を認めたが，速やかに消失した．MRI …
NAID 130005066498

Encapsulation of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles into Red Blood Cells as a Potential Contrast Agent for Magnetic Particle Imaging

, , , , , , ,
Advanced Biomedical Engineering 3(0), 37-43, 2014
… When magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are used as a contrast agent for magnetic particle imaging (MPI), they are rapidly excreted during systemic circulation by the reticuloendothelial system such as Kupffer cells in the liver. … MNPs were encapsulated into RBCs by the hypotonic dialysis method using a hypotonic buffer solution at three different osmotic pressures. …
NAID 130004568028

収縮低減剤を混和したセメント硬化体の低温吸水効果による凍害劣化機構

栗山広毅,後藤卓,名和豊春
セメント・コンクリート論文集 67(1), 237-243, 2013
本論文は、収縮低減剤が混和されたセメント硬化体の凍結融解劣化機構を解明するため、ギブス自由エネルギーの差によって働く低温吸水ポンプ作用と未凍結水移動の駆動力の増大によって気泡に隣接する毛細管空隙が断裂するという仮説を立て、凍結融解時の細孔構造変化及び長さ変化測定によって検証を行ったものである。その結果、収縮低減剤を混和したセメント硬化体において未凍結水の移動による毛細管空隙の収縮と比較的早いサイク …
NAID 130004745745